Aerodynamics

Planes & Trains

Shotgun Seminars
13th August 2020

Edyta Dzikon
 Just the same but different – how come?

Air = fluid
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1 © Bombardier Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
 Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics

Theoretical Applied

Computational
(based on
CFD)

Experimental

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 Which one is going to have better aerodynamic performance and by
how much?

ഥ
𝒗 ഥ
𝒗

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 Circular cross-section vs. airfoil

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 How do you create lift force?

streamlines

The airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of the airflow above its surface, thereby decreasing pressure above the airf oil.

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 Physics (and Maths) Behind It

Bernoulli's Principle
The pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases. In other words, within the
same fluid, in this case air, high speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low speed flow with high pressure.

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 Equations

Continuity Equation

Conservation of m, p (Navier-Stokes equation in x, y and z directions) and E

2nd Law of Thermodynamics (entropy condition)

Boundary condition

Unsolvable in a full form!

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 (incompressible flow)

Inviscid
(no Euler equation Works well except for the
no entropy equation) boundary layer → vortex
𝜌 and 𝜐 do not depend on 𝑇 formation → Prandtl equation

(viscosity can be dropped)

Continuity equation
Navier-Stokes equation → Euler equation

(no vorticity)

Continuity equation Bernoulli equation Viscous flow → Kutta-

(momentum equation that was Joukowski condition
integrated along streamlines) Γ = ∮ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 →
𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝝆∞ 𝑽∞𝜞𝒃
𝑽∞
𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝝆∞ 𝑺
𝟐
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 Circular vs. Airfoil Cross-section – Aerodynamic Performance

Very ugly
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 Way better!
(Pantograph design could be improved though)
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 Reason behind having a smooth end of a train

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 Reynolds number vs. laminar and turbulent flow

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 Wind Tunnels

Covered area: 2.5m x 2.0m (if

airplanes tested: 0.9m x 1.25m)
Motor power: 250kW
Max air velocity: 25 m/s (if airplanes
tested: 100 m/s)
Length of layer building: 10m
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 AIRFOIL

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 What happens when you overdo?

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 Stall
(This one was caused by moving cargo)

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 Airfoil shape vs. lift force characteristics

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 Reinventing the Wheel
Biomimicry

https://labs.blogs.com/its_alive_in_the_lab/2012/04/biomimicry-japanese-train.html

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 Author | Organizational abbreviation | Date (Month DD, YYYY) | Rev. x.x | Confidentiality level
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 Any similarities?

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 This one could even fly! If it had wings

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 JR East Alfa-X Shinkansen

Nose designed to mitigate the sonic boom effect of entering and passing
through tunnels at very high speed
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 Maglev

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 Why do we use these?

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 Braking

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 Author | Organizational abbreviation | Date (Month DD, YYYY) | Rev. x.x | Confidentiality level
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 Other tricks (selection)

Winglet → drag decrease

Slats → lift increase

Spoilers → drag change lift, drag and roll Engines above wings → lift increase Lowers the drag
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 Aerodynamic brakes
Japanese Maglev prototype MLU0002N with aerodynamic brakes deployed

ഥ
𝑭

Source: https://www.physicscentral.com/explore/action/super.cfm

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 Aerodynamic brakes
Japanese Fastech 360

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 When you don’t have what is needed due to design constraints…

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 What happens when aerodynamic brakes and backflow don’t work
2012 Crash at Vnukovo Airport (Moscow)

Aircraft: Tu-204
Killed: 5, Survivors: 3
Speed at landing: 255 km/h, speed at crash: 215 km/h
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 “Actuation of the valves of reversing systems on both engines did not happen.
Airbrakes and spoilers also were not activated automatically and the crew did
not attempt to activate them manually. ”

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 Shockwaves

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 Fully movable stabilizer
Counteracting shockwaves at high subsonic speeds

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 Flutter

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 Results of Flutter

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 Flutter Definition
You can find more info on flutter here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7tg94QflBY

Flutter from the perspective of aeroelasticity:

Most common solutions:

Adding tension
Adding counterbalance

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 If you’d like to see some more interesting stuff

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW8I2hX4GSs

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