Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Unit of Competency: APPLY SAFETY PRACTICES

Module No: Module Title: APPLYING SAFETY

1 PRACTICES
Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) NC1

Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

INTRODUCTION

You need to complete and pass self-check of this module before you can
perform higher level of competencies. Practices in this module will help you
identify hazardous area, use personal protective equipment, perform safe
handling of tools, equipments and materials, perform first aid, and proper use
fire extinguisher. Desirable values and attitude must also be taken into
consideration.

This module consists of five learning outcomes. Each learning outcome

contains learning activities for both knowledge and skills, supported with
information sheets, activity sheet, job sheets, operation sheets and self-checks,
gathered from different sources. Before you perform the manual exercises, read
the information/activity/job/operation sheets mentioned in the special instruction
column and answer the self-check for confirmation that you are equipped with
the knowledge necessary to perform the skills portion of the particular learning
outcome with your instructor.

Upon completion of this module, you have to submit yourself to your

instructor for assessment. You will be given a Certificate of Completion as a
proof that you have met the standard requirements (Knowledge & Skill) for this
module. The assessment could be made using different methods, as prescribed
in the competency standard.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, students should be able:

LO1 Identify hazardous area 2weeks

LO2 Use personal protective equipment 2weeks
LO3 Perform safe handling of tools, equipment and materials 2weeks
LO4 Perform first aid 2 weeks
LO5 Use fire extinguisher 2weeks

1
 PRE- TEST

Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
1.Hazards due to transfer of energy between an object and a worker.
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

2.What classification of hazards when a welder’s hand deadened because of

unadvisable position during welding?
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

3. Impact resulting from being struck by and struck against objects may
cause serious accidents.
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

4.Toxics pass through gastrointestinal organ.

a. ingestion
b. inhalation
c. absorption
d. injection

5.People who work with animals, animal products or animal wastes have a
greater risk of infection.
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

6. Safety belts were designed to safeguard workers from falling in which the
utilization purpose of the equipment is intended for
a. one-time purpose
b. two-time purposes
c. three-time purposes
d. whenever it is applied

7. The following are good practices in using the hard hats except
a. inspect the safety hats prior to its used
b. safety hats should be free of abrasions and scrapes
c. ventilation holes should not be drilled in safety hats
d. objects should be placed between the shell and suspension
device of the safety hats

8. What condition must be observed before resorting to the utilization of

personal hearing protection?
2
 a. inspect the condition of the environment
b. implement engineering and administrative control
c. train the workers about the use of hearing protection
d. inspect available numbers of personal hearing protection
9. What is the main purpose of wearing eye and face protection?
a. capable of performing the task accurately
b. comfortable under designated conditions
c. provide wide vision towards work
d. free against hazards
10. A responsible worker shows awareness about safety except
a. awareness to the limited application of PPE
b. awareness to the unlimited application of PPE
c. personnel who wear PPE understands its necessity
d. influence the attitudes of the workers about safety

11. A tool in the prevention of accident to locate and report existing and
potential unsafe conditions that, if left uncontrolled, have the capacity to
cause accident in the workplace
a. safety tools
b, safety inspection
c. safety procedures
d. safety equipments

12. Evaluation of effectiveness of the program is a must to determine

whether a program is a success or a failure.
a. systematic inspection system
b. sound knowledge of the facility
c. method of reporting, evaluating, and using the data
d. knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes

13. When to inspect tool rooms?

a. general inspection
b. periodic inspection
c. intermittent inspection
d. continuous inspection

14. When conducting safety and health inspection, general consideration

must be observed except
a. duration of inspection
b. awareness of potential hazards
c. review of previous inspection report
d. must not interrupt normal operation

15. An employee is authorized to practiced safety except

a. repair defective tools
b. report unsafe conditions
c. identify and repair defective tools
d. guards and warning signs are in place

16.What type of injury when a welder carelessly wears his shielding mask?
a. burns
b. wounds
c. laceration
d. arc flash

3
 17.Lack of ventilation in a working area will result to
a. burns
b. wounds
c. suffocation
d. arc flash

18.Incision is a classification of open wound that characterized

a. clean cut and deep severe bleeding
b. tissue forcefully separated from the body
c. deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding
d. torn with irregular edges, serious or slight bleeding

19.What causes reddish skin after welding?

a. exposure to thermal
b. exposure to chemical
c. exposure to electrical
d. exposure to thermal and electrical

20.Third-degree burn victims suffered from

a. broken skin
b. painful, tender and reddish skin
c. little pain with skin appear white or charred
d. severely damaged skin with the formation of blisters

21.A certain point at which a substance will produce fire.

a. Flashpoint
b. Degree Celcius
c. Degree Fahrenheit
d. Both Celcius and Fahrenheit

22. A fire is considered hazardous element when it serves as

a. fuel for foods
b. factors to build
c. ignition to burning pit
d. factors to damage to property

23.When does a substance turned into fire?

a. substance mixed with heat
b. substance mixed with oxygen
c. substance meet its flashpoint
d. substance mixed with oxygen and heat
24.What is the second element of fire?
a. Fuel
b. Heat
c. Oxygen
d. Substance
25.Which of the following substances can easily produce fire?
a. Acetone
b. Gasoline
c. Fuel Oil
d. Quenching Oil

Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)NC1

4
Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

Learning outcome 1: Identify hazardous areas

Introduction
This lesson covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required in identifying hazardous areas in accordance with workplace
safety procedures.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Hazards are identified correctly in accordance with OHS procedures.

2. Safety signs and symbols are identified and adhered to in accordance

with workplace safety procedures.

Definition of Terms:

Physical Hazards- hazards due to the transfer of energy between an

object and a worker.

Chemical Hazard- hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the

form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, mists, or by skin contact with
these materials.

Biological Hazards- hazards are caused by living organisms which

include insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination.

Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may not be

harmful.

Viruses – organisms that depend on a host cell for development or

reproduction.

Fungi – may be small or large parasitic organisms growing in a living

or dead plant animal matter.

Rickettsia – rod-shaped microorganisms that are smaller than

bacteria and depend on a host for development or reproduction.

Ergonomic Hazards- hazards are commonly seen in the workplaces

which are improperly designed tools or work areas

5
 Regulatory Signs- these signs contain instructions. Failure to comply
with them constitutes an offense under law, standing orders, company
policy.
Mandatory signs- are regulatory signs which indicate that an
instruction must be carried out.

Prohibition signs- are regulatory signs which indicate that an action

or activity is not allowed.

Warning Signs-these signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous

condition that is not likely to be life-threatening.

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

6
Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

Hazards in welding

Introduction

There is no substitute for caution and common sense. A safe job is no

accident; it takes work to make the job safe. Each person working must do
what it takes to keep the job safe.

Welding, like other heavy industrial jobs, have a number of potential

safety hazards. These hazards need not result in anyone being injured.
Learning to work safely with these hazards is as important as learning to be
skilled welder.

You must approach new jobs with your safety in mind. Your safety is
your own responsibility, and you must take that responsibility.

Some hazards will create an injury and illness right away. Other
hazards may not cause an injury or illness until much later in life. For this
reason, workers should take all hazards seriously, even if they do not
immediately experience problems.

Environmental Hazards

1. Physical Hazards. Hazards due to the transfer of energy between

an object and a worker.
 Excessive Noise
 Inadequate Illumination
 Extreme Temperature
 Extreme Pressure
 Vibration
 Radiation
 Inadequate Ventilation
 Cluttered Area
 Ignorance or carelessness of the worker
2. Chemical Hazard. Hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in
the form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, mists, or by skin contact
with these materials.

 Mists. Fine particles of a liquid float in air

 Gases. Substances in gaseous state but are always airborne
at room temperature.
 Vapors. Results when substances that are liquids at room
temperature evaporate.

 Dusts. Solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by

mechanical actions.

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  Fumes. Gas is condensed in air, chemically changed and
becomes fine solid particles which float in air.

Four Possible Routes of Entry of Chemical Hazards

1. Inhalation. Breathing in toxics is the most common and dangerous route.

2. Ingestion. Toxics enter through the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Absorption. Toxics pass through skin into the bloodstream.
4. Injection. Toxics may be injected into the body (needles, ect.)- the least
common, yet most direct route of entry

3. Biological Hazards. Hazards are caused by living organisms which

include insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination;
from defects in sanitation and housekeeping procedures, such as in
the provision of potable water, removal of industrial waste and
sewage, food handling and personal cleanliness.

Agents of Biological Hazards

 Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may
not be harmful.
 Viruses – organisms that depend on a host cell for
development or reproduction.
 Fungi – may be small or large parasitic organisms growing
in a living or dead plant animal matter.
 Rickettsia – rod-shaped microorganisms that are smaller
than bacteria and depend on a host for development or
reproduction. Microorganisms transmitted by fleas, ticks,
and lice

Common Health Problems from Biological Hazards

a. Tuberculosis (TB)
b. Tetanus
c. Viral Hepatitis
d. HIV/AIDS

Diseases caused by virus

a. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
b. Hepatitis B Infection
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
d. Rabies

4. Ergonomic Hazards. Hazards are commonly seen in the

workplaces which are improperly designed tools or work areas,
improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions or repeated
motions in an awkward position that may be responsible for fatigue,
stress and strain and may lead to accidents in the occupational
environment.

