It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the

research of educational technology, management sciences and operational research

areas. Intelligence is commonly considered as the ability to collect knowledge to
solve complex problems. In the near future intelligent machines will replace
human capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the study of
intelligent machines and software that can reason, learn, gather knowledge,
communicate, manipulate and perceive the objects. John McCarthy coined the term in
1956 as branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like
humans. It is the study of the computation that makes it possible to perceive
reason and act. Artificial intelligence is different from Psychology because it
emphasis on computation and is different from computer science because of its
emphasis on perception, reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more
useful. It works with the help of artificial neurons (artificial neural network)
and scientific theorems (if then statements and logics). AI
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230 technologies have matured to the point in offering real practical benefits in
many of their applications. Major artificial intelligence areas are Expert
systems, Intelligent computer aided instructions, Natural language processing,
Speech understanding, Robotics and sensory systems, Computer vision and scene
recognition, Neural computing. From these expert system is a rapidly growing
technology which is heaving a huge impact on various field of life. The various
techniques applied in artificial intelligence are Neural network, Fuzzy logic,
Evolutionary computing, Computer aided instructions and Hybrid artificial
intelligence. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of
using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine
itself to methods that are biologically observable. While no consensual
definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) exists, AI is broadly characterized as
the study of computations that allow for perception, reason and action. Today, the
amount of data that is generated, by both humans and machines, far outpaces humans’
ability to absorb, interpret, and make complex decisions based on that data.
Artificial intelligence forms the basis for all computer learning and is the future
of all complex decision making. This paper examines features of artificial
Intelligence, introduction, definitions of AI, history, applications, growth
and achievements. Evolution of AI definition AI has a history much longer than is
commonly understood, in fields from science and philosophy ranging all the way back
to ancient Greece but its modern iteration owes much to Alan Turing and conference
in Dartmouth College in 1956 where the term “Artificial Intelligence” was
officially coined and defined by John McCarthy at the time as “the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines”. Russel and Norvig (2020) referred to
it as the “the birth of artificial intelligence.” One of the initial paradigms of
AI was that it revolved around high-level cognition. Not the ability to recognise
concepts, perceive objects, or execute complex motor skills shared by most animals,
but the potential to engage in multi-step reasoning, to understand the meaning of
natural language, to design innovative artefacts, to generate novel plans that
achieve goals, and even to reason about their own reasoning. This general human
like intelligence was referred to as strong AI For strong AI, the primary approach
has centred on symbolic reasoning, that computers are not simply numeric
calculators but rather general symbol manipulators. As noted by Newell and Simon
(1976) in their physical symbol system hypothesis, intelligent behaviour appears to
require the ability to interpret and manipulate symbolic structures. While this
approach showed promise initially (Newell & Simon, 1963), many branches of AI have
retreated from this approach due its difficulty and the lack of progress coming in
to the 21st century. It remains yet uncertain on when and if strong AI will be made
a reality. The distinction between weak AI and strong AI is also concerned with
rule adherence, i.e., the way machines interact with rules distinguishes rule-
based decision making in which machines strictly respect the rules set by
developers from rule following decision making which machines follow rules that
have not been strictly specified to them. Rule-based decision-making matches weak
AI, while rule-following decision making is an attempt that tends towards strong
AI. An example of rule-following decision making is neural networks (NN), which
allow algorithms to learn from themselves. Strong AI would be machines making their
own rules and then follow them, which is not possible at the stage of right now AI
has gone through many peaks and troughs since its early inception in the 1950s,
usually referred to as AI “summers and winters. Since 2010, however, AI can be
said to have once again entered a summer period, mainly due to considerable
improvements in the computing power of computers and the access to massive amounts
of data .This resurgence in AI research is the result of three breakthroughs: (1)
