4.

INTERACTIVE – it involves
ORAL COMMUNICATION feedback from the receiver to the
sender, making it a two-way
NOTES | REVIEWER process.

LESSON 1: NATURE OF 5. COMPLEX – it involves multiples

COMMUNICATION elements such as verbal, non-
verbal, and written.
Etymology of Communication

English Term – Communication LESSON 2: PROCESS OF

COMMUNICATION
Latin Term – Communicare & Communis
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Latin Noun – Communicatio
1. SENDER – this represents the
source, the speaker, or the
COMMUNICATION person who initiates, encodes,
- It is the process of sending and and transmits the message.
receiving messages through
verbal or nonverbal means. 2. ENCODING – the process of
(McCornack, 2014). converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms that
- It involves the exchange and the the speaker understands.
development of ideas to achieve
a particular goal or purpose.
3. MESSAGE – this refers to the
- The four macro skills enable ideas, feelings, perceptions,
individuals to engage in a values, beliefs, or opinions
meaningful exchange of conveyed by the speaker to the
information, ideas across various receiver.
contexts. (Tizon, 2019).
- Communication is an action: It 4. MEDIUM/CHANNEL – this serves
may take place between two as the vehicle or medium used in
people, among three or more transmitting messages or ideas.
individuals, or even hundreds and It may be oral, written, or even
thousands of participants. non-verbal. This may include face-
to-face conversations, telephone,
email, social media, etc.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

