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SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Kattankulathur

Academic Year 2024 - 2025 (ODD Semester)

Department of Mathematics
21MAB101T - Calculus and Linear Algebra, Unit 4 - Differential Calculus and Beta Gamma Functions
Tutorial Sheet
S. No. Questions and Answers
PART-A
a2 (a−x)
1. Show that the radius of curvature at (a, 0) of the curve y 2 = x is a2 .

a2 (a−x) a3 −ax a3
Solution: Given curve y 2 = x = x = x − a −→ (1)
 ! 23
dy 2

1+
dx
The radius of curvature of the curve ρ =
d2 y
dx2
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ’x’, we get
dy a3 dy a3
2y = − 2 =⇒ =− 2 .
dx x dx x (2y)
We  to find the radius of curvature at the point of (a, 0), therefore we compute
 need
dy
= ∞.
dx (a,0)
dy
Here the value of is does NOT exists at (a, 0).
dx
 2 ! 32
dx
1+
dy
The radius of curvature of the curve ρ =
d2 x
dy 2
Now differentiate equation (1) with respect to ’y ’, we obtain
a3 dx dx −2x2 y
2y = − 2 =⇒ = −→ (2),
  x dy dy a3
dy
= 0.
dx (a,0)
d2 x d −2x2 y
      dx 
d dx −2 2

2
= = 3
= 3
x + y 2x . by (2)
dy dy dy dy a a dy
d2 y

−2 2
= 3 (a ) = −2 a .
dx2 (a,0) a

3
1 + (0)2 2 1 a
The radius of curvature (ρ)(a,0) = −2 = 2 = .
|a| a
2

Hence the radius of curvature of the given curve at the point (a, 0) is, ρ = a2 .
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2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve rn = an cos nθ at any point (r, θ). Hence prove that the radius
2
of curvature of the lemniscate r2 = a2 cos 2θ is a3r .
Solution: The given curve is rn = an cos nθ −→ (1)
Differentiate (1) with respect to θ, we get
dr dr −nan sin nθ −an sin nθ −ran sin nθ
nrn−1 = an (−n sin nθ) =⇒ = = =
dθ dθ nrn−1 rn−1 rn
dr −ran sin nθ
= n = −r tan nθ (Using (1))
dθ a cos nθ

d2 r
 
d dr d dr
− r tan nθ = −nr sec2 nθ −


2
= = tan nθ
dθ dθ dθ dθ dθ
= −nr sec2 nθ − (−r tan nθ) tan nθ = −nr sec2 nθ + r tan2 nθ.
 2 ! 32
2 dr
r +
dθ
The radius of curvature ρ =  2
2
d2 r dr
r −r 2 +2
 2 dθ dθ
dr
r2 + = r2 + (−r tan nθ)2 = r2 + r2 tan2 nθ = r2 (1 + tan2 nθ) = r2 sec2 nθ
dθ  2
2 d2 r dr
r −r 2 +2 = r2 − r(−nr sec2 nθ + r tan2 nθ) + 2(−r tan nθ)2
dθ dθ
= r2 + nr2 sec2 nθ − r2 tan2 nθ + 2r2 tan2 nθ = r2 (1 + n sec2 nθ + tan2 nθ)
= r2 (1 + n sec2 nθ + sec2 nθ − 1) = r2 (n + 1) sec2 nθ
3
2 2
(r sec nθ) 2 r3 sec3 nθ r r 1
Therefore ρ = 2 2
= 2 2
= sec nθ =
r (n + 1) sec nθ r (n + 1) sec nθ n+1 n + 1 cos nθ
r an an
= = .
n + 1 rn (n + 1)rn−1
a2 a2
The radius of curvature of r2 = a2 cos 2θ is ρ = = .
(2 + 1)r2−1 3r

3. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the astroid x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 , is three times the length
of the perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at that point.
Solution: The given curve is x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3
The parametric equation of the curve is x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t.
dx
x′ = = −3a cos2 t sin t
dt
dy
y′ = = 3a sin2 t cos t
dt2
d x
x′′ = 2 = −3a cos2 t cos t − sint(2 cos t sin t) = −3a cos3 t + 6a sin2 t cos t


dt
′′ d2 y
y = 2 = 3a sin2 t(− sin t) + cos t(2 sin t cos t) = −3a sin3 t + 6a cos2 t sin t


dt

(x′ )2 + (y ′ )2 = 9a2 cos4 t sin2 t + 9a2 sin4 t cos2 t = 9a2 cos2 t sin2 t

x′ y ′′ − x′′ y ′ = (−3a cos2 t sin t)(−3a sin3 t + 6a cos2 t sin t) − (−3a cos3 t + 6a sin2 t cos t)(3a sin2 t cos t)
= 9a2 sin4 t cos2 t − 18a2 sin2 t cos4 t + 9a2 sin2 t cos4 t − 18a2 sin4 t cos2 t
= −9a2 sin4 t cos2 t − 9a2 sin2 t cos4 t = −9a2 sin2 t cos2 t
 3
(x′ )2 + (y ′ )2
2
3
(9a2 cos2 t sin2 t) 2
The radius of curvature ρ = = = −3a sin t cos t −→ (1).
x′ y ′′ − x′′ y ′ −9a2 sin2 t cos2 t
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dy
The equation of tangent at a point (a cos3 t, a sin3 t) is y − a sin3 t = (x − a cos3 t)
dx
dy dy dt 3a sin2 t cos t
= = = − tan t
dx dt dx −3a cos2 t sin t
=⇒ y − a sin3 t = − tan t(x − a cos3 t)
x tan t + y = a cos3 t tan t + a sin3 t = a sin t
x tan t + y − a sin t = 0
0 + 0 − a sin t
p = Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the tangent at the point (a cos3 t, a sin3 t) = √
tan2 t + 1
−a sin t
= = −a sin t cos t −→ (2).
sec t
From (1) and (2), it is clear that p = 3ρ.

x y
4. Find the envelope of the straight line a + b = 1, where a and b are parameters that are connected by the
relation a + b = c.

Solution: The given two parameter family of curve xa + yb = 1 −→ (1)

with the relation a + b = c −→ (2)
Differentiate the equations (1) and (2) with respect to a, we get
−x y db db −b2 x
− = 0 =⇒ = −→ (3)
a2 b2 da da a2 y
db db
1+ = 0 =⇒ = −1 −→ (4)
da da
−b2 x
From (3) and (4), we get the relation 2 = −1
√ √ a y
x y x y
= 2 =⇒ =
√2
a b√ √a √ b √ √
x y x+ y x+ y
= = = (by (2))
√a √b √a + √ b c
x y x+ y
= =
a √b √ c√ √ √ √
x x+ y y x+ y
=⇒ = and =
a √ c b √ c
c x c y
=⇒ a = √ √ and b = √ √ .
x+ y x+ y
x y x y √ √
Given that + = 1 =⇒ √ + √ = 1 =⇒ ( x + y)2 = c
a b c x c y
√ √ √ √
x + y x+ y
√ √ √
x + y = c which is the envelope of given family of straight line.
Rπ√
5. (i) Find the value of 02 tan θ dθ using Beta function.

Solution:
Γ(m)Γ(n)
In terms of Gamma function, the Beta function defined as β(m, n) = .
Γ(m + n)
π

cos2m−1 θ sin2n−1 θ dθ.

