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Standard Input and Output in C Programming

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Standard Input and Output in C Programming

Uploaded by

2004sabaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Standard Input and Output in C Programming

Input and Output (I/O) operations are fundamental components of any programming
language. In C, these operations are handled through the standard input/output library
functions.

Standard I/O Functions

C provides several standard I/O functions within the library stdio.h to interact with the
console and files. These include printf(), which is used for formatted output, scanf(), which is
used for formatted input, getchar(), for reading a single character, putchar(), for writing a
single character, puts(), for writing a string with a newline, and gets(), for reading a line of
text.

printf() Function

The printf() function is used to print formatted data to the standard output, typically the
console. It takes a format string and a list of variables, where the format string contains
placeholders for the variables. For example, printf("Hello, %s!\n", "World"); will print
"Hello, World!".

Format Specifiers

Format specifiers like %d, %f, %c, %s, and %x are used in the format string of printf() to
specify the type of data to be printed. For instance, %d is used for integers, %f for floats, %c
for characters, and so on.

Escape Sequences

Escape sequences like \n, \t, \\, and \" allow for special characters in strings. For example,
printf("Hello\nWorld"); will print "Hello" on one line and "World" on the next.

scanf() Function

The scanf() function reads formatted input from the standard input (usually the keyboard). It
takes a format string and a list of variables, similar to printf(). For example, scanf("%d",
&num); reads an integer into the variable num.

Reading and Writing Characters

getchar() reads a single character from standard input, while putchar() writes a single
character to standard output. These functions are useful when dealing with individual
characters, such as in menu selections or simple prompts.

Writing Strings and Reading Lines

puts() writes a string to standard output, automatically adding a newline character. It's
convenient for displaying complete strings. gets() is used for reading entire lines of text,
which is common in text-based user interfaces.
Example :

Write a C program that allows the user to enter the value of a circle's radius, calculates its area, and
displays it on the screen.

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