A MINI PROJECT REPORT

on
CLI BASED CHAT TOOL
submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech)

in

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
by
NITISH RAJ (2104220130039)
PUSHPENDRA VERMA (2104220130042)
Under the supervision of

Ms.DAKSHITA JOSHI

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
NH-24, Sitapur Road, Behind Sewa Hospital, Jankipuram Extension,
LUCKNOW (226201)

December, 2023

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Nitish Raj2104220130039), Pushpendra Verma (2104220130042) has

carried out the research work presented in this report entitled “CLI BASED CHAT TOOL”
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology from Bansal Institute of
Engineering&Technology,Lucknow under supervision of Ms. Dakshita Joshi. The report
embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and the
content of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate
or to anybody else from this or any other University/institution.

DATE: Ms.Dakshita Joshi

PLACE: Lucknow Assistant Professor, IT

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 ABSTRACT

The Command Line Interface (CLI) based chat application developed in Python offers a
straightforward and efficient platform for text-based communication within a terminal
environment. This project focuses on providing users with a seamless and accessible interface
to engage in real-time conversations using familiar command-line commands.

Key Components:

User Authentication and Management: The chat application includes a user authentication
system that ensures secure access to the platform. Users can create accounts, log in, and
manage their profiles, contributing to a personalized and secure communication experience.

Real-Time Messaging: The core functionality of the application revolves around real-time
messaging, enabling users to exchange text messages instantaneously. The efficient message
handling system ensures a smooth and responsive communication experience.

Group Chat Functionality: Users have the capability to participate in group chats,
promoting collaboration and communication among multiple individuals simultaneously.
This feature enhances the versatility of the application, accommodating both one-on-one and
group communication scenarios.

Command-Driven Interaction: Leveraging the power of the command line, the application
employs a set of intuitive and user-friendly commands. Users can send messages, join or
create chat rooms, and manage their account settings seamlessly through the command-line
interface.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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If words are considered as a symbol of approval and token of appreciation, then let the word
play the heralding role expressing my gratitude. The satisfaction that accompanies that the
successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of people whose
ceaseless cooperation made it possible whose constant guidance and encouragement crown
all efforts with success.We are grateful to teacher Ms.Dakshita Joshi for the guidance,
inspiration and constructive suggestions that was helpful for us in the preparation of this
project.

Name: Nitish Raj

Roll no:2104220130039

Name: Pushpendra Verma

Roll no:2104220130042

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
Certificate i

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 Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
List of Figures vi
List of Table viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Purpose
1
1.2 Project Scope 2
1.3 Problem in Existing System
2

1.4 Proposed System 3

1.5 Benefits of Proposed System 3

1.6 Architecture of the proposed system 4

1.7 Project Analysis 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY&REPORT 6-7

2.1 Technical feasibility 6
2.2 Operational feasibility 6
2.3 Economical Feasibility 7

Chapter 3: System Design 8-12

3.1Input Design 13
3.2Output Design 13

Chapter 4: System Implementation 14-36

4.1 Processing Environment 14
4.2 Software Description 15
4.2.1What Is Python? 15
4.2.2 How does Python Work? 15

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 4.2.3 What Is Python Used For? 16
4.2.4 Features of Python 17
4.2.5 Advantages of Python 21
4.2.6 Application of Python 23
4.3 Python Modules Used 26

CHAPTER 5: CODE OPTIMIZATION 37-39

5.1 Server Side Code 37
5.2 Client Side Code 39

CHAPTER 6: TESTING 40-44

CHAPTER 7: OUTPUT SCREEN 45-50

CONCLUSION 51

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 52-53

REFERENCE 54

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.no. Title Page no.

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 1.6 Server-Client Data Flow Diagram 5
3.1 ER Diagram 10
3.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 11
3.3 Use Case Diagram 11
4.3 Multithreading in Python 33
7.1 Server Page 46
7.2 Client-1 48
7.3 Clent-2 49
7.4 Clent-3 50
7.5 Clent-4 51

List of Table

Table no. Table name Page no.

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4.3 Thread Class Method 34

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Chat Application is used basically for chatting purpose with the remote clients or users on
Internet or local networks. Here in this project a java client / server combination is used to
chat with remote users. When a client wants to chat with a user on a remote host, he sends

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a request to the Server with a dentification name like chat-id, the server responds to the
request by identifying the client-id which is already registered in the server domain and when
matched his request is granted and the client can begin to chat with the remote users present
on the internet or local network.

This project is supported completely by client/server model. A server is anything that has
some resource that can be shared. A client is simply any other entity that wants to gain access
to a particular server. The program's premier feature is its whiteboard drawing utility.

