SCIENCE

Factors that make Earth HABITABLE
* Temperature
- Influences how quickly atom and molecules more.
- Allows liquid water to exist on Earth's surface which is favorable to life.
- Earth travels around the run in an orbit that is slightly oval-shaped, known as an ellipse.
Therefore, the planet's distance from the sun changes throughout the year.
- The average distance of the Earth from the sun is about 93 million miles (150 million
km).
- The average temperature on Earth lies somewhere around 51 degrees Fahrenheit (13.9
degrees celsius).
* Energy from the sun
- Light or chemical energy is used by organisms to run their life processes such as the
process of photosynthesis used by producers like plants.
* Water
- Dissolves and transports chemicals within and to and from a cell
- The existence of water in 3 phases is very essential to Earths diverse ecosystem.
* Atmosphere
- Traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation and provides chemicals needed
for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
- It regulater the balance of water, oxygen and Carbon dioxide.
* Troposphere
- Though sunlight reaches the Earth's surface from top to bottom, the troposphere is
primarily heated at the bottom. The Earth's surface is much better at absorbing a wide
range of solar radiation than the air: When the parcel of warm when air mover upwards,
it expands, air expands it cools. Due to this reason, the bare of the troposphere is
warmer than its bare because I the air on the surface of the Earth absorbs the run's
energy gets heated up, and mores upward, which cools & down
* Nutrients
-Used to build and maintain an organism’s body
* Magnetic Field
- a planet requires a rapid rotating magnetic field to protect it from flares from nearby
stars and from harmful radiation.
* Earth's System and Subsystem
- System it a set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified one.
Earth's Subsystems and the Flow of Matter and Energy
Earth is a complex system of interrelating physical, chemical, and biological processes. It

is a system in which sets of interconnected components are interacting to form a unified
whole. Earth is comprised of four major smaller systems known as subsystems. These
are also called as spheres of the Earth. These are the atmosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.
 Atmosphere
- serves as the Earth's blanket.
- Its name rooted from the Greek word “atmos” which means gas and “sphaira”
which means globe or ball.
- It is composed of gases in varying amount and its relative abundance is also
crucial in different parts of the earth.
- The air in the atmosphere is generally composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
0.9% argon and the remaining 0.10% is made up of different trace gases and
vapor.
- It serves as the Earth's protection form harmful UV rays and keeps the planet
warm through greenhouse gasses.
- Atmosphere is affected by the Earth's gravity, so this is the reason why as the
altitude increases the amount of gases in the atmosphere decreases.
- It is composed of layers namely: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
thermosphere, and exosphere.
 Geosphere
- comes from the Greek word geos meaning ground.
- It pertains to the solid part of the earth. It is divided in to three layers such as
the crust, mantle, and the core.
- It is composed of naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic
material or natural glass called rocks.
- It is also composed of loose particles of rocks that enveloped the surface of
Earth called regolith.
- It contains all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of the
Earth.
- It comprises the geologic landforms such as mountains and hills.
 Hydrosphere
- Hydro is a Greek word which means water.
- Hydrosphere is composed of all the water on Earth in any form. This includes
ice, water vapor and liquid water.
 Biosphere
- came from the Greek word bios meaning life.
- It is composed of all living things and the areas where they are found. It
includes all animals, microbes, and plants.
- It extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and birds can be
found.
- It also extends to the deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still
survive.
- It is also in this zone that the interaction between the different subsystems is
most dynamic.
- In biosphere, each organism plays an important role to the food web. If one is
lost the others will be affected.
- Matter and energy flows and cycle between the four subsystems to sustain and
make life on Earth possible.
- Both of it can flow across the boundaries between each subsystem.
- The geosphere is where the rocky part of the earth is in contact with water, air,
and life.
- It is also generally where the spheres intersect and affect each other.
- The processes that move matter and energy from one sphere to another is
called as sphere interactions.
- Changes in any sphere greatly affect the other spheres as well since all the
spheres are interconnected system.
• Earth system science is the study of how the four spheres. of the carth system interact
continually, each affecting the others
- It allows the circulation of important nutrients that form and support life like
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water.
- It also maintains the balance of substances in the different subsystem of the
Earth.
- Any interference and disturbances in the flow of matter and energy may cause
damage to any of the subsystems and its components.

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Factors that make Earth HABITABLE

- Influences how quickly atom and molecules more.

- Allows liquid water to exist on Earth's surface which is favorable to life.

* Energy from the sun

- Dissolves and transports chemicals within and to and from a cell

- The existence of water in 3 phases is very essential to Earths diverse ecosystem.

- It regulater the balance of water, oxygen and Carbon dioxide.

-Used to build and maintain an organism’s body

* Earth's System and Subsystem

Earth is a complex system of interrelating physical, chemical, and biological processes. It

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