LUISS Guido Carli

Bachelor's Degree in Management and Computer Science

Quantitative Models for Data Science  A.Y. 2022/2023

Problem sheet n.12  Diagonalization of Matrices.

Exercise 1. For each given matrix A nd all the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors and determine
if the matrix is diagonalizable; if so, nd a diagonal matrix D and an invertible matrix P such that A = P DP −1 .
     
  2 −3 0 5 0 0 1 −1 2
−1 4
a) (b) −1 0 0 (c) −1 2 3 (d)  2 1 0
2 1
−1 1 1 3 0 5 −1 1 −1

       
1 −1 1 1 1 3 1 −1 2 1 0 −2
e)  −1 0 0 (f ) 0 2 3 (g) 3 1 2 (h)  0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 −1 0 2

Exercise 2. Let:  
2 0 3 0
0 −3 0 0
A= 
0 0 −1 0
0 5 0 2

1. Find the eigenvalues of A and the corresponding eigenspaces.

2. If possible, nd a basis of R4 made of eigenvectors of A.

3. Determine if A is diagonalizable and if so, nd a diagonal matrix D and an invertible matrix P such
that A = P DP −1 .

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 Solutions.

Exercise 1. (a)    
x −2
λ1 = −3 = t t 6= 0 mg (−3) = 1 = ma (−3)
y 1

   
x 1
λ1 = 3 = t t 6= 0 mg (3) = 1 = ma (3)
y 1

A is diagonalizable and:
     −1
−1 4 −2 1 −3 0 −2 1
A= =
2 1 1 1 0 3 1 1
with:    
−2 1 −2 1
D= P =
1 1 1 1

(b)    
x 1
λ1 = −1 y  = 1 t t 6= 0 mg (−1) = 1 = ma (−1)
z 0

   
x 0
λ2 = 1 y  = 0 t t 6= 0 mg (1) = 1 = ma (1)
z 1

   
x −3
λ3 = 3 y  =  1 t t 6= 0 mg (3) = 1 = ma (3)
z 2

A is diagonalizable and:
      −1
2 −3 0 1 0 −3 −1 0 0 1 0 −3
A = −1 0 0 = 1 0 1  0 1 0 = 1 0 1
−1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 3 0 1 2

with:    
−1 0 0 1 0 −3
D= 0 1 0 P = 1 0 1
0 0 3 0 1 2

(c)    
x 0
λ1 = 2 y  = 1 t t 6= 0 mg (2) = 1 = ma (2)
z 0

   
x 0
λ2 = 5 y  = 1 t t 6= 0 mg (5) = 1 6= 2 = ma (5)
z 1

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Solutions. Diagonalization of Matrices.

A is not diagonalizable.

(d)    
x 0
λ=1 y  = 2 t t 6= 0 mg (1) = 1 = ma (1)
z 1

A is not diagonalizable.

(e)    
x −1
λ1 = −1 y  = −1 t t 6= 0 mg (−1) = 1 = ma (−1)
z 1

   
x 0
λ2 = 0 y  = 1 t t 6= 0 mg (0) = 1 = ma (0)
z 1

   
x 2
λ3 = 2 y  = −1 t t 6= 0 mg (2) = 1 = ma (2)
z 1

A is diagonalizable and:
     −1
1 −1 1 −1 0 2 −1 0 0 −1 0 2
A =  −1 0 0 = −1 1 −1  0 0 0 −1 1 −1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1

with:    
−1 0 0 −1 0 2
D= 0 0 0 P = −1 1 −1
0 0 2 1 1 1

(f)      
x 1 0
λ1 = 1 y  = 0 s + −3 t s, t 6= 0 mg (1) = 2 = ma (1)
z 0 1

   
x 1
λ2 = 2 y  = 1 t t 6= 0 mg (2) = 1 = ma (2)
z 0

A is diagonalizable and:
     −1
1 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
A = 0 2 3 = 0 −3 1 0 1 0 0 −3 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0

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 Solutions. Diagonalization of Matrices.

with:    
1 0 0 1 0 1
D = 0 1 0 P = 0 −3 1
0 0 2 0 1 0

(g)    
x −1
λ=0  y  =  1 t t 6= 0 mg (0) = 1 = ma (0)
z 1

A is not diagonalizable

(h)      
x 0 2
λ1 = 0 y  = 1 s + 0 t s, t 6= 0 mg (0) = 2 = ma (0)
z 0 1

   
x −1
λ2 = 3 y  =  0 t t 6= 0 mg (3) = 1 = ma (3)
z 1

A is diagonalizable and:
     −1
1 0 −2 0 2 −1 0 0 0 0 2 −1
A= 0 0 0 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
−1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 1
with:    
0 0 0 0 2 −1
D = 0 0 0 P = 1 0 0
0 0 3 0 1 1

Exercise 2.

(1)     

 x1 0 

x2  −1
    
λ1 = −3 V−3 =   =  t |t ∈ R

 x3
 0 

x4 1
 

    

 x1 −1 

x 0
    
2
λ2 = −1 V−1 =   =  t |t ∈ R


x3   1 

x4 0
 

      

 x1 1 0 

x2  0 0
    
λ3 = 2 V2 =   =   s +   t | t ∈ R
  

 x3 0 0 

x4 0 1
 

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 Solutions. Diagonalization of Matrices.

(2) A basis of eigenvectors of A for the space R3 is given by the following set:
       

 0 −1 1 0 
       
−1
  ,   ,   , 0
0 0

  0  1 0 0
 
1 0 0 1
 

(3) A is diagonalizable and:

     −1
2 0 3 0 0 −1 1 0 −3 0 0 0 0 −1 1 0
0 −3 0 0 −1 0 0 0  0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 0
A= =   
0 0 −1 0  0 1 0 0  0 0 2 0  0 1 0 0
0 5 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
with:    
−3 0 0 0 0 −1 1 0
 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 0
D=
 0
 P = 
0 2 0  0 1 0 0
0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1