R
Similarly it has different representation, β(m, n) = 2 2
0

π √ π
1 −1
π
3 1 1
sin2( 4 )−1 θ cos2( 4 )−1 θ dθ = β( 34 , 14 )
R R R
2
0 tan θ dθ = 2
0 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ dθ = 2
0
2

1 Γ( 34 )Γ( 14 ) 1 Γ( 34 )Γ( 14 ) 1
= 3 1 = = Γ( 34 )Γ( 41 ).
2 Γ( 4 + 4 ) 2 Γ(1) 2
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R∞ 2
(ii) Evaluate 0 x2 e−2x dx in terms of Gamma function.
Solution: R∞
The
R ∞ Gamma function defined as Γ(n) = 0 e−x xn−1 dx, where n > 0.
2 −2x2 dx = ∞ e−2x2 x2 dx
R
0 x e 0
Take t = 2x2
x = 0 =⇒ t = 0 and x = ∞ =⇒ t = ∞
r
dt t
= 4x = 4
dx √ 2
2dt
dx = √
4 t √ √ √
R ∞ −2x2 2 R ∞ −t t 2dt 2 R ∞ −t t 2 R ∞ −t 1
0 e x dx = 0 e √ = 0 e √ dt = e t 2 dt
√ √2 4 t √8 t √ 8 0 √
2 R ∞ −t 3 −1 2 3 2 1 21 1 π
= 0 e t 2 dt = Γ( 2 ) = Γ( 2 + 1) = 2 Γ( 2 ) = √
8 √ 8 8 8 8 2
R ∞ 2 −2x2 π
0 x e dx = √ .
8 2
PART-B
√ √ √
1. (i) Find the equation of √ the circle of √curvature of the curve x + y = a at ( a4 , a4 ).
√
Solution: Given curve: x + y = a at ( a4 , a4 ) −→ (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x√ , we obtain
1 1 dy dy y
√ + √ = 0 =⇒ = −√
2 x 2 √ y dx dx x
′ y
i.e, y = − √ ,
x
(y ′ )( a4 , a4 ) = −1
√ 1 ′ √ 1
x √ y − y √
′′ 2 y 2 x
y =− √ 2
( x)

4
(y ′′ )( a4 , a4 ) =
a 3
(1 + (y ′ )2 ) 2
The radius of curvature ρ =
|y ′′ | 
a a
The radius of curvature at the point of , )
3
4 4
2
(1 + (−1) ) 2 a
(ρ)( a4 , a4 ) = 4 =√ .
|a| 2
1 + (y ′ )2 1 + (y ′ )2
The center of curvature x̄ = x − y ′ , ȳ = y + .
y ′′ y ′′
a 1 + (−1)2 3a
(x̄)( a4 , a4 ) = − (−1) 4 =
4 a
4

a 1 + (−1)2 3a
(ȳ)( a4 , a4 ) =
+ 4 =
4 a
4
The equation of circle of curvature is (x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 = ρ2

The circle of curvature of the given curve is

 3a 2  3a 2  a 2
x− + y− = √ .
4 4 2
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√ √
(ii) Find the radius of curvature at any point (r, θ) on the curve r cos 2θ = a.
Solution:
√ √
Given curve: r cos 2θ = a −→ (1)
Differentiating the equation with respect to ’θ’
√ 1 dr
r(− 21 sin 2θ ) + cos 2θ √ =0
2 r dθ
dr
r′ = = r tan 2θ
dθ
r dr r
r′′ = sec2 2θ + tan 2θ = sec2 2θ + r tan2 2θ
2 dθ 2
3r
r′′ = sec2 2θ − r
2
 2 ! 32
dr
r2 +
dθ
The radius of curvature ρ =  2
d2 r dr
r2 − r 2 + 2
dθ dθ
3 √
(r2 + r2 tan2 2θ ) 2 θ r
= 2 θ 3r2 θ
= 2r sec 2 = 2r √ (by (1))
2 2
r + 2r tan 2 − 2 sec 2 + r 2 2 a
3
2r 2
ρ= √ .
a
2. (i) Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve x3 + y 3 = 3axy at the point ( 3a 3a
2 , 2 ).
Solution:
Given curve: x3 + y 3 = 3axy −→ (1)
Differentiating the equation (1) with respect to x, we obtain
3x2 + 3y 2 y ′ = 3a(y + xy ′ )
x2 + y 2 y ′ = a(y + xy ′ )
x2 − ay
y′ =
ax − y 2
′
(y )( 3a , 3a ) = −1.
2 2