Ergonomics defined as fitting the job to the worker.

Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

a. low productivity
8
 b. high rate of errors
c. material wastage and equipment

Health Problems caused by Ergonomics

a. musculoskeletal problems
b. vascular problems
c. visual problems
d. hearing problems
e. skin problem
f. psychological problems

Welding Safety

1. Electric shock – from open and not properly insulated cable, check
electrical wiring connection.

Check primary circuit wiring connection

Check welding cable for crack or cut insulation

9
 Do not put welding cable around the part of your body

2. Arc rays- can damage both eyes and skin, wear proper protective clothing
and filter lenses.

BURN CAUSE BY LIGHT

 Ultraviolet light- can cause first degree or second degree burn to
the eyes and skin.
 Infrared – wave that is felt as heat
 Visible light- light that we see
-produce in varying quantities and color.

3. Fumes and Gases- use proper ventilation and position yourself out of the
fume flow.

The bigger diameter of the electrode, the more ventilation

is required.

10
 Dangerous powder dust came from weld fumes filtered
during welding

4. Fire and explosion- may result from faulty welding operation, always
understand the environment your welding in and never take
anything for granted.

Proper procedure in welding in a tank

5. Compress gas- must be handle in such a way to prevent personal or

equipment damage.

6. Face and eye protection

-must be worn at all times on the workplace.
-include safety goggles and full faced mask.

Protection Clothing against sparks and hot metals

Source: http://nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1087/as230f3.gif

11
7. Wear correct eye, ear and body protection

Wear proper body, face and eye protection

12
 Self – Check #. 1.1

Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Hazards due to transfer of energy between an object and a worker.

a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

2.What classification of hazards when a welder’s hand deadened because of

unadvisable position during welding?
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

3. Impact resulting from being struck by and struck against objects may
cause serious accidents.
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

4. Toxics pass through gastrointestinal organ.

a. ingestion
b. inhalation
c. absorption
d. injection

5. People who work with animals, animal products or animal wastes have a
greater risk of infection.
a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards
d. Ergonomics Hazards

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 http://nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1087/as230f3.gif

13
 INFORMATION SHEET NO.1.2

Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

Safety Signs and Symbols

Introduction

Safety symbols are pictures sometimes called safety pictographs,

pictograms, or pictorials. They are used in place of, or as a supplement to
written words. These symbols provide warnings or alerts about a possible
hazard.

Because pictures may convey information better than words, graphic

symbols are added to precautionary labels to show major workplace dangers
like welding or cutting hazards.

The use of symbols on precautionary labels is optional, and is

recommended for the following reasons:
 Symbols may show and help to explain the hazards quickly.
 Symbols can be understood by both readers and non-readers.
 Symbols may be multilingual and usually translate directly into
all languages.

Welding and cutting industry has adopted standardized symbols and

uniform methods of use to avoid user confusion and to supplement and
reinforce the written message.

Words
The large word at the top of the label is called the signal word. It is
used in combination with a specific colored background and combined with
the safety alert symbol to indicate the degree of seriousness of a potential
hazard. Because of its colored background, the signal word is usually the first
element that you notice when looking at a safety label. According to ISO,
there are three (3) choices for a signal word:

1. DANGER. Use to indicate an imminently hazardous situation

which, if avoided, will result in death or serious injury. The use of this
signal word should be limited to the most extreme situations.

2. WARNING. This indicates a potentially hazardous situation which,

if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

14
 3. CAUTION. Use to indicate a potentially hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION
may also be used without the safety color symbol (the triangle with
exclamation mark) to indicate property-damage-only.

Color
Since color is typically the first thing that draws the attention of the
viewer, the color-coded surround shapes act as a first level of meaning and,
as you draw closer to the sign, you are able to distinguish the specific
information conveyed by the graphic symbol.

To make this system work, the viewer must first understand the color-
coded surround shapes below:

Example A is an ISO “Warning Safety Sign”. This type of label is meant

to tell what the hazard is (e.g. “fire hazard”).

Example B is an ISO “Prohibition Safety Sign”. This label tells about an

action not to take in order to avoid a hazard (e.g. “no open flame”).

Example C is an ISO “Mandatory Action Safety Sign”. This label defines

an action that needs to be taken to avoid the hazard (e.g. “read manual”).

Classification of Safety Signs

1. Regulatory Signs
Signs contain instructions. Failure to comply with them constitutes an
offense under law, standing orders, company policy, etc.
1. Mandatory signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an instruction
must be carried out. When symbols are used they are white on a blue disc.
Text-only mandatory signs are black on white in a portrait format.

15
 2. Prohibition signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an action
or activity is not allowed. The symbolic shape used on prohibition signs is
the red circle and slash over a black symbol. Prohibition signs may contain
only the red circle and text with no symbol.

3. Warning Signs
Signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely
to be life-threatening. The symbolic shape used on warning signs is
black triangle with yellow interior and black symbol. The word warning
is not required to print on the sign, although it is often used for added
impact.

4. Danger Signs
Signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous condition is likely to life-
threatening. It is recommended that symbols not be used on danger
signs.

5. Fire Signs
Advise the location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment. Fire signs
contain a white symbol and/or text on a red background.

16
6.Emergency Information Signs
Indicate the location of, or direction to, emergency related facilities
(exits, first aid, safety equipment, etc.). These signs feature a white
symbol and/or text on a green background.

7. General Information Signs

Communicate information of a general nature in order to avoid
misunderstanding or confusion. These signs often refer to
housekeeping, company practices and logistics.

Self – Check No. 1.2

Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

17
 Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Pictures are used to informed workers on safety practices.

a. Cautions
b. Warnings
c. Prohibitions
d. Safety signs

2. Signs which indicates that an action is not allowed.

a. regulatory signs
b. mandatory signs
c. prohibition signs
d. warning signs

3. Use to indicate a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided,

may result in minor or moderate injury.
a. Danger
b. Caution
c. Warning
d. Emergency

4. Signs indicate that an instruction must be carried out.

a. regulatory signs
b. mandatory signs
c. prohibition signs
d. warning signs

5. Use to indicate an imminently hazardous situation which, if avoided, will

result in death or serious injury.
a. Danger
b. Warning
c. caution
d. emergency

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 http://nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1087/as230f3.gif

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.3

Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

18
 Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Introduction

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are mandatory

rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or reduce occupational
safety and health hazards in the workplace.

OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree

of protection that must be granted to every worker in relation to dangers of
injury sickness or death that may arise by reason of his or occupation. The
provision of OSHS by the government is an exercise of police powers, with
the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of workers.

Coverage and Scope of OSHS

All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered,

including agricultural enterprises whether operating for profit or not, except:

1. Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.

2. Those directly engaged in land, sea and air transportation (however,
their dry dockers, garages, hangers and maintenance, and repair
shops and offices are covered.
3. The activities of a lessee regarding the safety of a mining claim or
lease, including mines safety, mineral conservation and pollution in
establishments or work places falling under the mining industry.

Minimum Standards on Safety and Health in the Workplace

The OSHS require every company to keep and maintain its workplace
free from work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers
or damage to property.

The following must be provided by the employer.

 Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation.

 Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment
 Separate toilet facilities and lockers for men and women.
 Appropriate safety clothing like protective gear, masks, helmets,
safety boots, coats or goggles.
 Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits.
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.

Safety Measures to be Observed within the Premises of

Establishments

19
  Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or
danger signs and safety instructions of standard colors and sizes
visible at all times.
 Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the drivers of
motorized vehicle such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER,
properly positioned within the compound of the establishment to
increase safety especially during the night.
 Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated
workplaces. As far as practicable and feasible, they shall be
provided with facilities for safe and convenient movement within
the establishment.
 Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through
cleanliness of buildings, yards, machines, equipments, regular
waste disposal, and the orderly arrangement of process
operations, storage and filing materials.
 Adequate dressing rooms, lockers rooms, comfort rooms and
lavatories separate for male and female workers shall be
provided

Responsibilities of Employers and Employees under OSHS

Duties of Employers
 Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the
provisions of the standards.
 Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized
representative the policies adopted and the safety organization
established.
 Submit a report to the Regional Director or his/her duly
authorized representative once every three months on the
safety performance, safety committee meetings and its
recommendations and measures taken to implement the
recommendation.
 Act on recommended safety measures and provide access to
appropriate authorities.