the introduction of a much more sophisticated class of algorithms; (2) the arrival
on the market of low-cost graphics processors capable of performing large amounts
of calculations in a few milliseconds; and (3) the availability of very large,
correctly annotated databases allowing for more sophisticated learning of
intelligent systems (Jain et al., 2004, Khashman, 2009, PWC, 2019). Despite the
length of time the field has existed, there is still no commonly
accepted definition (Allen, 1998, Bhatnagar et al., 2018, Brachman, 2006, Hearst
and Hirsh, 2000, Nilsson, 2009). This is not considered a problem yet, as many
scientific concepts only get true definitions after they have matured enough,
rather than at their conception, and given the complexity and breadth of AI, it may
not be feasible to expect AI to have a set definition yet. Still, this doesn’t
mean that the topic should be ignored, especially with the recent
advancements and advancements relating to the field.However, without a clear
definition of the term, “it is difficult for policymakers to assess what AI systems
will be able to do in the near future, and how the field may get there. There is
no common framework to determine which kinds of AI systems are even
desirable” (Bhatnagar et al., 2018). A similar concern has been echoed by Monett
and Lewis (2018), that “theories of
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231 intelligence and the goal of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) have been the
source of much confusion both within the field and among the general public”. In
the years immediately preceding and after the 1956 Dartmouth conference where the
term was coined, when the concept for AI was first brewing in academic
consciousness, many researchers (would later become famous for their contributions
to AI) formulated many theories and proposals that focused on the common features
of mind and (McCulloch and Pitts, 1943, Turing, 1950, von Neumann, 1958, Wiener,
1948). While these thought leaders were influential, the field of AI as we know it
owes more to McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon. While this is partly due to their
own attendance of the famous 1951 Dartmouth conference, it is likely more since
they went on to establish three leading research centres which shaped the stream of
though regarding AI for years. Their own opinion on AI was as follows;“By ‘general
intelligent action’ we wish to indicate the same scope of intelligence as we see in
human action: that in any real situation behaviour appropriate to the ends of the
system and adaptive to the demands of the environment can occur, within some limits
of speed and complexity” (Newell & Simon, Computer science as empirical enquiry:
Symbols and search, 1976). Intelligence usually means “the ability to solve hard
problems” (Minsky, 1958). “AI is concerned with methods of achieving goals in
situations in which the information available has a certain complex character. The
methods that have to be used are related to the problem presented by the situation
and are similar whether the problem solver is human, a Martian, or a computer
program” (McCarthy, 1988). With the variety of separate opinions on what AI is,
lacking agreement on a standard evaluation (i.e., criteria, benchmark tests,
milestones) makes it extremely challenging for the field to maintain
healthy growth (Hern´andez-Orallo, 2017). A systematic guide to literature review
development Okoli (2015) propose a systematic review process that consists of 8
steps, namely planning (2 steps), selection (2 steps), extraction (2 steps) and
execution (2 steps) that are completed across 4 phases (see Fig. 1.). Each of these
four phases and eight steps are discussed in detail in the remainder of the
section. Discussion This section summarises the findings of the SLR and
highlights some areas that research to date has focused and the key findings from
these studies. It is then followed by a discussion on the theoretical contributions
and implications for practice. The overall goal is to uncover themes that are
relevant for research and practice and identify areas which warrant further
research. This section will discuss relevant insights we found from the
literature, starting with the lack of cohesion around the definition of AI, the
resurgence of AI interest and research in recent years, the specific contribution
types of AI literature, and the disproportionate focus on machine learning and
process automation.
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232 In this study we conducted a SLR that provides a comprehensive overview on AI
in IS related studies. By using a systematic literature review, we identified,
classified, and analysed 1877 studies on AI and ML in IS that were published
between 2005 and 2020. Of these, 98 were identified as primary studies, after
a rigorous filtering process. To understand the fundamentals of AI in IS we
examined and studied the articles based on studies by year, publication channel,
research methods used, and their contribution to IS contributions research. Prior
to commencing this task however, we had to consider the problem that the
definitions of artificial intelligence were largely varied and ambiguous.
