PROJECT REPORT

ON
BLIND STICK
Submitted on partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY KOTTAYAM

By

FAIZ MUHAMMED

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. REMYA SREE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS JAI

BHARATH ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
VENGOLA (P.O) ARACKAPPADY, PERUMBAVOOR, 683556

2020-2023

1
 DEPARTMENT OF BSC ELECTRONICS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the bonafide main project report entitled as the
“BLIND STICK” presented by ADITHYAN K.A, of register number

200021047591 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree

B.Sc. ELECTRONICS from Mahatma Gandhi University during the academic

year of 2023.

Mrs. Remya Sree Mrs. Remya Sree

Head of the Department Project Guide

Submitted for the viva-voice held on……………………………………….

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am glad to present my Project report on “BLIND STICK” which is prepared as

a part of my Sixth Semester Project in BSC Electronics. This project work is the
outcome of the guidance provided by dedicated and experienced personal of Jai
Bharath Arts and Science College, Arakkapady. I thank God and my parents for
helping me start off with good education.

With profound sense of indebtedness, I use this opportunity to express my sincere

thanks to our beloved Principal, Dr. Nithesh K N for all the help and guidance
rendered during the presentation of project report. I also express my sincere
gratitude to Mrs. Remya Sree Head of the Department, BSC Electronics for her
healthy cooperation, constant encouragement, and inspiration.
I wish to extend my thanks to my project guide, Mrs. Remya Sree faulty in BSC
Electronics for her kind interest , valuable guidance and support rendered.
Last but not the least I extend my sincere thanks to all my classmates for their
help and support.

3
 ABSTRACT

The main aim of this paper is to assist blind persons without human need.
Notably, the visually impaired individuals convey a hand that stays with them at
whatever point they need help. Once in a while in any event, when they utilize
this stick, there is no assurance that the visually impaired people are protected
and get in arriving at their destinations. There might be a deterrent in their way
yet isn’t experienced by the individual with the assistance of the stick. Notably,
the visually impaired individuals convey a hand that stays with them at whatever
point they need help. Once in a while in any event, when they utilize this stick,
there is no assurance that the visually impaired people are protected. There might
be an obstruction in their way however isn't experienced by the individual with
the assistance of the stick. Thus, the people may be injured if the obstacle is big
enough or dangerous. Thus, in this paper, a blind stick is designed and developed
to assist the blind person and provide them a clear path. The system consists of
an ultrasonic sensor fixed to the user's stick. While the user moves the stick in the
forward direction, the ultrasonic sensor with Arduino mega fixed to the stick tries
to detect the obstacle if any present in the path. If the sensor recognizes the
obstacle, the output of the recipient triggers, and this change will be identified by
the microcontroller since the output of the receiver is given as inputs to the
microcontroller. This stick recognizes the article before the individual and offers
a reaction to the client either by vibrating or through the order. In this way, the
individual can walk with no fear. This gadget will be the best answer for defeat
the troubles of the visually impaired individual.

4
 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 6
1.1 RELATED WORKS ................................................................................................7
1.2 PROPOSED METHOD ...........................................................................................9
2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 11
2.1 ARDUINO MEGA .................................................................................................11
2.2 RESET BUTTON...................................................................................................11
2.3 POWER LED INDICATOR .................................................................................11
2.4 TX RX LEDs...........................................................................................................11
2.5 MAIN IC .................................................................................................................12
2.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR ...................................................................................12
2.7 MICROCONTROLLER IN ARDUINO MEGA ................................................12
2.8 ULTRASONIC SENSOR ......................................................................................13
2.9 BUZZER .................................................................................................................14
2.10 ARDUINO NANO ................................................................................................14
3. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION ........................................................................ 16
3.1 SOFTWARE TOOLS ............................................................................................16
3.2 HARDWARE TOOLS ...........................................................................................16
4. TESTING ........................................................................................................ 17
5. RESULTS........................................................................................................ 18
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ..............................................................................18
6. SYSTEM TESTING ...................................................................................... 19
6.1 UNIT TESTING .....................................................................................................20
6.2 INTEGRATION TESTING ..................................................................................20
6.3 VALIDATION TESTING .....................................................................................21
6.4 OUTPUT TESTING ..............................................................................................21
6.5 USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING .......................................................................21
6.6 ALPHA TESTING .................................................................................................21
6.7 BETA TESTING ....................................................................................................22
7. CODING ......................................................................................................... 23
8. CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 25
9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 26