Duties of Employees
 Follow safety policies
 Report unsafe conditions and practices to the supervisor
 Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee, when
called upon to do so.
 Cooperate with the Health and Safety Committee
 Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health
inspection

Rule 1100: Gas and Electric Arc Welding and Cutting Operations

1100.01: General Provisions:

1. Welding or cutting operations shall not be permitted in rooms or

areas containing combustible materials or in proximity to
explosives or flammable liquids, dusts, gases, or vapors, until all
fire and explosion hazards are eliminated.
2. Welding or cutting operations on containers filled with explosives
or flammable substance is prohibited. Welding closed containers
that have held explosive or flammable substance shall only be
20
 undertaken after the containers have been thoroughly cleaned
and found completely free of combustible gases or vapors or the
containers are filled with inert gas or with water.
3. Welding and cutting operations carried out or done in places
where persons other than the welders work or pass shall be
enclosed by means of suitable stationary or portable screens.
Screens shall be opaque, of sturdy construction to withstand
rough usage of a material which will not readily be set on fire by
sparks or hot metal at least 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, and
preferably painted with light flat paint.
4. A portable fire extinguisher shall be provided at the place where
welding and cutting operations are being undertaken.
5. Authorization, before welding and cutting operations are allowed
in large establishments, the area shall be inspected by the
safety man. He shall issue a written permit or authorization for
welding and cutting, indicating therein the precautions to be
followed to avoid fire or accidents.

1100.02: Personal Protective Equipment:

1. All workers- or persons directly engaged in welding or cutting

operations shall be provided with the following personal
protective equipment:
a. goggles, helmets or head shields fitted with suitable
filter lenses and hand shields, and
b. suitable aprons

2. All personal- directly assisting in welding or cutting operations

shall be provided with goggles or other protective clothing, as
may be necessary.

1100.03: Welding or Cutting in Confined Spaces:

The inhalation of any fumes, gases or dusts by persons welding or

cutting in confined spaces shall be prevented by the provision of:

1. Local exhaust and general ventilation system to keep fumes,

gases or dusts within allowable concentrations or threshold limit
values.
2. Approved types or respiratory protective equipment

Self Check No. 1.3

Learning Outcome No.1: Identify Hazardous Area

21
 Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Safety standards are mandatory rules set and enforced to eliminate or

reduce,
a. weld defects
b. welding injuries
c. welding problems
d. hazards in the workplace

2. What is the purpose of creating Occupational Safety and Health Standards

(OSHS) by the government?
a. to produce quality output
b. to produce safety personnel
c. to promote welfare and well-being of workers
d. to protect the rights of the workers against abusive employers

3. Under rule 1100.01 of the gas and electric arc welding operations, welders
are
a. provided with PPE by employers
b. provided exhaust and ventilated system
c. protected from any violations against their rights
d. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials

4. Rule 1100.02 states that workers must be

a. provided with PPE by employers
b. provided exhaust and ventilated system
c. protected from any violations against their rights
d. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials

5. Welding or cutting in confined spaces under rule 1100.03, welders are

a. provided with PPE by employers
b. provided exhaust and ventilated system
c. protected from any violations against their rights
d. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 http://nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1087/as230f3.gif

22
Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)NC1

Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

Learning Outcome 2: Use of Personal Protective Clothing

and devices
Introduction
This lesson covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required in using Personal Protective Clothing and devices as per job
requirement.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Personal Protective Equipment( PPE)Identified as per job requirement.

2. Proper wearing of PPE are properly observed in accordance with work

place safety policies.

3.PPE conforms to the approved occupational safety standards

Definition of Terms:

Welding shield/helmet- is used to protect our face and eyes from the arc
rays and heat, and the spatter from the molten metal.

Helmet type- welding shield is more convenient to use because it allows

both hands free to work.

Leather jacket-is made of chrome leather and prevents the entry of sparks
between our clothes and body.

Welding gloves/gauntlet- is made of chrome leather and protects our

hands from heat, spatter, and radiations.

Welding spats- are made of chrome leather and protects our feet from
spatter.

Safety Shoes- safety shoes have heat-resistant soles and impact-resistant

toes.

Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.

23
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.1

Learning Outcome 2: Use of Personal Clothing and devices

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The observation of health and safety precautions in welding operation

is of the greatest importance. Your life and that of the others are more
important than the job you are doing.

1. Welding shield/helmet is used to protect our face and eyes from the arc
rays and heat, and the spatter from the molten metal. The arc is viewed
through a filter which reduces the intensity of radiation but allows a safe
amount of light to pass for viewing the weld pool and end of the electrode.

1.1 Helmet type welding shield is more convenient to use because it

allows both hands free to work.

24
1.2 Hand-held shield allows only one hand free to work.

2. Leather jacket is made of chrome leather and prevents the entry of

sparks between our clothes and body.

Leather apron is made of chrome leather and provides a welder with

complete protection from sparks and hot metal from his chest to mid calf.

25
3. Welding gloves/gauntlet is made of chrome leather and protects our
hands from heat, spatter, and radiations.

Source:http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/340379/1362621/0/1133753301/Welding_gloves.jpg

4. Face shield is best for general protection because they can be worn
under an arc welding helmet

5. Leggings are made from leather to protect the legs and feet.

6. Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.

26
7. Protective cover all are made from light asbestos coated with aluminum
to protect all of the body during welding.

8. Welding cushions are made from leather for sitting and kneeling beside
the work piece as protection against cold.

10. Welding spats are made of chrome leather and protects our feet from
spatter.

11. Safety Shoes- this have heat resistant soles and impact resistant toes.
Some safety shoes have metal in soles, while others protect workers from
different type of electrical hazards.

27
12. Safety goggles- used for grinding and when chipping off slag.

13. Earmuffs- a pair of ear coverings connected by a flexible band and

worn as protection against extreme noise.

14. Earplugs- is a device that is meant to be inserted in the ear canal to

protect the wearer's ears from loud noises or the intrusion

15. Respirators- an apparatus worn over the mouth and nose or the entire
face to prevent the inhalation of dust, smoke, or other noxious substances.

Full face respirator

28
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1p20WdeXKKs/TVFOqgHuFAI/AAAAAAAAKj8/DrB1yHyAqVI/
s1600/Respirator1.jpg

Self Check # 2.1

Learning Outcome 2: Use of Personal Protective Clothing and

devices

Personal Protective Equipment

Identification:
Direction: Observe carefully the illustration below. Name the different
safety equipments wore by the worker.

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

29
  http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1p20WdeXKKs/TVFOqgHuFAI/AAAAAAAAKj8/DrB1yHyAqVI/
s1600/Respirator1.jpg

 http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/340379/1362621/0/1133753301/Welding_gloves.jpg

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.2

Proper Uses of Personal Protective Equipment

The primary approach in any safety effort is to maintain or change the

physical environment so that accidents cannot occur. However, it is
necessary for economic reasons or in temporary or changing conditions to
safeguard personnel by equipping them individually with specialized personal
protective equipment (PPE). Although the use of PPE is an important
consideration in the development of a safety and health program, it should
not be used permanently instead of engineering out or otherwise maintaining
a safe and healthy work environment. In general, government regulations list
the use of PPE as a case of last resort. Analyze accident situations to
determine whether PPE can prevent a recurrence. When work conditions
cannot be made safer, clearly PPE is necessary.

Proper Training

To obtain the worker’s complete compliance with the requirements to

wear the PPE, the following factors must be considered:

1. the extent to which the personnel who must wear the equipment
understand its necessity
2. the ease and comfort with which it can be worn with a minimum of
interference with normal procedures
3. the available economic, social, and disciplinary sanctions which can
be used to influence the attitudes of the workers

Head Protection

Safety hats should be inspected prior to each use.

 Inspect suspension systems that show evidence of materials
cracking, tearing, fraying or other signs of deterioration.
Suspension should provide a minimum clearance of 1 to 1.25
inch between the top of the worker’s head and the inside crown
of the hat.
 Check any signs of cracks of perforations of brim or shell,
deformation of shell, or evidence or exposure to excessive heat,
chemicals or radiation.
 Remove any accumulation of conductive material on or inside
the shell that cannot be removed prior to use.

Objects should not be placed inside the safety hat between the shell
and the suspension device. This space is designed so an impact will not
transmit to the head of the worker.

30
 Safety hats should be kept free of abrasions, scrapes and nicks and
should not be deliberately dropped, thrown or otherwise abuse d because
they will lose their protective qualities.

Ventilation should not be drilled in safety hats.

Eye and Face Protection

Eye protectors must meet the minimum requirements:

 Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for

which they are designed
 Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated
conditions
 Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of
the wearer
 Be durable
 Be capable of being disinfected
 Be easily cleanable
 Be kept clean and in good repair
 Design, construction, testing and use of eye and face protection
must be in accordance with ANZI Z8.1-1989. The fitting of
goggles and safety spectacles should be performed by someone
skilled in the procedure. Prescription safety spectacles should be
fitted only by a qualified optical person. Safety spectacles
require special frames. Combinations of normal street wear
frames with safety lenses are not in compliance

Ear Protection

The prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid

hearing damage. Engineering and administrative control must be used if the
sound levels are exceeded. If such controls fail to reduce the sound levels
within the level specified, personal hearing protection must be used. Molded
earplugs should be individually fitted by a professional.

Some earplugs are disposable, to be used one time and then thrown
away. The non-disposable type should be cleaned after each use for proper
protection.

Earmuffs must make a perfect seal around the ear to be effective.

Glasses, long sideburns, long hair and facial movements, such as chewing
can be reducing protection. Special equipment is available for use with
glasses or beards.

31
Foot and Leg Protection

Protection of feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces, workers should use
appropriate foot guards, safety shoes, boots and leggings.

Never wear open-toed while working with hot metal or welding

apparatus.