1. DYNAMIC – it is constantly 5. NOISE – this pertains to

changing and evolving. It is something that can distort the
influenced by the participants and sending and receiving of
the context in which it occurs. messages. It can be physical,
psychological, and
2. CONTINUOUS – it is an ongoing
misunderstanding due to
process without a distinct
language.
beginning or end.
3. IRREVERSIBLE – once a message
is sent, it cannot be taken back.
 TYPES OF NOISE A. LASSWELL’S MODEL – the
communicator is the active
❖ PHYSICAL NOISE – it refers to
participant while the recipient
anything in the environment
processes the information but does
that makes it difficult to hear or
not reciprocate the message.
listen.
❖ SEMANTIC NOISE – it refers to the
B. SHANNON & WEAVER’S MODEL –
ability of the receiver to
the mother of all models, it
understand the meaning of the
resembles the transmission of a
words.
telephone conversation, and it
❖ PHYCHOSOCIAL BARRIER – it is
considers the impact of noise on
related to the receiver’s
effective communication.
background, perception, values,
biases, needs, and expectations.
❖ PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER – it C. BERLO’S MODEL – SMCR, it
refers to difficulty caused by the considers the emotional aspect of the
sender or the receiver’s physical message.
condition, state, or disability.
D. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL – more
6. RECEIVER – the individual or focused on public speaking than
individuals to whom the message interpersonal communication.
is directed.
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL
7. DECODING – the process by which - Two-Way Process
the receiver interprets and - This model adds the concept of
makes sense of the message. feedback, making communication
a two-way process.
8. FEEDBACK/RESPONSE – the key - This model explains
component in the communication communication as a dynamic
process, it allows the sender to exchange.
evaluate and respond to the - Ex: OSGOOD & SCHARMM
message. This can be immediate or MODEL – the communicator and
delayed and can take various the recipient take turns.
forms such as verbal reply, a
written response, or non-verbal
reaction. 3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
- This model emphasizes that
LESSON 3: MODELS OF communication is a simultaneous
COMMUNICATION process where all parties involved
are both senders and receivers.
Communication models are theoretical
frameworks used to understand and
A. BARLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL
describe the process of communication.
MODEL – it recognized that both
parties continuously send and
1. LINEAR MODEL receive messages and feedback,
- A straightforward framework that considering the context and noise.
represents communication as a
one-way process.
 B. EUGENE WHITE MODEL – states dialect may be a barrier to effective
that communication is circular communication.
and continuous, without a
beginning or end. 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
- These might include personal
C. HELICAL MODEL – represents biases, emotional states, or
communication as a helical mental health issues.
(spiral) process, emphasizing that
it evolves over time, starts simple 6. SEMANTIC BARRIERS
and grows more complex as an - It involves issues with the
individual gets older and his meaning of words or phrases
experience and vocabulary used in communication.
increases. - Examples are Use of Idioms and
Incorrect Punctuation Marks.
LESSON 4: COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION BARRIER
Communication Breakdown occurs when
1. SENDER-ORIENTED BARRIERS
there is a failure in the exchange of
- these are barriers that may be
information between individuals or
blamed to the sender of the
groups.
message.
FORMS OF BARRIERS
A. POOR STRUCTURE OF MESSAGE
1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
– this happens when the sender
- These barriers are environmental
fails to organize properly the
challenges people face during
ideas in his or her message, the
communication due to their
receiver then becomes confused as
surroundings.
to the sender’s true content or
intent.
2. EMOTIONAL BARRIERS
- This barrier can stem from a
B. NOISE – this refers to the sounds
person’s existing feelings toward
that impede the transmission of
a subject, or persons involved in
ideas but in may also refer to
the communication process.
facial expressions or bodily
gestures that distract the receiver
3. CULTURAL BARRIERS
from understanding the message.
- These barriers derive from
differences in a variety of
C. FAULTY CHOICE OF WORDS –
categories, such as religion,
this occurs when the sender uses
beliefs, custom, traditions, and the
terms that are suggestive or
manner of dressing.
ambiguous in meaning, this blurs
the true content of the sender’s
4. LANGUAGE BARRIERS
message.
- These are barriers that occur
because of language differences.
Even within the same language,
differences in spelling, accent, and
 2. RECEIVER-ORIENTED FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS
This refers to how human use language
- These are barriers that may be
for different purposes.
blamed to the receiver of the
message. 1. REGULATION/CONTROL – can be
used to control the behavior of
A. POOR RETENTION OF MESSAGE human beings. It can be used to
– this happens when the receiver regulate the nature and amount of
fails to remember points from the activities humans engage in.
sender’s message.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – can be
B. INATTENTIVE LISTENING – this used to produced social
happens when the receiver pays interaction, in their daily course
little or no attention to the of living, human being develops
sender’s message. and maintain bonds, intimacy,
relations and associations.
C. TENDENCY TO EVALUATE – the
receiver judges the validity of the 3. MOTIVATION – as a function of
sender’s message even before the communication refers to a person
sender finishes communicating. using a language to express
desires, needs, wants, likes, and
dislikes, choices, and aspirations.
SENSITIVITY TO SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIMENSION OF COMMUNICATION
4. INFORMATION – can be used for
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY is of giving and getting information, it
paramount importance in language usually comes in the form of
services. statements of facts (declaratives).

CULTURE refers to the customs, art, 5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION –

social institutions, and achievements of a human always need to express
particular nation, society, or group. their emotions verbally and
nonverbally, emotions are a
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY entails an central part of who we are and
understanding and appreciation of beyond thinking about the things
different cultures. and people in our world, we feel
about them and about ourselves.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
requires both the knowledge 6. THE SPECIAL CASE OF
(understanding different cultures and EXPRESSING OPINIONS – the
customs) and the skills (performance). function to which expressing an
opinion belongs depends on the
LESSON 5: FUNCTIONS OF purpose and setting in which it
COMMUNICATION is done. Expressing an opinion
has broad functions covering every
Communication as a human activity
category of communication
that always serves functions.
functions.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION – it is the technical term for the form of
communication using words. language used is register.

VERBAL CUES NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION –

involves expressing oneself without the
1. PAUSE – a speaker pauses
use of words, it is more prone to
between utterances in order to
misinterpretation than verbal
allow listeners to process what
communication.
the speaker has spoken.

