VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

PARUTHIPATTU

CLASS – XII PROJECT

Reg No :

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that S.SHAZIA of class XII-E, Reg No: has

successfully completed the project work entitled “STERITIZATION OF WATER

USING BLEACHING POWDER” in the subject Computer science (083) and
submitted to Central Board of Secondary Education.

During the academic year: 2023-24

VICEPRINCIPAL

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

First and foremost my grateful thanks to almighty for his divine blessing and
grace in making this project successful and I thank my parents forgiving me all
this life and opportunity. I acknowledge my sincere thanks to The Chairman
and The Correspondent of Velammal Educational Trust for providing me this
opportunity and necessary facilities for completing this study.

My deepest appreciation goes to Mr. DASARATHARAJAN, Principal,

VelammalVidyalaya, Paruthipattu, for the kind help and support.

My profound gratitude and heartfelt thanks to Mr.Prithviraj, Vice-

Principal, VelammalVidyalaya, Paruthipattu. Sir,thankyou for your expertise,
enthusiasm and for the kind help in all situations throughout the academic
year.

I am thankful to Mrs. Ramyasri, AHM for the guidance whenever we

approach her.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards my chemistry teacher

Mr.S.Suyambulingamfor his precious and valuable guidance which played a
crucial role in my investigatory project and also throughout the session with my
studies. I am very grateful to the school as well, for giving me this opportunity.

I gladly extend my sincere thanks to my class in-charge and all Faculty

members for their support. Last but not least, I would like to show my humble
gratitude to my family members and all my friends who were the backbone for
me to complete this study successfully.

STERITIZATION OF WATER
USING BLEACHING POWDER
CONTENT
 Aim of the project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Requriment
 Procedure
 Observation
 Calculation
 Result
 Bibliography
AIM
 To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder
required for sterilization or disinfection of different
samples of water.

INTRODUCTION:

NEED OF WATER

 Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for

survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out
various metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out
Hemoglobin throughout the body.
 A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking
and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about
11 gallons at a time
.
 Standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons should be
given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a camel.

 An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8

gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum
quantities

 In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be

purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
 .
 Many available resources of water do not have it in water
contains excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other
organic drinkable form. Either the impurity or it simply contains
foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for Drinking
HISTORY OF PURIFICATION OF WATER
 PURFICATION OF WATER
 There are many methods for purification of water .
Some of them are
 Boiling
 Filtiration
 Bleaching powder treatment
 SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection

 Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water

purification technique in use today. While in normal
households
 it is an efficient technique be used for industrial and large
scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the
water to be purified is very small in quantity
 Hence and the water loss due to evaporation is almost
negligible
.
 But in Industrial or large scale purification of water the
water loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the
amount of purified water obtained will be very less

 Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles

from water. One major drawback of this purification
process is that it cannot be used for removing foreign
chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water.

 SODIS( or ) Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by

the United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink
bottles, sunlight, and a black surface at least in hot nations
with regularly intense sunlight. Water-filled transparent
bottles placed in a horizontal position a top a flat surface in
strong sunlight for around five hours will kill microbes in
the water.

 The process is made even more safe and effective if the

bottom half of the bottle or the surface it's lying on is
blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or
metal. It's the combination of heat and ultraviolet light
which kills the organisms
 The major drawback of this purification technique is that it
cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the
time consumed for Purification process is more and it also
needs a ‘blackened’ surface, much like solar cookers.

 Therefore we need a purification technique which can be

used anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any
third party content and which is also economically feasible
on both normal scale and large scale.
 Hence we look at the method of purification of water using
the technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly
known as “Chlorination

DIFFERENT HISTORY PARTS OF THE WATER

 In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread
through water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas
where sand filters were installed. British scientist John
Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was
water pump contamination by sewage water. He applied
chlorine to purify the water, and this paved the way for
water disinfection
 Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal,
the conclusionwas finally drawn that good taste and smell
alone do not guarantee safe drinking water.
 To governments starting to install municipal water filters
(sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first
government regulation of public water
  In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to
protect public health. These turned out to be a success.
Instead of slow sand filtration rapid sand filtration was
now applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it
with powerful jet steam

 Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration

worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation
and sedimentation techniques
 Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and
typhoid became less common as water chlorination won
terrain throughout the world

 But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination

did not last long. After some time the negative effects of
this element were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much
faster than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and
cause of respiratory disease

 Water experts started looking for alternative water

disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric
chloride were mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium,
resulting in both coagulation and disinfection.
 The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of
the greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before
cities began routinely treating drinking water with
chlorine(starting with Chicago and Jersey City in US
 in1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A
killed thousands of U.S. residents annually.
BUT WHAT IS BLEACHING AND HOW IS IT
PREPARED ?

 Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical

compound withformula Ca(ClO)2. It is widely used for
water treatment and as a bleaching agent bleaching
powder)
This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has
greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorie(liquid
bleach). It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium
process on it

 This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5

drops of bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified,
and allowing it to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it
safe for drinking
.
 Letting it sit several hours more will help reduce the
chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out. A
different reference advises when using household bleach for
purification; add a single drop of bleach per quart of water
which is visibly clear, or three drops per quart of water
where the water is NOT visibly clear. Then allow the water
to sit undisturbed for half an hour it.

 CALICUM PROCESS
 2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

 SODIUM PROCESS
2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH ®Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NaCl

REQUIREDMENT
a) Apparatus
 Burette
 Titration flask
 100ml graduated cylinder
 250ml measuring flask
 Weight box
 Glazed tile
 Glass wool

b) Chemicals
 Bleaching Powder
 Glass wool
 Na2CO3

PROCEDURE :
 Take the sample of weight accurately 2.5g of the given
sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml
conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously.
  The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool
and the filtrate is diluted with
 water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume 250ml.
The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.
 Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered
conical flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper
the flask and shake it vigorously.

 Titrate this solution against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in

the burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes
light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch solution. The
solution now becomes blue in color. Continue titrating till
the blue color just disappears Repeat the titration to get a set
of three concordant readings

 Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered

conical flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution.
Then add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake
vigorously and titrate against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using
starch solution as indicator
.
 Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations
 CaOCl2+H20 = Ca(OH)2+Cl2
 Cl2+2KI = 2KCl+I2
 I2+2Na2S2O3 = Na2S4O6+2NaI

OBSERVATIONS:
 Volume of bleaching powder solution taken is 20 ml.
 Volume of KI solution added is 20 ml.
 Volume of different samples of water is 100 ml

Titration Table for distilled water

 S.NO Burette Final Volume Concordant
reading reading of 0.1 N Reading
initial Na2S2O3
1 2 10.1 8.2 8.2
2 01.1 18.4 8.3

Titration Table of Tank water

S.no Burette Final Volume Concordant
reading reading of 0.1 N reading
initial Na2S2O3
1 15.1 25.5 10.1
2 25.2 35.5 10.0 10.1

CALCULATIONS
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100 ml of
pond water
= (8.2 - 4.8) ml of 0.2 N Na2S2O3 solution
= 3.4 ml
Accordingly, Volume of bleaching powder solution
required to disinfect 1 litre of
water.
=3.4 x20 x 0.01x1000
8.2 x100
= 0.8293 g
RESULT
 Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder
required to disinfect one litre of water for

 Pond water( sample I) = 0.8293g

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://www.vlib.us/medical/scancamp/water.htm
 http://www.cbseportal.com
 http://www.jmooneyham.com/wat.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleaching_powder
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/water_treatment
 http://topper.com
 http://vedantu.com