Safety Belts, Lifelines and Lanyards

Lifelines, safety belts, and lanyards are used only for employee
safeguarding. Any lifeline, safety belt, or lanyard actually subjected to in-
serving loading, as distinguished from static load testing shall be immediately
removed from services and shall not be used again for employee
safeguarding.

32
 Self Check # 2.2

Learning Outcome 2: Use of Personal Protective Clothing

and devices

Proper Use of PPE

Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read the statement carefully. Choose the best answer and
write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Safety belts were designed to safeguard workers from falling in

which the utilization purpose of the equipment is intended for
a. one-time purpose
b. two-time purposes
c. three-time purposes
d. whenever it is applied

2. The following are good practices in using the hard hats except
e. inspect the safety hats prior to its used
f. safety hats should be free of abrasions and scrapes
g. ventilation holes should not be drilled in safety hats
h. objects should be placed between the shell and suspension
device of the safety hats
3. What condition must be observed before resorting to the utilization
of personal hearing protection?
a. inspect the condition of the environment
b. implement engineering and administrative control
c. train the workers about the use of hearing protection
d. inspect available numbers of personal hearing protection
4. What is the main purpose of wearing eye and face protection?
a. capable of performing the task accurately
b. comfortable under designated conditions
c. provide wide vision towards work
d. free against hazards
5. A responsible worker shows awareness about safety except
a. awareness to the limited application of PPE
b. awareness to the unlimited application of PPE
c. personnel who wear PPE understands its necessity
d. influence the attitudes of the workers about safety

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

33
 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

34
Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)NC1

Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

Learning Outcome 3: Perform Safe Handling of tools

Equipment, and Materials
Introduction
This lesson covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required in performing safe handling of tools ,materials and equipment in
accordance with industry and company standard.

Assessment Criteria:
1. Pre-use checking, and inspection of tools and equipment are conducted
in accordance with industry/company and policies.
2. Safe handling of tools, equipment, materials are properly observe in
accordance with Occupational health and safety (OHS) requirements and
industry/company policies.
3. Safety label and tag of tools and equipment are strictly followed in
accordance with industry/company and policies.

Definition of Terms

Safety inspection- is a tool in the prevention of accident to locate and report

existing and potential unsafe conditions

Maintenance Personnel- responsible in locating and correcting hazards.

Periodic Inspection Report – covers those unsatisfactory non-emergency

conditions observed during the planned periodic inspection.

Summary Inspection Report – lists of all items of previous periodic reports

for a given time.

Materials handling and storage- a technique which include the art of

lifting, placing, storing or movement of materials through the use of
appropriate handling equipment and men.

35
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 3.1

Learning Outcome 3 : Perform Safe Handling of Tools, Equipments,

Supplies and Materials

Pre-use Inspection and Checking Procedures

Introduction

Safety and health inspection is a central part of most safety, health

and environmental protection programs and that it provides a reliable way for
identifying and eliminating conditions that could contribute to accidents,
illnesses or environmental damages.

Safety inspection is a tool in the prevention of accident to locate and

report existing and potential unsafe conditions, if left uncontrolled, have the
capacity to cause accident in the workplace.

Elements of Effective Safety and Health Inspection Programs

An effective safety and health inspection program requires the

following:

1. Sound knowledge of the facility. Familiarity with the facilities of

the establishment is an effective tool in determining what are
the things to be inspected and how often these things be
inspected.
2. Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes. The
reference of all safety and health rules and regulations of the
company should always be the established local legislations and
codes. These standard regulations will be our guide in assessing
whether our workplace is safe or not.
3. Systematic inspection system. In occupational safety and health,
time is very important. An established inspection system will
facilitate inspection activities and will allow the designated
safety inspector to improve the workplace based on identified
hazards as early as possible.
4. Method of reporting, evaluating and using the data. Evaluation of
effectiveness of the program is a must to determine whether a
program is a success or a failure. Inspection should be
documented. Reports prepared and submitted and other safety
and health data are vital in evaluating the program.

Safety and Health Inspection Cycle

1. Purpose
The primary purpose of inspection is to detect potential hazards
so they can be corrected before an accident occurs. Inspection
should be conducted in an organization to locate and report
existing and potential unsafe conditions or activities. It is
important that every potential hazard found in workplaces must
be corrected to ensure no one will be injured, no one will be
exposed to any diseases and worker’s working environment will
36
 not be contaminated by hazardous chemicals emitted from the
process.

2. Inspection Priorities
Who will conduct the inspection?
a. Safety Professionals. Spearheaded the inspection activity
b. Company or Facility Management. Demonstrates
commitment to maintain a safe working environment.
c. First – line Supervisors or Foreman. Continually monitoring
the workplace.
d. Employees. Inspect the workplace and any tools,
equipments, and machinery that will be used. Any defects
the employee is not authorized to correct should be reported
immediately to the supervisor.
e. Maintenance Personnel. Responsible in locating and
correcting hazards.
f. Joint Safety and Health Committees. Conduct regular
inspections as part of their functions.
Items to be inspected:

- Environmental factors
- Hazardous supplies and materials
- Production and related equipments
- Power source equipment
- Electrical equipment
- Hand tools
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Personal service and first aid facilities
- Fire protection and emergency response equipment
- Walkways and roadways
- Elevators, electric stairways and manlifts
- Working surfaces
- Materials handling equipment
- Transport equipment
- Warning and signaling devices
- Containers
- Storage facilities and area both indoor and outdoor
- Structural openings
- Building and structures
- Miscellaneous

Conditions need to be inspected:

Unsafe conditions inspected should describe specifically and
clearly. Usually, conditions to look for can be indicated by such words
as “jagged”, “exposed”, “broken”, “frayed”, “leaking”, “rusted”,
“corroded”, ‘missing”, “vibrating”, “loose”, or “slipping”. Sometimes
exact figures are needed, for example, the maximum pressure in a
boiler or the percent spread of a sling hook.

3. Schedule of Evaluation
Inspection can be classified as one of two types – continuous or
interval inspection and then discuss each using the key points that
follow.

a. Continuous Inspection
37
 It involves noting an apparently or potentially hazardous
conditions or unsafe procedure and either correcting it
immediately or making a report to initiate corrective action. It is
sometimes called informal because it does not conform to a set
of schedule, plan, or checklist

b. Interval Inspection
Planned inspections a t a specific intervals are what most
people regard as “real” safety and health inspections. They
deliberate, thorough, and with systematic procedure that
permits examination of specific items or conditions. They follow
an established procedure and use checklist for routine items.
1. Periodic Inspection
2. Intermittent Inspection
3. General Inspection

4. Conducting Inspection

In conducting for inspection, some of the general considerations

are:
- Must not interrupt normal operations
- Review of all accidents
- Review of previous inspection report
- Awareness of any potential hazards
- Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment
- Formulation of checklist

Reporting and Recording

Checklist serves as reminders of what to look for and as

records of what have been covered. They can be used to
structure and guide inspection. They also allow on-the-spot
recording of all findings and comments before they are
forgotten. In case an inspection is interrupted, checklists provide
a record of what has and what has not been inspected.
Otherwise, inspection may miss items or conditions they should
examine or may be unsure, after inspecting an area, that they
have covered everything. Good checklists also help in follow-up
work to make sure hazards have been corrected or eliminated.

The format of a checklist should include columns to

indicate either compliance or actions date. Space should also be
provided to cite the specific violation, a way to correct it, and a
recommendation that the condition receives more or less
frequent attention. Whatever the format of the checklist, space
should be provided for the inspector’s signature and the
inspection date.

Inspection Report – Every inspection must be documented

in a clearly written inspection report furnished y the inspector.
Without a complete and accurate report, the inspection would
38
 be a little more than an interesting sightseeing tour. Inspection
reports are usually of three types:
1. Emergency – made without delay when a critical or
catastrophic hazard is probable.
2. Periodic – covers those unsatisfactory non-emergency
conditions observed during the planned periodic
inspection. This report should be made within 24 hours
of the inspection.
3. Summary – lists of all items of previous periodic
reports for a given time.

Generally, inspection reports are sent to the head of the

department or area where the inspection was made. Copies are
also given to executive management and the manager to whom
the department head reports.

5. Implementation

Upon implementation of the inspection report, make sure that

recommendations proposed by the inspector will be given priority
depending on the hazards found in the area.
In making recommendations, inspectors should be guided by four (4)
rules:
1. Correct the cause whenever possible. If all the resources
needed to correct the cause are already available, improve
the working condition.
2. Immediately correct everything possible. All possible causes
of accident should be corrected at once to prevent their
recurrence. This will definitely be done if all measures are in
place.
3. Report conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest
solutions. Safety is everybody’s job. Anyone should be
involved in the prevention of accident. If you identify hazards
in your place or work, report them at once to your supervisor.
Give recommendation to correct the situation.
4. Take intermediate action as needed. Time is an essence as
far as safety is concern. If unsafe condition was identified and
corrective measure is at hand. Improve it at once.

