TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION

A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of

the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
by
AMAAN KHAN
PCE21EE001

KRITIKA CHAWLA
PCE21EE010

ARYAN CHOUDHARY
PCE21EE004
under the guidance of

Dr. Ekata Sharma

(Session 2023-24)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Poornima College of Engineering

ISI-6, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur – 302022
30 May, 2024

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 Department Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Aryan Choudhary, registration no. PCE21EE004 of the Poornima
College of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering has submitted this project report
entitled “TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTOR” under the supervision of Dr. Ekata
Sharma working as faculty in the department of Electrical Engineering as per the requirements of
the Bachelor of Technology program of Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Dr. Pravin Sonwane Dr. Gaurav Jain

Head Coordinator-Project

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

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 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project report entitled
“Transimssion line fault detector” in the partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering, submitted in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, is an authentic record of my own work
done during the period from February 2024 to May 2024 under the supervision and guidance of
Dr. Ekata Sharma.

I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project report for the award of any other
degree.

(Signature)

Dated: Aryan Choudhary

Place: PCE21EE004

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

(Signature)

Dated: Dr. Ekata Sharma

Place: Assistant Professor

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my profound sense of reverence and admiration to my supervisor Dr.
Ekata Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Poornima College
of Engineering, for his intense concern, attention, priceless direction, guidance, and
encouragement throughout this project work.

I am grateful to Dr. Mahesh Bundele, Director of Poornima College of Engineering for his
helping attitude with a keen interest in completing this project in time.

I extend my heartiest gratitude to all the teachers, who extended their cooperation to steer the topic
towards its successful completion. I am also thankful to non-teaching staff of the department to
support in preparation of this project work.

My special heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Pravin Sonwane, HOD, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Dr. Gaurav Jain, Project Coordinator, Department of Electrical Engineering
Poornima College of Engineering, for unvarying support, guidance, and motivation during the
course of this project work.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards the management of Poornima College
of Engineering including Dr. S, M. Seth, Chairman Emeritus, Poornima Group, and former
Director NIH, Roorkee, Shri Shashikant Singhi, Chairman, Poornima Group, Mr. M. K. M.
Shah, Director Admin & Finance, Poornima Group and Ar. Rahul Singhi, Director Poornima
Group for establishment of institute and providing facilities for my studies.

I would like to take the opportunity of expressing my thanks to all faculty members of the
Department, for their kind support, technical guidance, and inspiration throughout the course.

I am deeply thankful to my parents and all the family members for their blessings and
inspiration. At last, but not least I would like to give special thanks to God who enabled me to
complete my project work on time.

Aryan Choudhary

Department of Electrical Engineering

21EPCEE004

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. Description Page

No. No.
2.1 SIMPLE CIRCUIT RELAY 3
2.2 PSV89V51RD2 PIN-OUT DIGRAM 4
2.3 ADC 0808 PIN OUT DIGRAM 5
2.4 LCD 16X2 PIN OUT DIGRAM 6
2.5 FLOW CHART OF PROJECT 7
2.6 INPUT CURRENT DURING NORMAL 7
CONDITION
2.7 BLOCK DIGRAM OF NUMERICAL OC RELAY 8
2.8 RELAY SET CURRENT 9
2.9 DURING FAULT IS INDICATED BY GREEN 9
LED
2.10 SEETING THE CHARECSTERSTIC OF RELAY 10

2.11 SEETING DEFINE TIME 11

2.12 HARDWARE MODEL 12
2.13 DURING FAULT TRIP IS INDICATED BY 13
GREEN LED

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i
 LIST OF TABLES

Serial Topic Description Page

Number Number Number
1. 2.1 PIN CONFRIGUATION OF LCD 3
2. 2.2 CONNECTION TABLE 4
3. 3.1 Block Diagram of Project 15
4. 4.2 Working of Project 16