Following are the sample Questions? 1) Are you aware of Artificial intelligence? 2)
Should AI be allowed to replace human workers in certain job? 3) Do you agree that
artificial intelligence has useful applications in the medical field and education
sector? 4) How will the advancements of artificial intelligence and robotics impact
your decision of being involved in a specialty? 5) Do you believe that
artificial intelligence will significantly impact the future of technology and
society?" 6) Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize healthcare
and improve patient outcomes? 7) Ethical considerations aside, I am comfortable
with the use of AI-powered virtual assistants in my daily life? 8) I believe that
governments should establish clear regulations for the ethical use of AI
technology? 9) I believe that AI should be used to address global challenges such
as climate change, poverty, and healthcare disparities? 10) AI has the potential to
enhance efficiency and productivity in various industries? DATA ANALYSIS:
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233
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234
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235 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS: 1. Machine Learning It is one of the
applications of AI where machines are not explicitly programmed to perform certain
tasks; rather, they learn and improve from experience automatically. Deep Learning
is a subset of machine learning based on artificial neural networks for predictive
analysis. There are various machine learning algorithms, such as Unsupervised
Learning, Supervised Learning, and Reinforcement Learning. In Unsupervised
Learning, the algorithm does not use classified information to act on it without
any guidance. In Supervised Learning, it deduces a function from the training data,
which consists of a set of an input object and the desired output. Reinforcement
learning is used by machines to take suitable actions to increase the reward to
find the best possibility which should be taken in to account. 2. Natural Language
Processing(NLP) It is the interactions between computers and human language where
the computers are programmed to process natural languages. Machine Learning is a
reliable technology for Natural Language Processing to obtain meaning from human
languages. In NLP, the audio of a human talk is captured by the machine. Then the
audio to text conversation occurs, and then the text is processed where the data is
converted into audio. Then the machine uses the audio to respond to humans.
Applications of Natural Language Processing can be found in IVR (Interactive Voice
Response) applications used in call centres, language translation applications
like Google Translate and word processors such as Microsoft Word to check the
accuracy of grammar in text. However, the nature of human languages makes the
Natural Language Processing difficult because of the rules which are involved in
the passing of information using natural language, and they are not easy for the
computers to understand. So NLP uses algorithms to recognize and abstract the rules
of the natural languages where the unstructured data from the human languages can
be converted to a format that is understood by the computer. Automation & Robotics
The purpose of Automation is to get the monotonous and repetitive tasks done by
machines which also improve productivity and in receiving cost-effective and
more efficient results. Many organizations use machine learning, neural
networks, and graphs in automation. Such automation can prevent fraud issues while
financial transactions online by using CAPTCHA technology. Robotic process
automation is programmed to perform high volume repetitive tasks which can adapt to
the change in different circumstances. 3. Machine Vision Machines can capture
visual information and then analyze it. Here cameras are used to capture the
visual information, the analogue to digital conversion is used to convert the image
to digital data, and digital signal processing is employed to process the data.
Then the resulting data is fed to a computer. In machine vision, two vital aspects
are sensitivity, which is the ability of the machine to perceive impulses that are
weak and resolution, the range to which the machine can distinguish the objects.
The usage of machine vision can be found in signature identification, pattern
recognition, and medical image analysis, etc.
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236 4. Knowledge-Based Systems(KBS): A KBS can be defined as a computer
system capable of giving advice in a particular domain, utilizing knowledge
provided by a human expert. A distinguishing feature of KBS lies in the separation
behind the knowledge, which can be represented in a number of ways such as rules,
frames, or cases, and the inference engine or algorithm which uses the knowledge
base to arrive at a conclusion. 5. Neural Networks: NNs are biologically
inspired systems consisting of a massively connected network of
computational “neurons,” organized in layers. By adjusting the weights of the
network, NNs can be “trained” to approximate virtually any nonlinear function to a
required degree of accuracy. NNs typically are provided with a set of input and
output exemplars. A learning algorithm (such as back propagation) would then be
used to adjust the weights in the network so that the network would give the
desired output, in a type of learning commonly called supervised learning.