6. Monitoring

Monitoring is a management prerogative. Management must

realize that employees are keenly interested in the attention paid to
correcting faulty conditions and hazardous procedures.
Recommendations approved and supported by management should
become part of the organization’s philosophy and program. At regular
intervals, supervisors should report progress in complying with the
recommendations to the safety department, the company safety and
health committee, or the person designated by management to
receive such information. Inspectors should periodically check to see
what progress toward corrective actions is being made. Unsafe
conditions left uncorrected indicate a breakdown in management
communications and program applications.

39
 Sometimes management will have to decide among the several
courses of action. Often these decisions will be based on cost
effectiveness. For example, it may be cost-effective as well as practical
to substitute a less toxic material that works as well to the highly toxic
substance presently in use. On the other hand, replacing a costly but
hazardous machine may have to wait until funds can be allocated. In
this case, the immediate alternative taken or proposed must be
communicated to all persons involved.

40
 Self Check # 3.1

Learning Outcome 3 : Perform Safe Handling of Tools, Equipments,

Supplies and Materials

Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. A tool in the prevention of accident to locate and report existing and

potential unsafe conditions that, if left uncontrolled, have the capacity to
cause accident in the workplace
a. safety tools
b, safety inspection
c. safety procedures
d. safety equipments

2. Evaluation of effectiveness of the program is a must to determine whether

a program is a success or a failure.
a. systematic inspection system
b. sound knowledge of the facility
c. method of reporting, evaluating, and using the data
d. knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes

3. When to inspect tool rooms?

a. general inspection
b. periodic inspection
c. intermittent inspection
d. continuous inspection

4. When conducting safety and health inspection, general consideration

must be observed except
a. duration of inspection
b. awareness of potential hazards
c. review of previous inspection report
d. must not interrupt normal operation

5. An employee is authorized to practiced safety except

a. repair defective tools
b. report unsafe conditions
c. identify and repair defective tools
d. guards and warning signs are in place

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

41
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 3.2

Learning Outcome 3 : Perform Safe Handling of Tools, Equipments,

Supplies and Materials

Safe Handling of Tools, Equipments and Materials

Introduction
Materials Storage

Materials handling and storage is a technique which include the art of

lifting, placing, storing or movement of materials through the use of
appropriate handling equipment and men.

Materials storage could easily be neglected at times in actual work

setting. That’s why it is sometimes synonymous to cluttering, piling over
other materials and obstruction along passageways. Understanding some
general requirements on these matters would be useful.

Materials should be stored neatly and orderly. A variety of ways and

means could easily be adopted and maintained.

Firstly, materials should be housed in a storage room with the following

features:
- Have at least two exits
- Properly illuminated
- Properly ventilated
- Restricted access

Next, materials should be stored in limited amounts. This can be

accomplished by providing special storage racks of limited capacity for
similar items, examples of which are special storage racks.

Scrap Materials
a. Separate bins should be supplied for scrap lumber and metals.
These bins should be for materials that cannot be reused. Reusable
scraps should be stored in the vertical racks.
b. Never allow scrap bins overflow. Scrap materials is a major source
of clutter in many shops. It can become either a fire hazard or an
accident risk if allowed to accumulate. Scrap materials can often be
sold and recycled. If not, these should be hauled to a dump on a
regular basis.
c. Nails, staples and other obstruction should be removed from scrap
wood before it is placed in the scrap bin.
d. Hot metal must never be thrown in the scrap bin. Burn injuries are
common in many machine shops because workers do not obey this
rule. Hot metal also creates a fire hazard when improperly stored.
All scrap metal bins should be marked with warnings to cool all
metal before it is disposed.

Flammable Liquids
42
 a. Flammable liquids – such as grease, oil, and solvents – should be
stored in a special storage containers designed for this purpose.
These storage containers are made of steel and are designed to
close automatically in the presence of fire to prevent the spread of
the fire.
b. Dirty rags are also a fire hazard in the shop. A metal container with
a sealable lid should be provided to store all rags that have been
exposed to grease, oil, or solvents.
c. Always store gasoline or rags that have been exposed to gasoline in
a separate, well-ventilated area. Gasoline should never be stored in
the shop due to its high combustibility

Handling of Tools

Hand tools have its own application. It has the capacity to work with
the specified job. As it always stated that “Use the right tools for the right
job’. This reminds the worker to work with the tools on its proper utilization.
But there are instances that workers are negligent in the proper utilization of
the tools. Improper use of tools will result to injuries of the workers and even
early worn out of the item or units.

Care in the used of tools must be always observed to maintain its

neatness and efficiency and even make its life span stay longer.

Tool Boards or Tool Storage

a. Tool board should be large enough to handle all of the hand tools
used in the shop. A vertical tool board is recommended so all of the
tools are visible at once and easily accessible.
b. The tool board or storage cabinet should have closing doors that
can be locked for security.
c. The tools should be fitted so that each can hang individually when
not in use. A system should be set-up to store similar tools in the
same sections to facilitate inventory checks. Nails and clips can be
used to hand each tools.
d. Ideally, each tool is outlined or silhouetted, so that each tool can be
returned quickly to the correct spot. Missing tools are easily
detected using this method.

Handling Equipments

The first step toward achieving welding safety is to check the

equipment daily. A thorough inspection of all equipments should be
conducted at least once a month by a competent person.

Replace or repair excessively worn equipment. Do not operate the

machine or equipments until all its defective parts were repaired. Use
replacement parts specified by the manufacturer of the equipment.

Before operating any of the equipments make it sure that you are
guided with the operating manual. Take note that all machineries have its
limitations. Working beyond its capacity will eventually result into major
injuries or even death.
Self Check # 3.2
43
 Learning Outcome 3 : Perform Safe Handling of Tools,
Equipments, Supplies and Materials

Safe Handling of Tools, Equipments and Materials

1. What is the purpose of proper handling of tools, equipments and

materials?
a. workers are hazards free
b. to have conducive workplace
c. safe conditions of the tools, equipments and materials
d. secured workers and its working environment from hazards.

2. The following are the benefits taken from safe handling of tools,
equipments and materials except
a. healthy worker
b. high productivity
c. cost cutting measures
d. healthy working environment

3. Materials handling is the art of lifting, placing, storing or movement of

materials through the use of appropriate
a. handling of tools
b. handling of materials
c. handling of equipments
d. handling equipments and its operators

4. Materials should be housed in a storage room with the following features

except,
a. properly ventilated
b. properly illuminated
c. have at least two exits
d. accessible to all workers

5. To achieve safety in operating the machine, the operator must have to

a. check the machine daily
b. check the machine guard
c. know the operation of the machine
d. operate with limitation of the machine

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)NC1

44
Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

Learning outcome 4: Perform First Aid

Introduction
This lesson covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required in performing First Aid according to recommended procedures.

Assessment Criteria:
1. First aid treatment of injuries are carried out according to recommended
procedures.

2. Emergency hotlines and proper authorities are accessed and contacted in

accordance with workplace procedure

Definition of Terms:

Burns -are the most common and painful injuries that occur in the welding shop.
Thermal burn- are caused when an individual directly contact with hot objects.

First-degree Burn- burns occurred when the surface of the skin is reddish in
color, tender, and painful and does not involve any broken skin.

Second-degree Burn- burns occurred when the surface of the skin is severely
damaged, resulting in the formation of blisters and possible breaks in the skin.

Third-degree Burn- burns occurred when the surface of the skin and possibly
the tissue below the skin appear white or charred.

Puncture – are wound cause by penetrating pointed instruments such as nails,

ice picks, daggers.

Abrasion – are wound cause by scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces.

First aid- is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill.

Dressing – any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound.

Bandages – any clean cloth material sterile or not use to hold the dressing in
place.

Extrication -is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place of

safety.

Transfer - is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid.

Initial Triage and Tagging- is sorting patients into categories of priority for
care and transport based on the severity of injuries and medical emergenci

45
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 4.1

Learning Outcome # 4 : Perform First Aid

Types of Welding Related Injuries

Introduction

Accident prevention is the concerned of every individual. People with

pride in their work consider not only their own safety but the safety of others.
If knowledge and foresight were the first requirements of skilled work, most
serious accidents would be avoided. It is a good idea to remember, before
starting any project that, “accidents don’t just happen”. They are cause by
ignorance and carelessness.

Hazard causes injuries and illnesses right away. Other hazards may not
cause an injury or illness until much later in life. Workers experienced injuries
are cautious to do the same practices causing them to be injured. It has been
observed that workers feel not comfortable with their works once afflicted
with injuries.

The following are welding related injuries that cause the good
performance of the workers.

1. Burns
Burns are the most common and painful injuries that occur in
the welding shop.

Types of Burn Injuries

1. Thermal Burns. Not all thermal burns are cause by flames.

Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites and
causes a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are
other common causes of burns.
2. Chemical Burns. Chemical will continue to cause tissue
destruction until the chemical agent is removed.
3. Electrical Burns. The injury severity from exposure to
electrical current depends on the type of current (direct or
alternating), the voltage, the area of the body exposed, and
the duration of contact.

Classification of Burns

Burns are classified depending on the severity of burns.

a. First-degree Burn. Burns occurred when the surface of the

skin is reddish in color, tender, and painful and does not
involve any broken skin.