You can draw freehand, do circles, squares, lines, text, or paste image files to the canvas.
Users can interact publicly with everyone else on the server, or they can chat/draw privately
using java Chat's "whisper mode".

1.1 Purpose
The reason the queen is more powerful than a combination of a rook and bishop, even though
they control the same number of squares, is twofold. First, the queen is a more mobile unit
than the rook and bishop, as the entire power of the queen can be transferred to another
location in one move, while transferring the entire firepower of a rook and bishop requires
two moves. Second, the queen is not hampered by the bishop's inability to control squares of
the opposite color to the square on which it stands. A factor in favor of the rook and bishop is
that they can attack (or defend) a square twice, while a queen can only do so only once, but
experience has shown that this factor is usually less significant than the points favoring the
queen.
The queen is at her most powerful when the board is open, when the enemy king is not well-
defended, or when there are loose (i.e. undefended) pieces in the enemy camp. Because of her
long range and ability to move in multiple directions, the queen is well-equipped to
execute forks. Compared to other long-range pieces (i.e. rooks and bishops) the queen is less
restricted and more powerful also in closed positions.

1.2 Project Scope

Where attempts are made to reduce shape outlines which are many pixels thick to outlines

which are only one pixel thick

It follows a few simple rules

Remove spurious or unwanted edge points

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 Add in edge points where they should be reported but have not been.

The rules fall into three categories

Removing spurious or unwanted edge points

Adding new edge points

Shifting edge points to new positions

1.3 Problem in Existing System

The program is called Chat, when you are Chatting, everything you type will instantly be
transmitted around the world to other users that might be watching their terminals at the time.
Currently most of the current Chat applications are text based and few are capable of
transferring tiny images, but there lacks chat system for the technical people who can chat as
well as they can represent their ideas in the form of drawing the pictures online. Many
vendors distribute even these technologies separately but to obtain these features at one
system will be the haunting task. So what should we do and how should we solve the problem
that even the technical people are benefited by this chatting technology. Through current
chatting technologies we are able to send only text Based messages to people and tiny
images, but this type of chatting is not helping the technical people to work efficiently when
the question of sending big pictures like say business plans to the customers that is the
business clients to approve of the plan or the client project, imagine big business plans and
deals getting approved through chatting and large business projects started, how beneficial it
will be to the technical people as well the client on the other side.

1.4 Proposed System

To solve the inconveniences as mentioned above, a CHATTING ´is proposed. The proposed
systems premier feature is its whiteboard drawing utility. You can draw freehand, do circles,
squares, lines, text, or paste image files to the canvas. This is ideal when users want to
"sketch"
concepts for one another. This feature of ³INTRANET CHATTING can be a boon for the
technical people who want to share their ideas or concepts in the pictorial form. This system
includes the facilities of traditional chat servers and clients like providing a window for each
Other user, Whisper chat, multiple chat rooms etc. With the help of the µWHITEBOARD

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drawing utility now the technical people can carry out their tasks easily and can share their
big picture plans regarding their business to the clients, exchange ideas and concepts and
many more things, basically exchange as well as share the information along with the using
the drawing utility even long conversations can be made between two users which may be
important business meetings or deals to be sanctioned and all this is carried out with the
support of applets with the help of image based web menu images can be transferred.

1.5 BENIFITES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

1. To exchange information & converse with friends & family.

2.To participate in group discussions through public news bulletin board.
3. For Entertainment.
4.Leisure activities.
5. Access business while at home.
6.Communicate and collaborate through pictures and images.
7. At any given point of time, up-to-date information is provided.

1.6 ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The Architecture of the Chess Queen Game on a grid infrastructure consists of the
three main components. They are: -
* Display Chess Board
* Perform The Action On-Click
* Output Interface

1.7 PROJECT ANALYSIS

This application can be mainly divided into two modules:
1. Server

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 2. Client

SERVER:
The first and foremost problem is to find the server. We should identify the program in the
server which processes the clients request. Administrator Client who will be acting as a super
user. Creating private room with the password facility to enable private chats with the users
online. The server is always waiting for clients requests .The clients come and go down, but
the server remains the same.

CLIENT:
Should be able to send message to anybody in the room with clients unique chat name created
in the server for chatting purpose. Should be provided with the drawing tools like free hand,
rectangles, ovals, lines and also sending text messages over the room . In all the
network applications, we find two sort programs where the first i.e., server sends the
information and the second i.e., client receives the information.

Fig 1.6 Server-Client Data Flow Diagram

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY & REVIEW

INTRODUCTION
A feasibility study is a high-level capsule version of the entire System analysis and Design
Process. The study begins by classifying the problem definition. Feasibility is to determine if
it’s worth doing. Once an acceptance problem definition has been generated, the analyst
develops a logical model of the system. A search for alternatives is analyzed carefully. There
are 3 parts in feasibility study.