2. LOUDNESS OR SOFTNESS – NON-VERBAL CUES

depending on the speaker’s style,
1. GESTURES – plays an important
emphasis can be achieved by
role in communication, they can
either speaking loudly or softly. In
help express a speaker’s point
addition, other emotions can be
better.
expressed using the loudness or
softness of the voice.
2. EYE CONTACT – when a speaker
maintains eye contact with the
3. RHYTHM – the way a speaker
listeners, it gives the impression of
talks can be a powerful tool to
being serious about what is being
engage listeners. Rhythm refers to
discussed.
the speed and flow of a speaker’s
utterances.
3. POSTURE – good posture is
beneficial not only for health
4. REPITITION AND REPHRASING –
reasons but also for relating to
unlike in reading, a listener cannot
others when speaking.
go back to what a speaker has
spoken if the speaker did not
4. FACIAL EXPRESSION – a
understand that particular
speaker’s facial expression must
utterance. As part of the speaker’s
match the topic of discussion.
effort to help the listener
understand, the speaker will do
5. PROXEMICS – speaker must make
well to repeat his or her
use of the space around them
utterances specially if the
properly, the use of space in the
content of the utterance is
communication is referred to
difficult to understand.
proxemics.

5. TONE – it is essential in
LESSON 6: TYPES OF SPEECH
communicating effectively, the tone
CONTEXT
of the voice often shows the
attitude of the speaker toward SPEECH CONTEXT – it is what people
the topic or the listener. consider in communicating and
transmitting messages orally or verbally.
6. APPROPRIATE FORM OF
CONTEXT – it tells you, the receiver,
LANGUAGE – a speaker must use
what importance to place on
the appropriate form of language to
something, therefore it is critical.
be used in a given setting, the
 TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT driven by informational or
persuasive purposes.
1. INTRAPERSONAL
- In public communication, unlike in
- This refers to communication that
interpersonal and small group, the
centers in one person where the
channels are more exaggerated.
speaker acts both as the sender
The voice is louder, and the
and the receiver of the message.
gestures are more expansive
- The message is made up of your
because the audience is bigger.
own thoughts and feelings. The
- The speaker might use additional
channel is your brain, which
visual channels such as slides or
processes what you are thinking
a PowerPoint Presentation.
and feeling. There is feedback in
the sense that you talk to yourself
and discard certain ideas and 4. MASS COMMUNICATION
replace them with others. - This refers to communication that
takes place through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines,
2. INTERPERSONAL
books, billboard, internet, and
- This refers to communication
other types of media.
between and among people and
establishes personal relationship
LESSON 7: LANGUAGE REGISTER
between and among them.
- The inter part of the word LANGUAGE REGISTER describes the
highlights how interpersonal various styles of language available for
communication connects people writing or speaking.
when you engage in interpersonal
REGISTER is defined as the level of
communication, you and another
formality in language that’s determined
person become linked together, the
by the context in which it is spoken or
personal part means that your
written.
unique qualities as a person
matter during interpersonal TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER
communication.
1. FROZEN REGISTER
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXTS - Also known as the Static Register.
A. DYAD COMMUNICATION – occurs - Fixed speech.
between two people. - Requires high level of formality.
B. SMALL GROUP – this refers to - Printed language that does not
communication that involves at change.
least three but not more than - This can be found in published
ten people engaging in a face-to- works and historical and religious
face interaction, working to achieve documents.
a desired goal.
2. FORMAL REGISTER
3. PUBLIC - Standard for work, business, and
- This refers to communication that academe.
requires you to deliver or send - Uninterrupted way one way
the message before or in front of participation of speech and
a group. The message can be
 writing often using technical
vocabulary.

3. CONSULTATIVE REGISTER
- A two-way participation of speech
standard for work, business, and
academe.
- Background technical
information is provided, and
interruptions are allowed.
- Backchannels are common.

4. CASUAL REGISTER
- Language use in conversation
with friends, peers, or group.
- Two-way participation of speech
characterized by slang, ellipsis,
and non-verbal assists.
- Interruptions are common.

5. INTIMATE REGISTER
- Language shared between
couples, spouses, parent-child,
siblings, and best friends.
- Within the private intimate
register, intonation is more
important than wording and
grammar.