46
 b. Second-degree Burn. Burns occurred when the surface of
the skin is severely damaged, resulting in the formation of
blisters and possible breaks in the skin.
c. Third-degree Burn. Burns occurred when the surface of the
skin and possibly the tissue below the skin appear white or
charred. Initially, little pain is present because nerve endings
have been destroyed.

2. Arc Flash
Welding flash causes arc rays to come into contact with
unprotected eyes. If the flash is frequent enough or severe enough, the
eyeballs become covered with many small water blisters. The eyelids
moving against the eyeballs cause irritation and pain. The eyes are
also hurt by bright light and will water profusely. In extreme cases,
blindness will occur for two or three days.

3. Wounds
Break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or
external.

Two Classifications of Wounds

a. Closed Wound
Causes:
 Blunt object result in contusion or bruises
 Application of external forces

b. Open Wound
Classification of Open Wound
 Puncture – penetrating pointed instruments such
as nails, ice picks, daggers, etc.

47
 Abrasion – scrapping or rubbing against rough
surfaces

 Laceration – blunt instruments such as shrapnel,

rocks, broken glasses, etc.

 Avulsion – explosion, animal bites, mishandling of

tools, etc.

 Incision – sharp bladed instruments such as

blades, razors, etc.

Self – Check No. 4.1

48
 Learning Outcome # 4 : Perform First Aid

Types of Injuries

Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. What type of injury when a welder carelessly wears his shielding mask?
a. burns
b. wounds
c. laceration
d. arc flash

2. Lack of ventilation in a working area will result to

a. burns
b. wounds
c. suffocation
d. arc flash

3. Incision is a classification of open wound that characterized

a. clean cut and deep severe bleeding
b. tissue forcefully separated from the body
c. deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding
d. torn with irregular edges, serious or slight bleeding

4. What causes reddish skin after welding?

a. exposure to thermal
b. exposure to chemical
c. exposure to electrical
d. exposure to thermal and electrical

5. Third-degree burn victims suffered from

a. broken skin
b. painful, tender and reddish skin
c. little pain with skin appear white or charred
d. severely damaged skin with the formation of blisters

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

49
 INFORMATION SHEET # 4.2

Learning Outcome # 4 : Perform First Aid

First Aid Treatment Procedures

Introduction

First aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured
or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance
is not available or delayed.

Learning Objectives of First Aid

1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger
3. To prolong life

Hindrances in Giving First Aid

1. Unfavorable surroundings
2. The presence of crowds
3. Pressure from victim or relatives

First Aid Equipment and Supplies

1. Basic Equipment
 Spine board
 Short board
 Sets of splints
 Poles
 Blankets

2. Suggested Basic First Aid Kit Contents

 Rubbing alcohol
 iodine
 Cotton
 Gauge pads
 Tongue depressor
 Penlight
 Band aid
 Gloves
 Scissors
 Forceps
 Bandages (Triangular)
 Elastic roller bandages
 Occlusive dressings
 Plaster

3. Clothe Material Commonly Used in First Aid

 Dressing – any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound
 Bandages – any clean cloth material sterile or not use to hold the
dressing in place.

50
Guidelines in Giving First Aid Treatment

Getting Started

1. Planning of action
2. Gathering needed materials
3. Remember the initial response as follows:
A – ask for help
I – intervene
D – do no further harm
4. Instruction to helpers

Emergency Action Principle

1. Survey and Scene
 Is the scene safe?
 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
 Get consent to give care?
 Checking for responsiveness

2. Activate EMS
 Depending on the situation:
- Phone first or phone fast.
- A bystander should make the telephone call for help (If
available).
- A bystander will be requested to call for a physician.
- Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.
 Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
- What happened?
- Location?
- Number of persons injured?
- Extent of injury and first aid given?
- The telephone number from where you are calling?
- Person who activated medical assistance must identify
him/herself and drop the phone last.

3. Primary Survey
 Check for airway
Ways in opening the airway
1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver
2. Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

 Check for breathing

 Check for circulation

4. Secondary Survey
 Interview the victim.
- Ask the victim’s name.
- Ask what happened.
- Assess the sample history
 Check the vital signs
- Determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)

51
 Adult 60 – 90/min
Child 80 – 100/min
Infant 100 –
120/min

- Determine breathing (respiration rate)

Adult 12 – 20/min
Child 18 – 25/min
Infant 25 – 35/min

 Do Head-to-toe examination looking for DCAP-BTLS (Deformity,

Contusion, Abrasion, Puncture, Burn, Tenderness, Laceration,
Swelling)

Golden Rules in Giving Emergency Care

1. What to Do:
 Do obtain consent when possible.
 Do think the worst. It’s best to administer first aid for the gravest
possibility.
 Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.
 Do provide comfort and emotional support.
 Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy.
 Do be as calm and as direct as possible.
 Do care for the most serious injuries first.
 Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication.
 Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
 Do handle the victim to a minimum.
 Do loosen tight clothing.

2. What Not to Do:

 Do not let the victim see his/her injury.
 Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
 Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only
ones.
 Do not make any unrealistic promises.
 Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim and require them
to make decision.

Self Check # 4.2

Learning Outcome #4 : Perform First Aid

52
 First Aid Treatment Procedures

Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. An immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly

taken ill.
a. care
b. nurse
c. first aid
d. care and nurse

2. The following are hindrances in giving first aid except

a. Unfavorable surroundings
b. Absence of ambulance
c. The presence of crowds
d. Pressure from victims or relatives

3. In giving first aid, the first aider must have to conduct primary survey
that is
a. interview the victim
b. do head-to-toe examination
c. check the ABC of the victim
d. check the vital signs of the victim

4. These are important rules in giving emergency care to a victim except,

a. provide comfort and emotional support.
b. trust the judgment of a confused victim
c. remember to identify yourself to the victim
d. administer first aid for the gravest possibility

5. What are the things to be avoided in giving emergency care?

a. obtain consent when possible
b. be as calm and as direct as possible
c. care for the most serious injuries firsts
d. assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,,Capt Willijado P. Abuid.
INFORMATION SHEET # 4.3

Learning Outcome # 4 : Perform First Aid

53
 Proper Handling of Injured Victim

Introduction

Extrication is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place

of safety.

Indications for Emergency Rescue

1. Danger of fire or explosion.
2. Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen.
3. Serious traffic hazards.
4. Risk of drowning.
5. Danger of electrocution.
6. Danger of collapsing walls.

Methods of Rescue
1. For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the
victim.
2. Most of the one-man drags/carries and other transfer methods
can be used as methods of rescue.

Transfer. is moving a patient from one place to another after giving

first aid.

Factors to be considered in the selection of choosing the

transfer method:
1. Nature and severity of the injury.
2. Size of the victim.
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
4. Number of personnel and equipment available.
5. Nature of evacuation route.
6. Distance to be covered.
7. Gender of the victims (last consideration).

Pointers to be observed during transfer.

1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the proper position.
4. Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.
5. Supporting bandages and dressings remain effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as speedy as
circumstances permit.
7. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
8. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the victim.
9. First Aider’s/bearer must observe ergonomics in lifting and
moving of patient.

Methods of Transfer

1. One-man assist/carries/drags
 Assist to walk
 Carry in arms (cradle)
54
 Pack strap carry

 Piggy back carry

 Fireman’s carry

 Fireman’s drag

 Blanket drag

 Armpit/shoulder drag
 Cloth drag

55
  Feet drag
 Inclined drag (head first – passing a stairway)

2. Two-man assist/carries
 Assist to walk
 Four-hand seat

 Hands as a litter
 Carry by extremities
 Fireman’s carry with assistance
3. Three-man assist/carries
 Bearers alongside (for narrow alleys)
 Hammock carry
4. Four/six/eight-man carry
5. Blanket (demonstrate the insertion, testing and lifting of blanket)
6. Improvised stretcher using two poles with:
 Blanket
 Empty sacks
 Shirts of coats
 Triangular bandages

7. Commercial stretcher
8. Ambulance or rescue van
9. Other vehicles

Initial Triage and Tagging

is sorting patients into categories of priority for care and

transport based on the severity of injuries and medical emergencies.

Tagging of Patients
1. Priority one (red tag)
2. Priority two (yellow tag)
3. Priority three (green tag)
4. Priority four (black tag)
Self – Check # 4.3

Learning Outcome # 4 : Perform First Aid

Proper Handling of Injured Victim

Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
1. A rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place of safety.
a. transfer
56
 b. carry
c. extrication
d. triage and tagging

2. These are indications of emergency rescue except

a. presence of fire
b. danger of explosion
c. danger of electrocution
d. presence of toxic gases

3. Method of moving a patient from one place to another after giving first
aid.
a. transfer
b. carry
c. extrication
d. triage and tagging

4. This is the last factor to be considered in the selection of choosing the

method of transfer for the victim.
a. size of the victim
b. gender of the victim
c. distance to be covered
d. nature of evacuation route

5. When transferring the victim from one place to another, this is the first to
be observed always.
a. hemorrhage is controlled
b. safely maintained in the proper position
c. regularly check the condition of the victim
d. victim’s airway must be maintained open

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid.