5
 1. INTRODUCTION

According to WHO, 30 million social classes are forever outwardly disabled and
285 billion social classes with vision weakness. If you notice them, you can
consider it they can't need without the help of others. One needs to request that
direction arrives at their objective. They need to confront more battles in their
day-by-day life. Utilizing this visually impaired stick, an individual can walk all
the more unhesitatingly. This strolling stick is an option in contrast to the
customary strolling stick. Here, Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensor, IR sensor, voice
playback module, LCD show, and voltage controller is utilized. Arduino is a
microcontroller that can do every one of the estimations fastly and rapidly with
incredible exactness. The ultrasonic sensor is utilized to distinguish the item
toward the front of the individual by estimating the distance between the article
and the stick. For left and right article recognition, IR Sensor is utilized which is
exceptionally little in range. So, it detects a very close object. Using more
ultrasonic sensors may create calculation problems. So, IR Sensor is Preferred.
The voice playback module will help the visually impaired individual to arrive at
the objective through the order or receiver.
Outwardly disabled individuals are individuals who think that it‟s hard to perceive the littlest detail
with sound eyes. Those who have the visual acuteness of 6/60 or the horizontal range of the visual field
with both eyes open have less than or equal to 20 degrees. These people are regarded as blind. A survey
by WHO (World Health Organization) carried out in 2011 estimates that in the world, about 1% of the
human population is visually impaired (about 70 million people) furthermore, among them, about 10%
are completely visually impaired (around 7 million individuals) and 90% (around 63 million
individuals) with low vision. The primary issue with daze individuals is the way to explore their
approach to any place they need to go. Such individuals need help from others with great vision. As
described by WHO, 10% of the visually impaired have no functional eyesight at all to help them move
around without assistance and safely. This investigation proposes another method for planning a shrewd
stick to help outwardly disabled individuals that will give the route. The standard and old-fashioned
courses help for individuals with visual shortcomings are the walking stick (similarly called white stick
or stick) and guide canines which are depicted by various imperfections.