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i
 ABSTRACT

Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system engineering because

85-87% of power system faults are occurring in transmission lines. This paper presents
a technique to detect and classify the different shunt faults on a transmission lines for
quick and reliable operation of protection schemes. Discrimination among different
types of faults on the transmission lines is achieved by application of evolutionary
programming tools. PSCAD/EMTDC software is used to simulate different operating
and fault conditions on high voltage transmission line, namely single phase to ground
fault, line to line fault, double line to ground and three phase short circuit. The discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) is applied for decomposition of fault transients, because of
its ability to extract information from the transient signal, simultaneously both in time
and frequency domain. The data sets which are obtained from the DWT are used for
training and testing the SVM architecture. After extracting useful features from the
measured signals, a decision of fault or no fault on any phase or multiple phases of a
transmission line is carried out using three SVM classifiers. The ground detection task
is carried out by a proposed ground index. Gaussian radial basis kernel function (RBF)
has been used, and performances of classifiers have been evaluated based on fault
classification accuracy. In order to determine the optimal parametric settings of an
SVM classifier (such as the type of kernel function, its associated parameter, and the
regularization parameter c), fivefold cross-validation has been applied to the training
set. It is observed that an SVM with an RBF kernel provides better fault classification
accuracy than that of an SVM with polynomial kernel. It has been found that the
proposed scheme is very fast and accurate and it proved to be a robust classifier for
digital distance protection.

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 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

An adaptive protection scheme, which includes the detection, classification, and direction
discrimination of faults. This method adopts the parameter estimation based on lumped model and
differential equation algorithm used in distance protection. This method is only valid for short
transmission lines because of neglecting the line charging current 2) An adaptive PMU based
protection scheme is proposed (Chen et al. 2002, (a)Jiang et al. 2000, (b)Jiang et al. 2000), which has
very high accuracy for detecting fault location, but valid only for balanced system. The algorithm is
complex and different for both transposed and untransposed networks. The transmission line is based
on distributed model and synchronized data from its both ends is utilized; 3) Synchronized sampling
technique(Kezunovic et al. 1994), adopted a time domain model of transmission line for developing
fault location/detection algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is well within 1 percent
error, but the data must be acquired at a sufficiently high sampling rate to provide adequate
approximation of the derivatives; 4) Sequence based technique(Eissa et al. 2010, Dash 2016), in
which protection scheme compares positive sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus and minimum
voltage gives the nearest bus to the fault. Furthermore, finding the positive sequence current angle
differences identifies the faulty line. This is a simulation based techles.

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 CHAPTER 3

Model Construction based In Improved YOLOV

2.1 This article proposes an improved YOLOv8s [16] algorithm network structure, as
shown in Figure 1. The model uses YOLOv8s as a framework, enriches the dataset with improved
Mosaic [19] enhancement techniques, and adds Triplet Attention [20] to the backbone network to
assist in feature extraction for small targets. To improve the efficiency of feature fusion, two cross-
layer connected Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) [21] networks are used, and
deformable convolution is introduced to reduce the computational complexity. Finally, a combination
of Distribution Focal Loss (DFL) [22] and Wise-IoU (WIoU) [23] is used as the regression.

Fig: Model of YOLOVS

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 2.2 Channel Attention

The YOLOv8 algorithm uses Mosaic [19] data enhancement to enrich the data set during the data
preprocessing phase. The process of the algorithm combines four images through reversal and
zooming operations and gamut variations to produce a Mosaic image. The Mosaic data enhancement
of the four images is shown in Figure 2a. This article uses Mosaic data enhancement of nine images
to increase the size of each batch of images for training, resulting in higher training efficiency. The
mosaic enhancement of nine random images is shown in Figure 2b, and the green box is the
annotation box. Moreover, the data-enhanced image is closer to the detection size of small targets,
increasing the complexity of the detected image and preventing overfitting. YOLOv8 introduces the
operation of closing Mosaic in the last 10 epochs proposed in YOLOX [24], which effectively
improves detection accuracy.

Figure 2. Comparison of the enhancement effect of the improved mosaic data.

2.2. Improved Backbone Network:

Feature extraction is a layer-by-layer process of mining image data. Due to its fixed convolution
kernel and small receptive field, standard convolution operation may result in missed detection in
multi-class transmission line fault detection. This article adds a Channel Attention to C2f [16], which
can focus on more effective features. We adopt the Triplet Attention [20] to better extract the features
of small targets. Finally, a lighter-weight Light Conv [16] is used to unify the number of channels
after feature extraction, making it easier for subsequent feature fusion.

