TERESA ELIEZEL B.

COLLONG
General Biology I
Content Standard
• Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according
to their distinguishing features (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-
3)
• Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues)
and specify the functions of each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-
c-4)
Classification and evolution of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Biological
Bacteria Kingdoms
Protista, Plants, Fungi,
Animals
Evolutionary
Indications of presence presence on earth
Earliest eukaryotic cells
(evolution) of bacteria on thought to be Protista's
earth approx. 3.5 billion approx. 1 to 1.5 billion
years ago years ago.
Complexity of
Structurally & functionally cells
Structurally & functionally
relatively simple more complex.
 The main similarities and differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells Characteristic Eukaryotic Cells
1 None Nucleus and Always present
membrane-bound
. organelles
2 One. Unicellular organisms How many cells per One or more: Unicellular organisms exist e.g.
organism ?
. unicellular algae and yeast. All cells that are
part of multicellular organisms incl. plants and
animals are eukaryotic cells.
3 Small cells. Size 1-10 μm (typically Size of cells Larger. 10 - 100 μm (Eukaryotic cells are
. < 5μm) typically about 10x the size of prokaryotic
... if unfamiliar with these units see scientific cells.)
numbers ...
4 always asexual Reproduction could be either asexual or sexual
.
5 By binary fission Cell Division By mitosis or meiosis
.
6 by rigid rotating flagellum Motility by flexible cilia or flagella
(how the cell
. moves)
 This table compares the contents and outer
structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Content Eukaryotic Cells
Cells
1. None Nucleus and Many. All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
membrane- The types and quantities of other
bound
membrane-bound organelles vary with the
organelles
type of cell. Examples incl. endoplasmic
reticulum (SER , RER), golgi
apparatus, mitochondia, lysosomes,
peroxisomes and microbodies
& chloroplasts (in photosynthetic cells
only; not in animal cells).
 Prokaryotic Content Eukaryotic Cells
Cells
2a. The "nuclear body" Genetic The cell nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane.
is the location Material / Most cells have only one nucleus but some specialized
(within the Nuclear cells e.g. striated muscle cells have many nuclei.
cytoplasm) at body or (Multinucleate cells are called coenocytes.) The nucleus
which there is a Nucleus controls the activity of the cell and contains DNA and
circle of double- a nucleolus - or multiple nucleoli - in which ribosome units,
stranded DNA - ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA are produced. There
which are pores in the nuclear membrane. The nucleus is
is not enclosed continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
within a nuclear
membrane. The
DNA is not
associated with
proteins to form
chromatin.
 Prokaryotic Cells Content Eukaryotic Cells
2b. Short pieces of circular DNA Genetic There are no plasmids in
that replicate independently Material / eukaryotic cells.
of the cell genome are Plasmids
called plasmids. Not all
prokaryotic cells contain
plasmids.
3 Cell wall has a rigid Cell Wall All have cell membranes
framework of murein, a (sometimes called plasma
polysaccharide cross-linked membranes) but not all
by peptide chains. eukaryotic cells have cell walls:
∙ Plant cell walls consist mainly of
cellulose
∙ Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
∙ Animal cells do not have cell walls
 Prokaryotic Cells Content Eukaryotic Cells
The flagellum of a bacterial cell is Flagellum(singu Some eukaryotic cells also have flagella but they
4. much simpler than the flagellum of a lar) / are a different type of flagella from those found in
prokaryotic cells.
eukaryotic cell. Flagella (plural) Some eukaryotic cells have
A prokaryotic flagellum consists but sometimes long flexible "tails" used for movement.
of a single cylinder of protein written flagellae They are surrounded by (not protruding
subunits (flagellin). Prokaryotic
cell flagella are rigid. through, or outside of) the cell membrane
Prokaryotic flagella are responsible and contain microtubules and motor
for the motility of many bacteria and proteins that enable complex
drive the cell forwards by rotating movements. Depending on their size,
clockwise e.g. in the same way as a these structures are
propeller on a ship. either flagella (longer than the cell; few
Flagella rotate; they do not "beat". in number) or cilia (smaller but more
The "motor" that drives the rotation numerous).
is embedded in the plasma Eukaryotic cell flagella have a 9+2
membrane of the prokaryotic cell. arrangement of subunits.
Cell Types
Content Standard
• Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues)
and specify the functions of each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-
c-4)
Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues consist of sheets of cells that
cover organisms and their organs. Different types
of epithelial tissue cover the human body, such as
those that line the mouth, gut, lungs, heart, and
blood vessels.
• Epithelial tissues also form glands that synthesize
secretory products for discharge into their
environment. Examples of glands are sebaceous
glands and salivary glands.
Connective Tissues

• Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers,

and a gel-like substance. Types of
connective tissue include bone, cartilage,
fat, blood, and lymphatic tissue.
The three types of connective tissue
fibers are:
• Collagen fibers - most are type I collagen (most abundant
protein in the body)
• Elastic fibers - contain elastin and fibrillin.
• Reticular fibers - contain type III collagen.
Osseous Tissue
Muscular Tissues
• Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal
muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and
cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers
are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under
voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are
spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located
nucleus, and lack striations.
Nervous Tissues
• Nervous tissue is found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It
is responsible for coordinating
and controlling many body
activities.
Plant Tissues
• Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal,
ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of
different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in
different places.
Tissue Cell Types Function Locations
Vascular tissue Xylem is made up of vessels Xylem transports In stems, leaves, and roots
and tracheids water
Phloem is made up of sieve Phloem transports
cells and companion cells sugars

Epidermal tissue Parenchyma Protect plant Outer layer of stems,

tissues and roots, and leaves
prevent water loss

Ground tissue Parenchyma Makes up bulk of Stems, roots, leaves

Collenchyma plant mass
Sclerenchyma
Meristematic Parenchyma Divide to produce Tips of shoots
tissue new growth Tips of roots
In buds
In a ring around the stem
in woody plants