Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

Course Name: Power System Protection Exam: Mid-Term

Course Code: EED443 Date: 25/11/2024
Instructor: Prof. Hossam Eldin Talaat Time Allowed: 75 Min.
Semester: Fall 2024 Max. Marks: 25

Question#1 (11 Marks)

The 22 kV radial distribution system of Figure 1 is protected using three overcurrent relays with the following
assumptions:
 The CT ratios are as indicated in Figure.
 The pickup current should be greater than 140% of the maximum load current and less than 50% of the
minimum fault current.
 The available current settings are: 1.0, 1.1, …. 3.0 A (in steps of 0.1 A).
 The available time delays for definite time are: 0.1, 0.15, 0.2,.. to 2 s (in steps of 0.05 s).
 The available TMS for inverse characteristics are: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 & 1.0.
 The coordination time interval is 0.3 s.
a) Select the current settings for R1 , R2 and R3. (3 Mark)
b) If the relays are definite time, select the time delays for the three relays. (3 Mark)
80∗𝑇𝑀𝑆
c) If the relays use EI characteristic: 𝑡 =
𝐼𝑟 2 −1
, select the time settings for the 3 relays. (4 Mark)
d) Would you recommend the settings of part (b) or that of part (c)? Justify your answer. (1 Mark)

R2 Bus 3
Bus 1 Bus 2
R1
150:1 A
600:1 A R3 Bus 4
300:1 A

Bus 1 2 3 4
Max. Load - 10 MVA, 0.9 lag 4 MVA, 0.9 lag 8 MVA, 0.9 lag
3- Fault 5200 A 4000 A 2500 A 2000 A

Figure 1

Solution
a)
Calculations R1 R2 R3
Smax 22 MVA 4 MVA 8 MVA
ILmax = Smax*1000 / (22*√3) 0.96 0.70 0.70
1.4 * ILmax 1.35 0.98 0.98
Ifmin 2000.00 2500.00 2000.00
I’fmin 3.33 16.67 6.67
0.5 * I’fmin 1.67 8.33 3.33
Ip 1.4 1 1

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b) Time delays for R2 & R3 are 0.1 s & 0.1 s to satisfy the speed requirement.
Time delays for R1 is 0.4 s to satisfy the selectivity requirement.

c) The time settings of R2 & R3 are TMS2 = 0.1, TMS3 = 0.1 to satisfy the speed
requirement.
The time setting of R1 must be selected to coordinate with both R2 & R3

Coordination between R1 & R2: Assume 3-phase short circuit very close to R2

4000 A
R2 Bus 3
Bus 1 Bus 2
R1 4000 A
150:1 A
600:1 A R3 Bus 4
300:1 A

I = 4000 A (seen by the two relays)

R2:
I’2 = 4000 / 150 = 26.67 A
Ir2 = I’2 / Ip2 = 26.67 / 1 = 26.67 p.u.
t2 = 80 * 0.1 / (26.672 – 1) = 0.011 s
R1:
I’1 = 4000 / 600 = 6.67 A
Ir1 = I’1 / Ip1 = 6.67 / 1.4 = 4.76 p.u.
t1 > 0.011 + 0.3 = 0.311 s
80 * TMS1 / (4.762 – 1) > 0.311
TMS1 > 0.084

Coordination between R1 & R3: Assume 3-phase short circuit very close to R3

I = 4000 A (seen by the two relays)

R3:
I’2 = 4000 / 300 = 13.33 A
Ir2 = I’2 / Ip2 = 13.33 / 1 = 13.33 p.u.
t2 = 80 * 0.1 / (13.332 – 1) = 0.045 s

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 R1:
I’1 = 4000 / 600 = 6.67 A
Ir1 = I’1 / Ip1 = 6.67 / 1.4 = 4.76 p.u.
t1 > 0.045 + 0.3 = 0.345 s
80 * TMS1 / (4.762 – 1) > 0.345
TMS1 > 0.094

Therefore, TMS1 must be greater than the higher value between the two,
TMS1 > 0.094
Let TMS1 = 0.1

d) To compare between the two alternatives (definite-time versus inverse-time), let us

calculate the operation time of R1 for a close fault:
Using Definite-Time
t1 = 0.4 s

Using Inverse-Time
I’1 = 5200 / 600 = 8.67 A
Ir1 = I’1 / Ip1 = 8.67 / 1.4 = 6.19 p.u.
TMS1 = 0.1
t1 = 80 * 0.1 / (6.192 – 1) = 0.214 s

It is clear that Inverse-time OCR provides shorter operating time.

Therefore, we recommend solution of part (c) which is Inverse-time OCR

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Question#2 (14 Marks)
a) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers: (4 Marks)
The testing procedure required to test an 800:5 A current transformer with reference to the accuracy class
20 VA- 10P20 is as follows:
1- The CT secondary is to be connected to an impedance of 0.8 Ohms
2- The current at the CT secondary is to be adjusted to 100 A
3- The measured CT error under the conditions of items 1 &2 above, must be less than 10%
4- The main source of errors in current transformers is its nonlinear magnetic core
(exciting current Ie)

b) Draw the connection diagram of a three-phase and ground overcurrent relays. Show the primary circuit
and the connections of the relay coils to the instrument transformers. Also show the connections of the
trip circuit of the circuit breaker. (3 Marks)

Solution
Three phase
breaker contacts

A
X

B
Ground Relay X

CT
C
X

Phase Relays’ Coils

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C
Trip Coil of CB

Ground
220 V
Tripping Circuit
Relays’ Contacts

c) The transmission lines of the system shown in Fig. 2 are protected using directional overcurrent
relays. The system is subject to a three-phase fault (F1) on line 1-2. Indicate which of the relays’
direction unit shall be enabled (Forward direction) and which shall be disabled (Reverse direction).
Consider only the following relays: B12, B21, B23, B32, B24, and B42. (3 Marks)
1 2 B23 B32
3
B12 B21
~ ~
F1 B24 B34

B42 B43
4

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 Figure 2

Solution
Relay Direction Enabled/ Disabled
B12 Forward Enabled
B21 Forward Enabled
B23 Reverse Disabled
B32 Forward Enabled
B24 Reverse Disabled
B42 Forward Enabled

d) The distribution system shown in Fig .3 is protected using fuses and an automatic recloser
“R” (with 2 fast operations followed by 2 delayed operations). Assume that any temporary
fault will be cleared by the first opening of the recloser. For each of the two following faults,
describe the sequence of interruptions occurred at each load indicating the type of interruption
(short or continuous) :
i) A 3-phase permanent fault on the load side L3. (2 Marks)
ii) A LG temporary fault on the line between buses 2 and 5. (2 Marks)
2 3 4
1

~ R 5

L3 L4

L5

Figure 3
Sequence of load interruptions
Fault L3 L4 L5
i) Permanent on 2 Short interruptions 2 Short interruptions 2 Short interruptions
L3 followed by a then service then service
continuous interruption recovery recovery
ii) Temporary on 1 Short interruption then 1 Short interruption 1 Short interruption
L25 recovery then recovery then recovery

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