Program /Course: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) NC1

Unit of Competency: Apply Safety Practices

Module Title : Applying Safety Practices

Learning Outcome 5: Use of Extinguisher

Introduction
57
 This lesson covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required in
using fire extinguisher in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Firefighting equipment are identified according to types/source of fires.

2. Use of firefighting equipment demonstrated in accordance with

manufacturer’s instructions.

3. Use of firefighting equipment and accessories are recorded/reported for

replacement/refill in accordance with enterprises approved safety.

Definition of Terms

Fire- is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material

and oxygen.

Fuel - is any substance, which will combine in the presence of heat-that is,
a fuel is “something that will burn”.

Flammable materials- are things or material that have flashpoint below

1000F or 380C.

Combustible materials- are things or materials have a flashpoint at or a

higher than 1000F.

Flashpoint -is the lowest temperature at which a substance produce

flammable vapor.

Fire Extinguisher- A portable device that discharges a jet of water, foam, gas,
or other material to extinguish a fire.

Permanent or Built-in Extinguishers.- these are standpipe and hose,

automatic sprinkler systems.

Water-filled Extinguisher. This is the most suitable type for use

against Class A fires..

Soda Acid Type. One of the early types of water fire extinguisher. The
pressure required to provide the jet is obtained from the action of acid
freed into a bicarbonate solution.

Foam extinguishers-are most suitable for use on flammable liquid fires

such as petrol, oil, grease and fats where the risk of re-ignition is high and
where the liquid is contained.

Class A Fire- fires involving solid materials like wood, paper, leaves, cloth
and others.

58
Class B Fire -sources of this type of fire are gasoline, paints, solvents, oils
and others.

Class C Fire- electrical fires such as motors, fuse boxes, and welding
machines are classified under this type of fire.

Class D Fires- fires came from combustible metals.

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 5.1

Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Chemistry and Behavior of Fire

Introduction

59
 Fire is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible
material and oxygen. It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation with the
evolution of light and heat”. To produce fire, three thighs must be present at
the same time: fuel, heat and oxygen.

Triangle of Fire

If the three elements are present at the same time, a fire will surely
start. Consequently, if one of the three is missing a fire will not start and if
anyone of the three is removed once as fire has started, the fire will be
extinguished.

Fuel

A fuel is any substance, which will combine in the presence of heat-

that is, a fuel is “something that will burn”. Most ordinary fuels are
compounds of carbon and hydrogen in varying amounts; yet even metals
which are not normally considered fuels, can be burned in some forms in an
atmosphere of pure oxygen. It must be apparent that substances, which have
already been combined with oxygen to a normal or maximum extent, cannot
serve as fuels.

Flammable and Combustible Material: Flammable materials have

flashpoint below 1000F or 380C while combustible materials have a flashpoint
at or a higher than 1000F. Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which a
substance produce flammable vapor.

Some Common Flashpoints:

a. Flammable Substances Flashpoint

0 0
F C
Gasoline - 45.0 - 42.8
Ether - 49.0 - 45.0
Acetone 0.0 - 17.8
Alcohol 55.0 12.8

b. Combustible Substances Flashpoint

0 0
F C
Fuel Oil 100.0 37.8
Kerosene 100.0 37.8
Quenching Oil 365.0 185.0
Mineral Oil 380.0 193.3

Some chemicals with a high flashpoint may be heated to its flashpoint

by other substances with lower flashpoints burning in close proximity to the
first substance. It is therefore essential that careful consideration should be
given to the safe storage of hazardous chemicals.

Oxygen

Oxygen is the second element of fire. And fire normally draws its
oxygen from the air, which is a mixture composed roughly of 21% oxygen
and 78% nitrogen. When the oxygen content of air drops below 16%, the fire
will normally go out for lack of oxygen. The nitrogen in the air serves only to
dilute the oxygen and does not ordinarily enter into the reaction. In an
60
 atmosphere or pure oxygen, many substances not normally considered
combustible would burn rapidly. Atmosphere of pure oxygen or even oxygen-
enriched air will produce fires of great intensity.

Heat

Most substances will burn only after the solid or liquid fuel (or parts
thereof) has been vaporized or decomposed by heat to produce a gas. The
temperature at which the substance gives off these vapors or gases in,
sufficient quantity to be ignited is called the “flashpoint” of the substance.
The substance itself will continue to burn when the source of ignition is
removed until it has reached the “ignition temperature”, which is the
minimum temperature required to be initiated or cause self-sustained
combustion. It should be noted that the ignition temperature is not reached
unless the fire is not self-sustaining. This applies to solids, liquids, and gases.
Since fire is an exothermic reaction - that is, one, which gives off heat, the
heat is carried away faster than the fire produces it. In order to have a fire,
there must be enough heat to raise the temperature of the fuel to its ignition
temperature.

Sources of Heat

1. Electricity – The leading cause of industrial fires. Most start in

wiring and motors. Most prevented by proper maintenance.
Special attention needed for equipment at hazardous processes
and in storage areas.
2. Smoking – A potential cause o fire almost everywhere. A matter
of control and education. Smoking strictly prohibited in
dangerous areas, such as those involving flammable liquids,
combustible dusts or fibers and combustible storage. Permitted
in clearly designated safe areas.
3. Friction – Hot bearing, misaligned or broken machine parts,
choking or hamming of material and poor adjustment of power
drives and conveyors. Prevented by regular schedule of
inspection, maintenance, and lubrication.
4. Cutting and Welding – Sparks, arcs, and hot metal from cutting
and welding operators. Prevented by the use of the hot work
permit system and other recognized precautions.
5. Spontaneous Ignition – In oily waste and rubbish, deposits in
dryers, ducts and flues, materials susceptible to heating and
industrial wastes. Prevented by good housekeeping and proper
process operation. Remove waste daily. Frequently clean ducts,
flues and isolated storages subject to spontaneous heating.
6. Static Electricity – Ignition of flammable vapors, dusts, and fibers
by discharge of accumulation of static electricity on equipment,
materials or the human body. Prevented by grounding, bonding,
ionization and humidification.
7. Chemical Action – Chemical processes getting out of control,
chemical reacting with over materials, and decomposition of
unstable chemicals. Prevented by proper operation,
instrumentation, and controls, and by careful handling and
storage, particularly avoiding conditions of heat and shock.

61
 Self Check # 5.1

Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Chemistry and Behavior of Fire

I. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. A certain point at which a substance will produce fire.

62
 a. Flashpoint
b. Degree Celcius
c. Degree Fahrenheit
d. Both Celcius and Fahrenheit

2. A fire is considered hazardous element when it serves as

a. fuel for foods
b. factors to build
c. ignition to burning pit
d. factors to damage to property

3. When does a substance turned into fire?

a. substance mixed with heat
b. substance mixed with oxygen
c. substance meet its flashpoint
d. substance mixed with oxygen and heat

4. What is the second element of fire?

a. Fuel
b. Heat
c. Oxygen
d. Substance
5. Which of the following substances can easily produce fire?
a. Acetone
b. Gasoline
c. Fuel Oil
d. Quenching Oil

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 5.2

Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Types of Fire Fighting Equipment

Introduction

Several factors have to be considered in firefighting. Primarily is the

water supply. Water supply should be adequate enough and be capable of
supplying all fire fighting systems for eight hours. Supply system including
63
tanks ore reservoirs and pumps shall be located and protected that a fire in
the workplace will not impair their operation or use. Moreover, hydrants must
be of the same types and sizes as those used by the local public fire
department and located and protected that they will not be exposed to
mechanical damage from vehicles. Similarly, hose couplings, outside
hydrants or standing nipples shall be of the same type and size as those used
by the local public fire department. Hose shall be thoroughly drained and
dried after each use and tested at frequent intervals or at least every four (4)
months.

Types of Fire Fighting Equipment

1. Fire Extinguishers
1.1 Permanent or Built-in Extinguishers. These are standpipe
and hose, automatic sprinkler systems, an automatic
extinguishing system are used extensively to lessen the
danger from fire.
1.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher. First aid fire extinguisher that
contain limited supply of an extinguishing medium. These
appliances are designed for use on fires of specific
classes. Each type of fire extinguisher is of value, but no
one type is of equal value or effectiveness on all kinds of
fires.

2. Fire Hoses.
These provide the best method of first aid fire fighting for
Class A fires. They consist of 25-40 meters of reinforced rubber
tubing connected to a pressurized water supply with a shut-off
nozzle attached to the end of the hose.

64
 Fire is constant danger to the welder. The possibilities of fires cannot
always be removed, but they should be minimized. Highly combustible
materials should be 35 ft (10.7 m) or more away from any welding.

Fire extinguishers are capable of extinguishing fires within its capacity.

This is called first aid fire extinguisher. Different types of fire extinguishers
were manufactured for a specific purpose.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water-filled Extinguisher. This is the most suitable type for use

against Class A fires.

Two Methods of Operation:

a. Stored Pressure Type
Water is expelled by stored pressure which is supplied form
an air pump or cylinder. A pressure gauge in the operating
head enables the working pressure of the unit to be
checked.

b. Gas Cartridge Type

Water is expelled by carbon dioxide gas supplied by a
replaceable cartridge fitted within the appliance
With both methods of operation the discharge can be
interrupted are required, conserving the contents and
preventing unnecessary water damage once the fire has been
completely extinguished.