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 2.2 Channel Attention

The attention mechanism can effectively improve the sensitivity of the module to the fault target
and make it pay attention to more effective features. Due to the strong background interference of
the fault image, we introduce the Channel Attention module in C2f. The Channel Attention sub-
module is shown in Figure 3. Firstly, the feature map saves the feature information of C × W × H as
W × H × C through the arrangement operation and then gains a new feature map through the inverse
arrangement and activation function after passing through the perceptron .

Figure 3. Channel Attention.

The output of each bottleneck of C2f will be concat because the low-level feature map contains more
detailed information but lacks semantic and context information. At the same time, the high-level
feature map has richer semantic information and context information. Then, we introduce the channel
attention mechanism before the fusion of low-level feature maps and high-level feature maps, which
can improve the accuracy and robustness of target detection. The improved C2f* is shown in Figure
4.

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2.3 BREADBOARD MODULE

Fig 2.3 Breadboard module (Small Breadboard)

The breadboard module is used in many projects for making the connections less complex. In
breadboard there are metal strips that used to provide the connection required for the flow of
electric current. In this module the metal strips are present in the inner side of it. On the upper
portion of breadboard, only some small holes can be seen in which either jumper wires or the small
wires for connections on the breadboard are used for connecting the components. Connections of
electronic components like electronic led, buzzer, motor driver module for small DC motors etc,
can be made on breadboard module. In normal breadboards, there are two types of holes which
are present on its surface. One category of holes is in vertical position and the other one is
horizontal position. The holes which are vertical in position are present in the middle portion of
the breadboard whereas horizontal positioned holes are present on the outer portion of it. The
number of vertical holes on breadboard are more than that of the horizontal ones. So, due to this,
connections on vertical holes can be made more as compared to the connections on the vertically
positions holes. One thing which has to be taken care while making connection on electronic
components on breadboard is that the power supply should be provided according to the ratings
mentioned in its datasheet. The breadboard can work on 5 -vlot to approximately 12-volt DC
supply.
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2.4 9-VOLT ADAPTER

Fig 2.4 9-volt DC Power Supply Adapter

In providing the power supply to the project nine-volt DC power supply is used. This adapter takes
normal 220-volts AC power supply and coverts it into nine-volts DC power supply and then
provide it with the help of a connecting lead. This adapter works on the principle of rectifier.
Rectifier is used to convert the AC into pulsating DC and after the rectification of AC supply, the
pulsations in the direct current power supply are reduced with the help of filters. For the electronic
projects, shell type transformer is used to reduce the high voltage alternating current supply to
lower voltage alternating electricity. This adapter contains the features of a step-down shell type
transformer and rectifier. Nine-volt DC supply is provided to L298N motor driver module of this
project because it works on this supply. And from this module, +5-volt dc supply is provided to
arduino Uno and from arduino, +5-volt dc supply is provided to the other components of the
project which require the five volts dc power to work. The lead which is used with this adapter
contains the cylindrical probe or of any other kind. +9-volts DC power is provided to L298N motor
driver module of the project through a switch.
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2.5 ARDUINO UNO

Fig 2.5 ATMEGA328P Microcontroller (Removable IC)

Fig 2.6 Non Removable ATMEGA328P IC

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 Fig 2.7 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino Uno is used in many important electronics project applications. It is a motherboard on

