Lecture 1
Introduction
Series and Parallel
Circuit
DR. ROSLINDA ZAINAL
1
Review of V, I, and R
Voltage the amount of energy per charge available to
move electrons from one point to another in a
circuit and is measured in volts (V).
Current the rate of charge flow and is measured in
amperes (A),
Resistance the opposition to current and is
measured in ohms (Ω)
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Voltage source
(practical)
DC voltage source AC voltage source
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Current source
(practical)
DC current source AC current source
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RESISTOR
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Examples:
BROWN BLACK BROWN SILVER = 10 X 10 = 100 Ohms (Usually
expressed as 100R) 10% Tolerance
YELLOW VIOLET RED GOLD = 47 X 100 = 4700 Ohms (Usually
expressed as 4.7K) 5% Tolerance
ORANGE ORANGE YELLOW SILVER = 33 X 10,000 = 330000 Ohms
(Usually expressed as 330K) 10% Tolerance
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Ohm’s Law
Defines the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance in an electric circuit
Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor is directly
proportional to the voltage across it and is
inversely proportional to the resistance.
Stated mathematically:
V
+ - V
V = IR
I R I R
Where: I is the current (A)
V is the potential difference (V)
R is the resistance (Ω)
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Revising Simple Cicuit
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Power dissipated through resistor
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Series Circuits
There is only a single path for current to flow.
The amount of current is the same at all points.
The voltage across each resistor:
I R1
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3= IR3.
V1
VS + R2
Total voltage:
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3
R3
= I (R1+ R2 + R3)
Total resistances in series:
R total = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 ...
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Parallel Circuits
The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
IT
I1 I2 I3
The total current in the circuit is
the sum of the currents in all the
R1 R2 RN
branches.
Vs
I = I1 + I2 + ……. + In
Voltage drop in each resistor :
Total resistances in parallel: V1 = V2 = Vs
1 1 1 1
∴ = + + ...... +
RTotal R1 R2 Rn
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Special case for resistance
of two parallel resistors
R1 R2
1 R1 R2
RT =
1 1 or RT =
+ R1 + R2
R1 R2
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Power in Series - Parallel circuits
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 +…..+ Pn
Or PT = Vs IT
thus 2
Vs
PT =
Req
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Advantages of parallel circuit
House circuits contain parallel circuits
The parallel circuit will continue to operate
even though one component may be open
Only the open or defective component will
no longer continue to operate.
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Example 1:
Calculate:
a) the total resistance,
b) the total current flowing through the circuit.
5Ω 25 Ω
30 Ω 15 Ω
5V 15 Ω
15Ω
(Ans: Req = 25 Ω, IT = 0.2 A)
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Example 2:
If Vs = 5 V, calculate:
a) the total resistance.
b) total curent flowing through the circuit.
78
68
Req=147 Ω, IT=34 mA
16
Example 3:
Find the equivalent resistance between terminals
a and b.
Req= 14 kΩ
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