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3.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Evaluating the technical feasibility is the trickiest part of a feasibility study. This is because,
at this point in time, not too many detailed design of the system, making it difficult to access
issues like performance, costs on (on account of the kind of technology to be deployed) etc. A
number of issues have to be considered while doing a technical analysis. Understand the
different technologies involved in the proposed system before commencing the project we
have to be very clear about what are the technologies that are to be required for the
development of the new system. Find out whether the organization currently possesses the
required technologies. Is the required technology available with the organization?.

3.2 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Proposed project is beneficial only if it can be turned into information systems that will
meet the organizations operating requirements. Simply stated, this test of feasibility asks if
the system will work when it is developed and installed. Are there major barriers to
Implementation? Here are questions that will help test the operational feasibility of a
project:

 Is there sufficient support for the project from management from users? If the
current system is well liked and used to the extent that persons will not be able to
see reasons for change, there may be resistance.

 Are the current business methods acceptable to the user? If they are not, Users may
welcome a change that will bring about a more operational and useful systems.
 Have the user been involved in the planning and development of the project?
 Early involvement reduces the chances of resistance to the system and in general and
increases the likelihood of successful project.

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 Since the proposed system was to help reduce the hardships encountered. In the existing
manual system, the new system was considered to be operational feasible.

3.3 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Economic feasibility attempts to weigh the costs of developing and implementing a new
system, against the benefits that would accrue from having the new system in place. This
feasibility study gives the top management the economic justification for the new system. A
simple economic analysis which gives the actual comparison of costs and benefits are much
more meaningful in this case. In addition, this proves to be a useful point of reference to
compare actual costs as the project progresses. There could be various types of intangible
benefits on account of automation. These could include increased customer satisfaction,
improvement in product quality better decision-making timeliness of information, expediting
activities, improved accuracy of operations, better documentation and record keeping, faster
retrieval of information, better employee morale

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

The design is a solution, the translation of requirement into ways of meeting them. The
design will determine the success of the system. Based on the proposed system objectives, the
major modules are identified and the operations to be carried out are determined. In the
design phase of the system the user interaction screen, data base tables, inputs, outputs and
screen are designed by using all the necessary fields in a compact manner. The redundancy
and duplication of fields are avoided.

System design involves first logical design and then physical constructions of the system.
After logical design, a detailed specification of the system, which describes the inputs,

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outputs, files are developed. During the design phase of the system the following factors are
considered.

 Data Floors – the movement of data into, around and out of the system.
 Data Stores- temporary and permanent collection of data.
 Processors- activities to accept manipulate and deliver data and information
 Procedures- methods and routines to achieve the intended results

The importance of software design can be stated with a single word quality. Design is placed
where quality is fostered in software development. Design is the only way whose
requirements are actually translated into a finished software product or system

Fig 3.1 ER Diagram

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Fig 3.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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Fig 3.3 Use Case Diagram

3.1 INPUT DESIGN

The input design is the link that ties information system into the world of its users. Input
design consist of developing specific procedures for data preparation, steps necessary to put

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the transaction data in the form that is usable for computer processing. Main objectives that
guides in the input design stages are:

 Controlling the amount of Inputs

 Avoiding inordinate delay
 Controlling errors

The accuracy of the output depends on the accuracy of the input and its processing. Thus, for
this proposed system, the input design is in the format of web pages for the user in format of
form for the administrator.

Validation checks are to be built in the system to avoid any error entries from the users.
Hence the input design is the process of converting user-oriented inputs to a computer based
format. So, input interface design takes an important role in controlling the errors

Customized messages are given in place of system messages, while the data manipulation is
being carried out. Enforcing integrity, data validation procedures are done in such a way that
end-user is free such daily core. There for, the input interface design should be made in such
a way that it can be easily understandable to the user by using meaningful and appropriate
words.

3.2 OUTPUT DESIGN

Computer output is the most important and direct source of information to the administrator.
Efficient, intelligible output design should improve the systems relationship with the
appraisal. A major form output, reports, is a hard copy from printer. When designing output,
system analyst must accomplish the following.

 Determine what information should be present

 Decide whether to display, print the information and select the output medium
 Arrange the presentation of information in an acceptable format


CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

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The term Implementation has different meanings ranging from the conversation of a basic
application to a complete replacement of a computer system. The procedures, however, are
virtually the same. Implementation includes all those activities that take place to convert from
old systems to new.

The new system may be totally new replacing an existing manual or automated system or it
may be major modification to an existing system. The method of implementation and time
scale to be adopted is found out initially. Neat the system is test properly and at the same time
the users are trained in the new procedure. Proper implementation is essential to provide a
reliable system to meet organization requirement.