which various components like ATMEGA328P, USB port, DC jack port, crystal oscillator, filter
capacitors, diode, voltage regulating ICs, pins for power & analog/digital input-output, USB to
TTL converters, and some LEDs are mounted. The main component of the arduino board is
ATMEGA328P IC. This integrated circuit performs the task of processing and provides the output
in response to an input in a way it is programmed. This can be programmed many times and the
old program gets erased automatically as the new program is burned in it. In Atmega328P ic, there
are inbuild, analog to digital and digital to analog converters and due to this, both digital and analog
input can be given to it and it can also provide the analog as well as the digital outputs as per the
requirement of the code of the programmed which is burned in it. On arduino uno board, the work
of crystal oscillator is to provide required frequency for the suitable operation of ATMEGA328P
ic. The power supply can be provided to the arduino using the USB port, DC jack port or by
using the Vin pin of the board. Filter capacitors are used prevent the occurrence of ripples in the
current when it is provided through the dc jack port. The voltage regulator ICs which are
mounted on the arduino uno are of 5-volt and 3.3-volt because all the components on this board
works on +5-volts. Also, five volts and 3.3 volts supply can be taken from ARDUINO UNO. The
software of arduino with which it is programmed is Arduino IDE. LEDs which are mounted are
for the indication of power supply, signals etc and USB to TTL converter is used to convert the
signals of USB to transistor-transistor logic.
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2.6 L298N MOTOR DRIVER MODULE

Fig 2.8 L298N Motor Driver Module

Fig 2.9 Internal Structure of L298N Motor Driver

1
0
 Fig 2.10 Connections of L298N Motor Driver Module with Arduino UNO

L298N motor driver module is a H-bridge circuit IC used for driving and controlling the speed and
direction of rotation of motors. On this module the components which are mounted are L298N
motor driver ic, pins for input signals from controller like arduino UNO, pins for using +9-volt
for the operation and +5volt pin for providing five volts DC power to the components that work
on this supply. Other components which are mounted are heat sink, screw connection ports for
providing the output power to the motor, capacitor, and diodes. Heat sink is connected to motor
driver IC as it operates on nine volts dc supply due to which if the current flows through this for
enough time duration, then heat losses can occur and for the effective operation of this module, it
is important to dissipate the heat out of it. This dissipation of heat is done with the help of heat
sink. Diodes are used on l298n driver module to prevent the flow of current in the unnecessary
parts, otherwise it will not work properly. This driver can drive two small dc motors at a time
and in some cases, it can drive four small-size direct current motors at a time. Connections of
four dc motors can be made possible with this module by giving the common connection of
supply to power supply wires of both motors and by providing a common connection for the
ground wires of two motors.

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2.7 BUZZER

Fig 2.11 Buzzer

Buzzer is a device which is used to produce alarming sound when it is provided the electric current
supply. The buzzer which is used in this project is made up of piezoelectric material. It has two
terminals, among which one is positive and the other one is negative. Buzzer will produce the
sound only when approximately 5-volt supply is provided to the positive terminal and GND
connection is provided on the negative terminal. In the working of this project, this alarming device
will produce the sound when arduino UNO gives signal to +5-volt to its positive terminal. On the
surface of piezoelectric buzzer, symbol of plus shows that terminal below it is positive. In the
working of this project, the buzzer will produce the sound only when arduino provides +5 -volt
power supply signal to its positive terminal and arduino provides the signal to it when it gets input
signal from the infrared sensor module. For the working of this alarming device, when potential
difference is applied across it then, the piezoelectric material in it vibrates and this vibration
produce sound from it. It is used for many electronic applications.
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2.8 GEAR MOTOR

Fig 2.12 DC Gear Motors

Gear motors are used for many mechanical actions in the electronic applications. A gear motor is
a combination of a DC motor and a gear box connected to the output shaft of the motor. These
motors are used to provide controlled torque and R.P.M. as per the requirements. For example, in
single-axis solar tracker projects, usually 10 R.P.M. motors are taken into use. And for the high
rotational needs, a motor having high rotations per minute is used like in remote controlled car.
In the project of remote-controlled car, the gear motors which are taken into use provides high
rotations. Variety of gear motors are available in the market. Some motors provide low rpm and
high torque, some give high rpm and low torque while some provides high rpm as well as high
torque. The DC motors with the gear combinations are available from very small size to medium
and large sizes. The motor which is used in the project is of high rpm.