The force of vision is perhaps the main piece of human physiology. Our eyes are
the way into our environmental elements. Lamentably, approx 285 million
individuals are assessed to be outwardly weakened around the world, of which
39 million are visually impaired, as indicated by a report distributed by the World
Health Organization (WHO). 82% of visually impaired individuals are of the age
6
of 50 or more. Besides, 90% of outwardly impeded individuals have a place with
the agricultural nations. The most punctual type of route device for the visually
impaired has been a mobile stick. In any case, the downsides of utilizing it are
the absence of fundamental abilities, Cost, and preparing period. With the
advances in innovation, it has gotten conceivable to plan and foster mechanical
arrangements that can assist an outwardly disabled individual with exploring
uninhibitedly. Different examination works have been completed for growing
such a keen visually impaired stick.
The most basic deficiencies of these guides include fundamental abilities and
preparing stage, the scope of movement, and extremely irrelevant data imparted
been conveyed. Our methodology changed this stick with some gadget’s
segments and sensors, the electronic helping gadgets are intended to address such
issues. The ultrasonic sensors, water sensor, signal, and RF transmitter/Receiver
are utilized to record data about the presence of snags out and about. The
ultrasonic sensor can recognize any deterrent inside the distance scope of
2cm450cm. Accordingly, at whatever point there is an obstruction in this reach it
will caution the client. A water sensor is utilized to recognize if there is water in
way of the client. Most visually impaired direction frameworks use ultrasound
due to their resistance to the ecological clamor. With the fast advances of present-
day innovation both in equipment and programming, it has gotten simpler to give
a smart route framework to the outwardly disabled. As of late, much exploration
exertion has been centered on the plan of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) to help
the effective and free route of the visually impaired. Additionally, top-of-the-line
innovative arrangements have been acquainted as of late with assistance daze
people explore autonomously. Another motivation behind why ultrasonic is
predominant is that the innovation is sensibly modest. Additionally, ultrasound
producers and finders are versatile segments that can be conveyed without the
requirement for the complex circuit. RF module will assist the individual with
discovering the stick at any place it is kept.
1.1 RELATED WORKS
The work in the paper [1-2] presents a plan and execution of an ultrasonic
sensorbased strolling stick for an outwardly disabled individual. An ultrasonic
sensor module, HC-SR04 is utilized for impediment discovery in the way of the
visually impaired individual, and a ringer is utilized to make the individual
cautious. The proposed framework is carried out utilizing PIC microcontroller
16F877A. Dazzle people can utilize this7
strolling stick for a safe route. It can
identify impediments inside 5 to 35 cm scope of distance. Daze People utilizes
white sticks to help in obstruction identification and evasion in [3]. Guide canines
can likewise be of restricted guide for discovering the way to a far-off area. So
we will probably make a versatile, straightforward less expensive framework that
will permit blind people groups to go through natural and new conditions without
the guide of guides. A few direction frameworks have been produced for vision
disabled individuals, however, these frameworks will in general be costly,
likewise utilize a customer worker approach. This Navigation framework
comprises of two unmistakable parts: detecting the prompt climate for daze
individuals to travel (e.g., snag and perils) and exploring too far off objections
past the immediately perceptible environment. The paper depicted here zeroed in
on the turn of events and assessment of a Navigation framework that utilizes GPS
(the Global Positioning System), voice, and ultrasonic sensor for obstruction
location. This paper [4] portrays the utilization of Arduino on an ultrasonic
visually impaired strolling stick. 30 million individuals are for all time visually
impaired and 285 billion are outwardly hindered, as indicated by the WHO. When
you consider them, you will realize very well that without the aid of others they
can‟t walk to reach your destination one has to ask for directions. During their
everyday lives, they need to confront more difficulties. The visually impaired
handle is more secure for an individual to walk. The bar detects the thing before
the individual and gives the purchaser a vibrational answer or on request.
To explore the commonness and reasons for visual disability and visual
impairment in an example of Polish more established grown-ups. The study [5]
was designed in a cross-sectional and observational manner. Information
concerning the vision status was surveyed in 2214 eyes from 1107 subjects of
European Caucasian beginning; the vast majority of whom live in the city of
Lodz, in focal Poland. Visual impedance was characterized as distance visual
sharpness <20/40 in the more regrettable Seeing Eye. The low vision was defined
as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) <20/40 but >20/200 in better-seeing eye,
and blindness was defined as BCVA ≤20/200 in both eyes (United States criteria).
Visual impairment was found in 27.5% of subjects in the worse-seeing eye.
In this paper [6], we introduced a smart electronic aid for the visually impaired.
The smart cane provides a solution to the visually impaired that face
complications in detecting obstacles and changes in the environment. The smart
cane comprises three sensors: infrared sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and flame
sensor. These sensors are implemented and programmed using a microcontroller
8
(Arduino UNO R3). This stick can detect obstacles that lie in the range of about
2m from the user. This system aims to provide an affordable and reliable smart
cane that would help the visually impaired to navigate freely.
In this work [7-8] the authors present the design and usability features of a
lowcost knee-above obstacle detection system and report results from controlled
field experiments. From the very beginning of human history, people are
suffering from many disabilities. Among those, blindness is very common and
unendurable. Science and technology always try to make human life easier. So
the main purpose of this paper is based on abating the disabilities of blindness by
constructing microcontroller-based automated hardware that can corroborate a
blind to detect obstacles in front of him/her instantly.