Note: all water-filled extinguishers must be protected

against frost damage.

65
2. Soda Acid Type. One of the early types of water fire extinguisher.
The pressure required to provide the jet is obtained from the action
of acid freed into a bicarbonate solution.

This type of fire extinguisher is not currently manufactured in

any quantity but can still be found in some premises.

3. Carbon Dioxide. Fire extinguishers filled with carbon dioxide are

easily distinguished by the distinctively shaped discharge hose.
CO2 extinguishers may be operated by means of a plunger. Lever,
trigger or by opening a valve.

Always check the operating instructions on the container

before use.

CO2 extinguishers are suitable for use on Class B fires. Thei

chief application is where contamination by deposits must be
avoided. They have only limited effectiveness against small surface
fires of the Class A type and are not generally effective in the open
air. Never attempt to use a CO 2 extinguisher which does not have a
discharge hose fitted

66
4. Halon Extinguishers. These extinguishers may be filled with
Chlorobromethane (CBM), Bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF) or
Bromotrifluoromethane (BTM). They may be either gas cartridge or
stored pressure type. Halon extinguishers are used mainly because
of their effectiveness in rapidly extinguishing small fires involving
burning liquids (Class B fires). As the chemicals are electrically
non-conductive these extinguishers are particularly suitable and
safe to use on electrical equipments (Class C fires).

5. Dry Powder Extinguishers. Extinguishers filled with dry powder

may be of the gas cartridge or stored pressure type. They are
similar in appearance to their water-filled counterparts and have
the same method of operation. The main distinguishing feature is
the fan shaped nozzle.

These extinguishers are suitable for use on Class B fires

where contamination of the equipment is acceptable.
67
 A multi-purpose dry powder can be effective on Class A fires
provided it has a Class A rating.
Powders have been developed which are capable of
controlling and/or extinguishing Class D fires.

6. Foam Extinguishers. Foam containers may be stored pressure or

gas cartridge. Always check the operating instructions on the
extinguisher before use.
Foam extinguishers are most suitable for use on flammable liquid
fires such as petrol, oil, grease and fats where the risk of re-ignition
is high and where the liquid is contained. They are not suitable for
use on running liquid fires and must not be used on fires where
electrical equipment is involved.
Foam extinguishers are suitable for Class B fires but only
limited effectiveness against small surface fires of Class A.
When using a foam extinguisher the foam jet must never be
aimed directly at the surface of the burning liquid.
If the burning liquid is contained in a tank, the jet should be
directed or to the side of the tan so that the foam flows down and
spreads over the surface of the liquid.

Self Check # 5.2

68
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

I. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
1. This type of fire extinguisher is most suitable for use against Class A fire.
a. Halon Fire Extinguisher
b. Water-filled Fire Extinguisher
c. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
d. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher

2. As the chemicals are electrically non-conductive these extinguishers are

particularly suitable and safe to use on electrical equipment
a. Halon Fire Extinguisher
b. Water-filled Fire Extinguisher
c. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
d. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
3. Which of the following fire extinguishers best for extinguishing Class A
fires?
a. Halon Fire Extinguisher
b. Water-filled Fire Extinguisher
c. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
d. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
4. The soda acid type fire extinguisher is most suitable for use against
a. Class A fire
b. Class B fire
c. Class C fire
d. Class D fire
5. Multi-purpose dry powder fire extinguisher have been developed to
extinguish fires like
a. Class A and B fire
b. Class B and C fire
c. Class A, B and C fire
d. Class A, Band D fire

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid

INFORMATION SHEET # 5.3

69
 Learning Outcome #5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Sources of Fire

Introduction

Fires comprises of three elements; heat, fuel and oxygen. When these
elements are present at the same time, a fire will surely start. Consequently,
if one of the elements is missing, a fire will not start and if any of the three is
removed once a fire has started, the fire will be extinguished

Fire is categorized in two; friendly and enemy. Friendly if it serves to

facilitate activities easy and fast like cooking a food. Enemy if it destroys the
things and even lives.

The following are the sources of fires:

1. Class A Fire. Fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic

nature in which combustion normally take place with the formation of
glowing members like wood, paper, leaves, cloth and others.
Cooling the burning materials with water is the most effective
way of extinguishing this type of fire.

2. Class B Fire. Fire involving liquids or liquefiable solids. The most

effective way of fighting this type of fire is to blanket or smother it,
thus excluding oxygen. Sources of this type of fire are gasoline, paints,
solvents, oils and others.
Water must never be used to extinguish this type of fire.

3. Class C Fire. Electrical fires such as motors, fuse boxes, and welding
machines are classified under this type of fire.

4. Class D Fires. Fires involving metal powders have now been

developed which are capable of controlling and/or extinguishing this
type of fire. The standard range of fire extinguishing agents is
inadequate or dangerous when dealing with metal fires.

Note: Class C and D type of fires should not be tackled by untrained

personnel.

Self Check No. 5.3

70
 Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Sources of Fires

I. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Woods, cloth and leaves serves are fuels of this type of fire.
a. Class A fire
b. Class B fire
c. Class C fire
d. Class D fire

2. Class B fire composed of the following fuels.

a. wood, gasoline and cloth
b. gasoline, paints and cloth
c. paints, thinners, and gasoline
d. open wires, paints and fuse boxes

3. Fire coming from the ore is classified as

a. Class A fire
b. Class B fire
c. Class C fire
d. Class D fire

4. What classification of fire if the sources involve electricity?

a. Class A fire
b. Class B fire
c. Class C fire
d. Class D fire

5. Combustible Metal may be refer to,

a. Class A fire
b. Class B fire
c. Class C fire
d. Class D fire

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid

INFORMATION SHEET # 5.4

71
 Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Proper Use of Fire Extinguisher

Introduction

A fire extinguisher works by breaking the fire triangle of heat, fuel,

and oxygen. Most extinguishers both cool the fire and remove the oxygen.
They use a variety of materials to extinguish the fire. The majority of fire
extinguishers found in welding shops use foam, carbon dioxide, a soda-acid
gas cartridge, pump tank, or dry chemicals

When using foam extinguisher: Don’t spray the stream directly

into the burning liquid. Allow the foam to fall lightly on the fire.

When using a carbon dioxide extinguisher: Direct the discharge

as close to the fire as possible, first at the edge of the flames and gradually
to the center.
When using a soda-acid gas cartridge extinguisher: Place your
foot on the footrest and direct the stream at the base of the flames.

When using a dry chemical extinguisher: Direct the extinguisher

at the base of the flames. In the case of Class A fires, follow up by directing
the dry chemicals at the remaining materials still burning. Therefore, the
extinguisher must be directed at the base of the fire where the fuel is
located.

Steps in Extinguishing Fire using Portable Fire Extinguisher

1. Approach the fire no closer than 1.8 m from the fire.

2. Grasp the fire extinguisher firmly and pull out the lock pin.

3. Aim nozzle at the base of the fire and squeeze the handles.

4. Use side-to-side motion to blanket the fire.

In another way of proper operation of fire extinguisher is applying the

word “PASS”.

P – ull the pin of the fire extinguisher

A – im the nozzle at the bottom of fire
S – queeze the handle of the fire extinguisher
S – weep or side-to-side motion.

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Actions to be taken if a fire starts

1. Stop the fire immediately on discovery with the first air firefighting
equipment available.
2. Warn everyone in the area.
3. Contact your supervisor so that a warning is issued and fire
equipment is rushed to the area.

Stop fighting the fire and leave the area if,

1. the fire is beyond control

2. escape route is threatened by fire
3. smoke obscures or threatens to obscure the escape route.

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 Self Check # 5.4

Learning Outcome # 5 : Use of Fire Extinguishers

Proper Use of Fire Extinguisher

I. Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. What is the approximate distance of the fire fighter away from the fire
using fire extinguisher?
a. 1.2 meter
b. 1.5 meter
c. 1.8 meter
d. 2.0 meter

2. This type of fire extinguisher is not allowed to spray directly into the
burning liquid?
a. foam extinguisher
b. soda-acid fire extinguisher
c. dry chemical fire extinguisher
d. carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

3. To extinguish a fire, it is best practice to aiming the nozzle of fire

extinguishers at the
a. material burning
b. near the flame
c. base of the flames
d. edge of the flames

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid

II. Performance Test 5.4

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 Direction: Operate fire extinguisher.

1. Apply the basic steps in extinguishing fires using portable fire

extinguisher.

REMARKS
CRITERIA
Extinguishing A Fire YES NO
1. Extinguished fires following the basic procedures.
2. What are the actions to be taken when fire is
beyond control?

Feedback to the candidate:

Overall remarks of the candidate:

Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

References

 Welding Technology, Second Edition by Gower A. Kennedy

 Welding Inspection Technology, Education Department, American

welding Society

 Welding Principles and Application by Larry Jeffus and Harold V. Johnson

 Basic Safety Course Handbook (SOLAS),Philippine Seafarers Training

Center, Inc.,Capt Willijado P. Abuid

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