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2.9 CONNECTING WIRES

Fig 2.13 Jumper Wires

The wires that are used for connections in this project are jumper wires. A wire is a material that
provides conducting path for the current to flow from source to the load. There are variety of wires
available in the market and among them some are named as leads, cables, probes, jumper wires,
DC wires for breadboard connections etc. Wires which are used for the electrical connections are
much bigger in size as compared to that which are used in electronic applications and the wires
for the connections of AC components in the home can be of the size of DC ones but the only
difference between them is that in AC wires which are used in for the connections of alternating
current equipments have more conductors than that in direct current wires. Jumper wires are
further divided into three categories like: - male-to-male, female-to-female, and female-to-male.
With the help of jumper wires, the connections can be made very smoothly and properly on
breadboard due to which the electronic signals send by any mini-controller board like arduino can
be reached to the output devices for their working. If any kind of problem arises in the connecting
wires, then the controlling signals in the form of small values of current are not detected by the
output elements and because of this reason, they are not able to perform their function in the
manner we want.
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2.10 ROCKER SWITCH

Fig 2.14 Rocker Switch

The switch which is used to provide power supply to the project is rocker switch. A rocker
switch is a mechanical switch which is used to close or open an electric circuit manually. Rocker
switches are of many types in the market. Some of them contains two terminals for the connections,
whereas some contain four and six terminals. In this project, two terminals one is used to open
and close the contacts of the circuit path instead of more terminals one because by using them,
complexity of the circuital path will increase in terms of the use of wires to connect the switch. The
mechanical strength of such switching device is very strong. It can simply turn on or off the
circuit as per the requirement. Through this switching device, supply of +9-volt direct current is
provided to L298N motor driver module so that it can operate as per the need, that is, whenever
the we want to switch of the supply, then it can be done simply with the help of rocker switch
and if we want to provide power supply to the project, then also, it can be performed by closing
the contacts of the switch. To make this project switching more effective, other mechanical
switching devices or the suitable electronic switches can also be used to provide the supply to it
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2.10 ROCKER SWITCH
whenever required.

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 CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of the Project

In the connections of this project, infrared sensor module is used as an input device, whereas led,
buzzer, and gear motor are the output devices which operate on the signal provided to them when
signal is provided to them by arduino UNO. The arduino will provide the signals to output
elements only when it gets input signal from the infrared sensor module. For the connections of
project, IR sensor, led and buzzer are connected to pin no. 2, 7, and 8 of arduino UNO board
respectively. Pin number 9, 10, and 11 of arduino are given to enable pin & two input pins of
L298N motor driver module in respective manner. For providing the power supply to the project,
firstly +9-volt DC power supply is given to the breadboard module and then through a rocker
switch, power supply of nine volts is provided for the operation of the L298N motor driver module.
Then from the motor driver module, +5-volt supply is provided to arduino UNO through its Vin
pin and GND pin. Then from arduino, supply of five volts direct current is given to the breadboard
module and then from that module, +5-volt power is given to IR sensor module. To make this
project solar based, nine volts power supply can be provided by using a rechargeable nine-volts
battery and when it gets discharged, then it can be recharged again with the help of a solar plate.
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 WORKING OF PROJECT

Fig 3.2 Arduino Code

In the working of this project, when the eyes of a person get closed, then the infrared sensor which
is placed in front of his/her eyes gives signal to the arduino UNO. After which arduino uno
firstly give signal to the buzzer and led. The buzzer produces a sound so that the person who is
driving a vehicle can wake up and open his/her eyes and LED will glow to indicate that alarming
system is working in the vehicle. Then after some one or two seconds of delay arduino also gives
signal to the motor driver module and along with it continues to give signal to the buzzer and
LED. In normal conditions, that is, when the eyes of the person are opened, then arduino (as
controller) do not give signal to the buzzer and it gives signal to the motor driver module due to
which, the motor continues to run. Even after this, if the driver does not wakes up and open his/her,
then signals are not given to the motor driver module and motor will stop running as it do not get
any signal to work.

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 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION
It is important that anti-sleep alarming system should be made in the vehicles because by
implementing this feature in the vehicles, we can save the life of a person who is driving a vehicle
along with the other people who travels with that person. At the present scenario, many features
of this type have been applied in the auto-manual cars so that even if the person who is driving a
vehicle sleeps due to the long-hour driving or due to some other reasons, then if such type of
system is present in the vehicles, the transport vehicle can automatically stop. By applying this
system in the vehicles, the changes of road accidents can be reduced to much extent, which is also
good for the transportation sector.

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