1.2 PROPOSED METHOD

The working behind this visually impaired stick is that it is utilized for a specific
reason as a detecting gadget for visually impaired individuals. The circuit gives
a 5V force supply to the circuit and keeps up with its yield of the force supply at
a steady level. It is utilized broadly to recognize objects utilizing ultrasonic
sensors. If any object is present, the ultrasonic sensor detects the object by
measuring the distance between the object and the user and sends the data to the
Arduino UNO. To decide the distance of an item, compute the distance between
conveying the message and getting back the sign. *Distance=speed*time

The speed of the sign going through air is 341m/s. The time is determined
between conveying and getting back the message. Since the distance travel by the
signal is double, it is divided by two i.e. Distance=*Distance/2

It is placed at the right and left of the stick to detect the object. Since, it is
especially little reached, it perceives the closer fights. Arduino measures with this
information and computes with the order conditions. If any object is found nearer,
it sends the command to the user through the speaker or microphone. The order
is as of now put away in the voice playback module which sends a ready message
to the client about the article.

9
Keen Sensors are not simply a prevailing fashion; they are the rush of things to
come. As more individuals understand the worth of these developments the field
will develop without limits. This can be exhibited by the plan determined. It's
practical, cost-efficient, and extremely useful. If these qualities weren't sufficient
to warrant examination concerning this field of study, these developments will
likewise make the designer rich. This task is application-based as it has an
application for daze individuals. It tends to be additionally improved to have more
choice-taking abilities by utilizing changed sorts of sensors and hence could be
utilized for various applications. It expects to tackle the issues looked at by the
visually impaired individuals in their everyday life. The system also takes
measures to ensure their safety.

10
 2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 ARDUINO MEGA

The Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board dependent on the ATmega2560. It
has 54 advanced information/yield pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM yields),
16 straightforward information sources, 4 UARTs (hardware consecutive ports),
a 16 MHz pearl oscillator, a USB affiliation, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
a reset button.

2.2 RESET BUTTON

Very much like the first Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it
will briefly interface the reset pin to the ground and restart any code that is stacked
on the Arduino. This can be exceptionally valuable if your code doesn't rehash,
yet you need to test it on different occasions. Not at all like the first Nintendo in
any case, doesn't blow on the Arduino typically fix any issues.

2.3 POWER LED INDICATOR

Just underneath and to one side of “UNO” on your circuit board, there's a little
LED close to the word „ON‟ (11). This LED should illuminate at whatever point
you plug your Arduino into a force source. If this light doesn't turn on, there‟s a
respectable chance something isn‟t right.

2.4 TX RX LEDs
TX is short for communication; RX is short forgotten. These markings show up
a considerable amount in hardware to demonstrate the pins liable for sequential
correspondence. For our situation, there are two puts on the Arduino UNO where
TX and RX show up – once by computerized pins 0 and 1, and a second time
straight away to the TX and RX indicator LEDs. These LEDs will give us some
decent visual signs at whatever point our Arduino is getting or communicating
information (like when we're stacking another program onto the board).
11
2.5 MAIN IC
The dark thing with every one of the metal legs is an IC or Integrated Circuit.
Consider it the cerebrums of our Arduino. The fundamental IC on the Arduino is
somewhat not quite the same as board type to board type, however, is ordinarily
from the ATmega line of IC's from the ATMEL organization. This can be
significant, as you may have to know the IC kind (alongside your board type)
before stacking up another program from the Arduino programming. This data
can typically be found recorded as a hard copy on the top side of the IC. If you
need to find out about the distinction between different IC's, perusing the
datasheets is regularly a smart thought.