Applications of AI 1. AI in Astronomy Artificial Intelligence can be very
useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc. 2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry. o Healthcare
Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI
can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization. 3. AI in Gaming AI
can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places. 4.
AI in Finance AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, Chabot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes. 5. AI in Data
Security The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more
safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way. 6. AI in Social Media Social
Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snap chat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyse lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users. 6. AI in
Travel & Transport
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237 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting
the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using
AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response. 7. AI in Automotive Industry Some Automotive industries are
using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as
Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant. o Various
Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure. 8. AI in Robotics: Artificial Intelligence has
a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that
they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create
intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed. o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can
talk and behave like humans. 9. AI in Agriculture Agriculture is an area which
requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a day's
agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers. 10. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand. 11. AI in
education: AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant. o AI in the
future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place. SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS: 1. Fraud
detection. The financial services industry uses artificial intelligence in two
ways. Initial scoring of applications for credit uses AI to understand
creditworthiness. More advanced AI engines are employed to monitor and
detect fraudulent payment card transactions in real time. 2. Virtual customer
assistance (VCA). Call centres use VCA to predict and respond to customer
inquiries outside of human interaction. Voice recognition, coupled with
simulated human dialog, is the first point of interaction in a customer service
inquiry. Higher-level inquiries are redirected to a human. 3. Medicine: A medical
clinic can use AI systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and
provide medical information. AI has also application in fields of
cardiology (CRG), neurology (MRI), embryology (solography), complex operations
of internal organs etc. 4. Heavy Industries : Huge machines involve risk in their
manual maintenance and working. So in becomes necessary part to have an efficient
and safe operation agent in their operation. 5. Telecommunications: Many
telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of
their workforces for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling
application that provides the work schedules of 20000 engineers. 6. Music:
Scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities of the
skillful musician. Composition, performance, music theory, sound processing are
some of the major areas on which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are
focusing on. Eg:chucks, Orchextra, smartmusic etc. 7. Antivirus: Artificial
intelligence (AI) techniques have played increasingly important role in
antivirus detection. At present, some principal artificial intelligence
techniques applied in antivirus detection It improves the performance of
antivirus detection systems, and promotes the production of new artificial
intelligence algorithm and the application in antivirus detection to integrate
antivirus detection with artificial intelligence.
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238 Conclusion This systematic literature review study provides a structured
understanding of the state-of-the-art of AI research in IS. This was achieved by
identifying 98 primary studies out of 1877 related AI articles over a fifteen-year
period (2005 – 2020) and analysed them with respect to (i) definitions of AI, (ii)
frequency of publication by year, (iii) publication channels, (iv) research method
and data collection type, (v) contribution type, (vi) type of AI and (vii) business
value. A clear finding emerging from this systematic literature review is the need
to (i) increase the number of rigorous academic studies on AI, especially regarding
tools and models, (ii) be more detailed on the definition of AI used in studies,
even when it is not the focus, and (iii) build on cumulative knowledge. Research on
AI in IS is still largely unexplored. While there is a relatively sizable amount of
literature concerning AI in some way, a comprehensive review of what is known about
AI in IS is lacking. This is especially true for the way AI is defined in IS, which
is still disparate. This study examines the body of knowledge about AI in IS. This
work has developed one of the very few SLRs on AI in IS and has provided a
structured analysis of trends and gaps in the field. The study provides new
insights to the field of IS through the utilisation of conceptions of AI
definition, mapping activities to AI, and value relating to AI. We identified gaps
in knowledge in the context of AI research and IS, which provides a starting point
for IS researchers and IS practitioners to advance the socio-technical knowledge
surrounding AI. Thus, we make a call for future IS studies to examine
AI, specifically to how AI is defined in contemporary IS research. References: 1.
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http://www.howstuffworks.com/ arificialintelligence 2. http:// www.google.co.in 3.
http://www.library.thinkquest.org 4. https://www.javatpoint.com/application-of-ai
5. https://www.educba.com/artificial-intelligence-techniques/ 6.
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