′′ (ax − y 2 )(2x − ay ′ ) − (x2 − ay)(a − 2yy ′ )

y =
(ax − y 2 )2
′′ −32
(y )( 3a , 3a ) = 3a
2 2
1 + (y ′ )2
The radius of curvature of the curve ρ =
|y ′′ |
3
(1 + (−1) ) 22 √ √

3 2a
(ρ)( 3a , 3a ) = −32 = 2 2 3a 32 = 16 .
2 2 | 3a |
1 + (y ′ )2 1 + (y ′ )2
The center of curvature (x̄, ȳ): x̄ = x − y ′ and ȳ = y +
y ′′ y ′′
3a 1 + (−1) 2 21a
x̄( 3a , 3a ) = − (−1) −32 =
2 2 2 3a
16

3a 1 + (−1)2 21a
ȳ( 3a , 3a ) = + −32 =
2 2 2 3a
16

The equation of circle of curvature is (x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 = ρ2

The equation of circle of curvature of the given curve at the point of ( 3a 3a

2 , 2 ) is

 21a 2  21a 2  3√2a 2

x− + y− = 16
16 16
 21a 2  21a 2 9a2
x− + y− = .
16 16 128
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(ii) Find the center of curvature of the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + 3x + 1 at the point (1, −1).
Solution:
y = x3 − 6x2 + 3x + 1
y ′ = 3x2 − 12x + 3
(y ′ )(1,−1) = 3(1)2 − 12(1) + 3 = −6
y ′′ = 6x − 12
(y ′′ )(1,−1) = 6(1) − 12 = −6
1 + (y ′ )2 1 + (y ′ )2
The center of curvature (x̄, ȳ): x̄ = x − y ′ and ȳ = y +
y ′′ y ′′
1 + (−6) 2
x̄(1,−1) = 1 − (−6) = −36
−6
1 + (−6) 2 −43
ȳ(1,−1) = −1 + =
−6 6
The center of curvature of the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + 3x + 1 at the point (1, −1) is (−36, −43 6 ).
x2 y2
3. Find the evolute of the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1.
Solution:
2 2
Given curve: xa2 + yb2 = 1
Differentiate the equation with respect to x
dy
2x 2y dx x yy ′
+ = 0 =⇒ + =0
a2 ′ b2 a2 b2
yy x
2
=− 2
b a
′ b2 x
y =− 2
a y
′′ b2  y − xy ′ 
y =− 2
a y !
−1 b2  b2 2 x2
y ′′ = + 2 . The parametric equation: x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ.
y a2 a y2
Now the derivatives of y become
b2 (a cos θ)
y′ = − 2
a (b sin θ)
−b cos θ
y′ =
a sin θ !
−1 b2  b2 2 (a cos θ)2 −b 1
y ′′ = + 2 = 2
y a2 a (b sin θ)2 a sin3 θ
1 + (y ′ )2 1 + (y ′ )2
The center of curvature x̄ = x − y ′ ′′
, ȳ = y + .
 −b cos θ y2 y ′′
−b cos θ 1 + a sin θ  a2 − b2 
x̄ = a cos θ − = cos3 θ
a sin θ −b 1 a
a 2 sin3 θ
 −b cos θ 2
1+  a2 − b2 
ȳ = b sin θ + a sin θ = − sin3 θ
−b 1 b
2
a sin θ 3
!1
 a2 − b2  ax̄
3

x̄ = cos θ 3 =⇒ cos θ =
a a2 − b2
!1
 a2 − b2  bȳ
3
3
ȳ = − sin θ =⇒ sin θ = − 2 .
a a − b2
We know that cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 using this we get the relation as follows:
!2 !2
3 3
ax̄ bȳ
+ = 1, which is the evolute of the ellipse.
a2 − b2 a2 − b2