2.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The voltage controller isn't something you can (or ought to) communicate with
on the Arduino. Yet, it is possibly helpful to realize that it is there and what it's
for. The voltage controller does precisely what it says – it controls the measure
of voltage that is allowed into the Arduino board. Consider it a sort of watchman;
it will dismiss an additional voltage that may hurt the circuit. It has its cutoff
points, so don't connect your Arduino to anything more prominent than 20 volts.

2.7 MICROCONTROLLER IN ARDUINO MEGA

A microcontroller is a PC present in a solitary incorporated circuit that is
committed to perform one errand and execute one explicit application. It contains
memory, programmable data/yield peripherals to a processor.
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board reliant upon the ATmega2560
(datasheet). It has 54 advanced info/yield pins (of which 14 can be utilized as
PWM yields), 16 simple information sources, 4 UARTs (equipment sequential
ports), a 16 MHz gem oscillator, a USB association, a force jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. Arduino is neither a microcontroller nor a chip.

12
2.8 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using
ultrasonic sound waves.
An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that
relay back information about an object’s proximity.
High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo
patterns.
How Ultrasonic Sensors Work
Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the
range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to
receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others,
use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor
determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending
and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.
The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse out
at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle or object, it will
bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound,
the distance can be calculated.
Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear objects. For liquid
level measurement, applications that use infrared sensors, for instance, struggle
with this particular use case because of target translucence.
For presence detection, ultrasonic sensors detect objects regardless of the color,
surface, or material (unless the material is very soft like wool, as it would absorb
sound.)
To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies may fail,
ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice.

13
2.9 BUZZER
A buzzer is a little yet productive segment to add sound highlights to our
undertaking/framework. It is minuscule and minimized 2-pin structure
henceforth can be effortlessly utilized on a breadboard, Perf Board and
surprisingly on PCBs which makes this a broadly utilized segment in most
electronic applications.
2.10 ARDUINO NANO
it is one kind of microcontroller board which is designed by the Arduino team.
This microcontroller is based on Atmega168 or Atmega328p. It is fairly similar
to Arduino Uno board but when it comes to pin-configuration and features, this
nano board has replaced Arduino Uno due to small in size. As we know that while
designing an embedded system small size components are preferred. Arduino
boards are mainly used to build electronic projects. embedded systems, robotics,
etc. But the nano boards are mainly introduced for the beginners who are not from
the technical background.
What is an Arduino Nano Board?
Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, and it is designed by
Arduino.cc. It can be built with a microcontroller like Atmega328. This
microcontroller is also used in Arduino UNO. It is a small size board and also
14
flexible with a wide variety of applications. Other Arduino boards mainly include
Arduino Mega, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino UNO, Arduino YUN, Arduino
Lilypad, Arduino Leonardo, and Arduino Due. And other development boards
are AVR Development Board, PIC Development Board, Raspberry Pi, Intel
Edison, MSP430 Launchpad, and ESP32 board.
This board has many functions and features like an Arduino Duemilanove board.
However, this Nano board is different in packaging. It doesn’t have any DC jack
so that the power supply can be given using a small USB port otherwise straightly
connected to the pins like VCC & GND. This board can be supplied with 6 to
20volts using a mini USB port on the board.

15
 3. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

3.1 SOFTWARE TOOLS

Arduino
Arduino [13-14] is open-source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can detect and control objects in the physical and
computerized world. The task's items are circulated as open-source equipment
and programming, which are authorized under the GNU Lesser General Public
License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing the
assembling of Arduino sheets and programming dispersion by anybody. Arduino
sheets are accessible monetarily in preassembled structure or as (DIY) packs.
Arduino IDE
A program for Arduino equipment might be written in any programming
language with compilers that produce parallel machine code for the objective
processor. Atmel gives an improvement climate to their 8-cycle AVR and 32digit
ARM Cortex-M-based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (more seasoned) and
Atmel Studio (more up to date). The Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE) [15] is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS,
Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from the
IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It incorporates a code manager
with highlights, for example, text reordering, looking and supplanting text,
programmed indenting, support coordinating, and punctuation featuring, and
gives straightforward single tick segments to total and move undertakings to an
Arduino board. It's anything but a message region, a book console, a toolbar with
catches for normal capacities, and a chain of importance of activity menus. The
source code for the IDE is delivered under the GNU General Public License,
variant 2.
3.2 HARDWARE TOOLS
• Arduino Mega
• Ultra Sonic Sensor–4 Quantity
16
• Bluetooth Module
• LCD with I2C adapter
• Buzzer

4. TESTING

Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for
improved navigation. We here propose an advanced blind stick that allows
visually challenged people to navigate with ease using advanced technology. The
blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light and water sensing.
Our proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using
ultrasonic waves. On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller then processes this data and calculates if the
obstacle is close enough. If the obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing.
If the obstacle is close the microcontroller sends a signal to sound a buzzer. It
also detects and sounds a different buzzer if it detects water and alerts the blind.
One more feature is that it allows the blind to detect if there is light or darkness
in the room. The system has one more advanced feature integrated to help the
blind find their stick if they forget where they kept it. A wireless rf based remote
is used for this purpose. Pressing the remote button sounds a buzzer on the stick
which helps the blind person to find their stick. Thus this system allows for
obstacle detection as well as finding stick if misplaced by visually disabled
people.

17
 5. RESULTS

5.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The smart blind stick is given to a physically impaired person with a prior
training.
1. The physically impaired person is taught the positions of the buttons present
in the smart blind stick.
2. The owner should have an Android phone so that the installed application can
be used.
3. As the person is blind thus only wired earphones can be used.
4. On switching on the application the mobile will be connected with the smart
blind stick to Android through Bluetooth.
5. For the purpose of navigation the person can press the navigation button
and it will help them to reach their destination and will detect the obstacles
present at left, right and front using ultrasonic sensors.
6. Whenever there is obstacle detection, there is a warning given to the blind
person by voice command.
7. The blind stick also incorporates the feature of moisture detector order to
detect mud and wet soil in the path.
8. The panic switch is also present in order to call in emergencies. The call will
be dialled to the provided number.

18
 6. SYSTEM TESTING

SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is the process of examining the software to compare the actual behaviour
with that of the excepted behaviour. The major goal of software testing is to
demonstrate that faults are not present. In order to achieve this goal, the tester
executes the program with the intent of finding errors. Though testing cannot
show absence of errors but by not showing their presence it is considered that
these are not present. System testing is defined as the process by which one
detects the defects in the software. Any software development organization or
team has to perform several processes. Software testing is one among them. It is
the final opportunity of any programmer to detect and rectify any defects that
may have appeared during the software development stage. Testing is a process
of testing a program with the explicit intention of finding errors that makes the
program fail. In short system testing and quality assurance is a review in software
products and related documentation for completion, correctness, reliability and
maintainability. System testing is the first stage of implementation, which is
aimed at ensuring that the system works accurately and efficiently before live
operation commences. Testing is vital to the success of the system. System testing
makes a logical assumption that if all the parts of the system are correct and the
goal will be successfully achieved. A series of testing are performed for the
proposed system before the proposed system is ready for user acceptance testing.
The testing steps are,
• Unit testing
• Integration testing
• Validation testing
• Output Testing
• User Acceptance Testing
• Alpha Testing
• Beta Testing

19
System Testing provides the file assurance that software once validated must be
combined with all other system elements. System testing verifies whether all
elements have been combined properly and that overall system function and
performance is achieved.
After the integration of modules, the validation test was carried out over the
system. It was

found that all the modules work well together and meet the overall system
function and performance.
6.1 UNIT TESTING
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design –
the software component or module. Using the component level design description
as a guide, important control paths are tested to uncover errors within the
boundary of the module. The relative complexity of tests and uncovered scope
established for unit testing. The unit testing is white-box oriented, and step can
be conducted in parallel for multiple components. The modular interface is tested
to ensure that information properly flows into and out of the program unit under
test. The local data structure is examined to ensure that data stored temporarily
maintains its integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s execution. Boundary
conditions are tested to ensure that all statements in a module have been executed
at least once. Finally, all error handling paths are tested. Tests of data flow across
a module interface are required before any other test is initiated. If data do not
enter and exit properly, all other tests are moot. Selective testing of execution
paths is an essential task during the unit test. Good design dictates that error
conditions be anticipated and error handling paths set up to reroute or cleanly
terminate processing when an error does occur. Boundary testing is the last task
of unit testing step. Software often fails at its boundaries.
Unit testing was done in Sell-Soft System by treating each module as separate
entity and testing each one of them with a wide spectrum of test inputs. Some
flaws in the internal logic of the modules were found and were rectified.
6.2 INTEGRATION TESTING
Integration testing is systematic technique for constructing the program structure
while at the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with
20
interfacing. The objective is to take unit tested components and build a program
structure that has been dictated by design.
The entire program is tested as whole. Correction is difficult because isolation of
causes is complicated by vast expanse of entire program. Once these errors are
corrected, new ones appear and the process continues in a seemingly endless
loop. After unit testing in Sell-Soft System all the modules were integrated to test
for any inconsistencies in the interfaces. Moreover, differences in program
structures were removed and a unique program structure was evolved.
6.3 VALIDATION TESTING
This is the final step in testing. In this the entire system was tested as a whole
with all forms, code, modules and class modules. This form of testing is popularly
known as Black Box testing or System testing. Black Box testing method focuses
on the functional requirements of the software. That is, Black Box testing enables
the software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all
functional requirements for a program. Black Box testing attempts to find errors
in the following categories; incorrect or missing functions, interface errors, errors
in data structures or external data access, performance errors and initialization
errors and termination errors.
6.4 OUTPUT TESTING
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the
proposed system, since could be useful if it does not produce the required output
in the specific format. The output generated by the system under considerations
is tested asking the users about the format required by them.
6.5 USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING
User acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The
system under considerations is tested for users acceptance by constantly keeping
in touch with the prospective system users at the time of developing and making
of hardware management software.
6.6 ALPHA TESTING
Alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by potential
users/customers or an independent test team at the developers’ site. Alpha testing
is often employed for off-them shelf software as a form of internal acceptance
testing, before the software goes to beta testing.
21
6.7 BETA TESTING
Beta testing comes after alpha testing. Versions of the software, known as beta
versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team.
The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the
product has few faults or bugs. Sometimes, beta versions are made available to
the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future
users.
The user person conducts beta testing at one more site. The developer is not
present during these tests. Hence, beta test can be said as the live application of
software on an environment that cannot be controlled by the developer. The sales
person takes down the problems encountered during beta testing and reports to
the developer at regular intervals. The developer makes suitable modifications to
the software henceforth. The client-side validation is done in this testing phase.
It is checked whether the data passed to each service is valid or not. Entering
incorrect values does the validation testing and it is checked whether the errors
are being considered. Incorrect values are to be discarded. The errors are rectified.

22
 7. CODING

// TECHATRONIC.COM

const int trigPin = 9; const int

echoPin = 10; long duration;
int distanceCm, distanceInch;
void setup()
{

Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(6, OUTPUT); // Connect LED Pin D6 pinMode(5,

OUTPUT); // Connect Buzzer Pin D5

} void loop() { digitalWrite(trigPin,

LOW); delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distanceCm= duration*0.034/2;
distanceInch = duration*0.0133/2;
23
Serial.println("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distanceCm); delay
(100);
// See the Ultrasonic Sensor Value in Serial Monitor

if(distanceCm < 25) // You can Change the value

{

digitalWrite(5, HIGH); // Buzzer ON

digitalWrite(6, HIGH); // LED ON

else { digitalWrite(5,LOW); // Buzzer

OFF digitalWrite(6,LOW); // LED
OFF
}
}

24
8. CONCLUSION

The Blind Walking Stick has been at last made into a model which can be utilized
to direct the visually impaired. It intends to tackle the issues looked at by visually
impaired individuals in their everyday life. The framework likewise takes the
action to guarantee their security. This undertaking will work to help every one
of the visually impaired individuals on the planet to make them simpler to walk
wherever they need. It was done to assist the visually impaired with moving in
front quite well. It is utilized to assist individuals with handicaps that are heedless
to work with the development and increment security.

25
9. REFERENCES
1. Md. S. Arefi and T. Mollick (2013). Design of an Ultrasonic Distance Meter, International journal
of scientific and engineering research, 4(3), Available at: https://www.ijser.org/paper/Design-of-
anUltrasonic-Distance-Meter.html.
2. A. Agarwal, D. Kumar and A. Bhardwaj (2015). Ultrasonic Stick for Blind, International journal of
engineering and computer science, 4(4), 11375-11378, Available at;
file:///C:/ProgramData/BlueStacks/UserData/Library/My%20Apps/Downloads/1934-
Article%20Text3483-1-10-20180101.pdf.
3. S. Koley and R. Mishra (2012). Voice Operated Outdoor Navigation System for Visually Impaired
Persons, International journal of engineering trends and technology, 3(2), Available at:
http://www.ijettjournal.org/volume-3/issue-2/IJETT-V3I2P217.pdf.
4. S. Dhambare and A.Sakare (2011). Smart Stick for Blind: Obstacle Detection, Artificial Vision and
Real-time Assistance via GPS, 2nd National Conference on Information and Communication
Technology (NCICT), Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Smart-stick-for-
Blind%3A-Obstacle-Detection%2C-vision-Dambhare/78d090cfb0fef9df50f4db4a312c15b755e3b585.
5. M. S. Nowak and J. Smigielski (2015). The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment and
Blindness among Older
Adults in the City of Lodz, Poland, Medicine, 94(5), 505, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000505.
6. G. Gayathri, M. Vishnupriya, R. Nandhini and M. Banupriya (2014). Smart Walking Stick for
Visually Impaired, International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, 3(3), 4057-4061,
DOI:10.21817/ijet/2017/v9i5/170905302.
7. R. Radhika, P. G. Pai, S. Rakshitha and R. Srinath (2016). Implementation of Smart Stick for
Obstacle Detection and Navigation, International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and
Technology, 2(5), 45-50, Available at: http://www.ijlret.com/Papers/Vol-2-issue-5/8-B2016247.pdf.
8. M. H. Mahmud, R. Saha, and S. Islam (2013). Smart Walking Stick – An Electronic Approach to
Assist Visually Disabled Persons, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(10),
111-114, Available at: https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Smart-walking-stick-an-electronicapproach-
to-assist-visually-disabled-persons.pdf.
9. A. Jose, G. George, M. R. Nair, M J. Shilpa and M. B. Mathai (2016). Voice-Enabled Smart
Walking Stick for Visually Impaired, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 5, 80-85, Available at:
https://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2016/ncreee/13_PID214.pdf.
10. R. Sheth, S. Rajandekar, S. Laddha and R. Chaudhari (2014). Smart White Cane – An Elegant and
Economic Walking Aid, American Journal of Engineering Research, 3(10), 84-89, Available at:
http://www.ajer.org/papers/v3(10)/L031084089.pdf.
11. C. S. Kher, Y. A. Dabhade, S. K. Kadam, S. D. Dhamdhere and A. V. Deshpande (2015). An
Intelligent Walking Stick for the Blind, International Journal of Engineering Research and General
Science, 3(1), 1057- 1062, Available at: http://pnrsolution.org/Datacenter/Vol3/Issue1/138.pdf.
12. B. G. Roopashree, B. S. Patil and B. R. Shruthi (2015). Smart Electronic Stick for Visually
Impaired, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

26