Successful and efficient utilization in the system can be achieved only through proper
implementation of the system in the organization. So implementation phase is also important
like other phases such as analysis, design, coding and testing.

 Careful planning
 Investigation of the system and its constraints
 Design the methods to achieve the change over
 Training the staff in the changed phase
 Ensuring the user has understood and accepted the changes
 Getting complete feedback during test run and ensuring everything in perfect for the
final change over.

4.1 PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT

Hardware Specification

Machine : IBM PC Compatible

Processor : Intel Pentium

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 Clock speed: 120 MHz Higher

RAM : 512MB

Hard Disk : 80GB

Mother board: Intel mother board

Software Specification

Operating System: Windows, Linux etc.

Language: Python

4.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS

Python is one of the easiest programming languages to learn, which is part of what makes it
one of the most popular. The TIOBE index, a popular ranking of popular programming
languages, listed Python as the most popular language worldwide as of March 2022. Many

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large organizations such as Google, NASA, Netflix, Spotify, and Udemy use Python for their
products and services.

4.2.1 WHAT IS PYTHON?

Python began as a hobby project for Guido Van Rossum, who was looking for something to
keep him busy over the Christmas holiday. He created the scripting language and named it
after British comedy troupe Monty Python as a joke.

But what is Python exactly? Python is a high-level, object-oriented programming language

that is first compiled and then interpreted. It features dynamic typing, dynamic binding, and
high-level data structures, all of which make it a good choice for rapid application
development.

Python has an easy-to-learn syntax that enhances readability, making it easier to maintain the
code. This results in lower program maintenance costs. Python encourages modular
programming and enables sections of code to be re-used easily.

4.2.2 HOW DOES PYTHON WORK?

There are two different types of computer languages: compiled and interpreted. Python is an
interpreted language. When you run Python, you are running the interpreter, which consists
of an internal compiler and the Python virtual machine (PVM). Python is first compiled,
which is hidden from the programmer, and then it is interpreted.

For example, to run a Python file named hello.py, you might type $python hello.py. This
command runs the Python interpreter, which sends the hello.py file to the internal compiler to
be translated into a type of binary code.

This is not the machine language that can be understood and executed by your computer's
processor, but rather an intermediate language that is understood by the PVM. It is the PVM
that executes the code.

4.2.3 WHAT IS PYTHON USED FOR?

Python has won the TIOBE programming language of the year award two years in a row
(2020-2021). This award recognizes the programming language that has had the highest
increase in ratings in one year. This is impressive, but you may still be wondering, what is
Python used for?

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Due to its ease of use, simple syntax, and versatility, Python is used in a large number of
applications, from artificial intelligence and machine learning to game development. Other
common uses include search engine optimization, finance, web development, data analytics,
and visualization.

Python is also one of the top cybersecurity programming languages. It is used to analyze
malware, scan ports and networks, access servers, and send and receive packets. One reason
Python is so popular is due to its ability to automate tasks and analyze data.

4.2.4 FEATURES OF PYTHON:

i) OBJECT – ORIENTED

With OOP, your code will grow in complexity as your program gets larger. You will
have different classes, subclasses, objects, inheritance, instance methods, and more.
You'll want to keep your code properly structured and readable. To do so, it is advised to
follow design patterns. These are design principles that represent a set of guidelines to
avoid bad design. They each represent a specific problem that often reoccurs in Python
OOP and describe the solution to that problem, which can then be used repeatedly. These
OOP design patterns can be classified into several categories: creational patterns,
structural patterns, and behavioral patterns. An example of a creational pattern is the
singleton, which should be used when you want to make sure that only one instance of a
class can be created. A Python iterator, which is used to loop over all objects in a
collection, is an example of a behavioral pattern.

ii) EASY TO CODE

Python is extremely easy to learn. Its syntax is super simple, and the learning curve of
Python is very smooth. It is extremely easy to learn and code in Python and the
indentation used instead of curly braces in Python makes it very easy to read Python code.

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Perhaps, because of this, a lot of schools and universities, and colleges are teaching
Python to their students who are beginning their journey with coding.

iii) EASY TO READ

Python code looks like simple English words. There is no use of semicolons or
brackets, and the indentations define the code block. You can tell what the code is
supposed to do simply by looking at it.

iv) INTERPRETED LANGUAGE

Python is an interpreted language (an interpreted language is a programming language

that is generally interpreted, without compiling a program into machine instructions. It is
one where the instructions are not directly executed by the target machine, but instead,
read and executed by some other program known as the interpreter) and an IDLE
(Interactive Development Environment) is packaged along with Python. It is nothing but
an interpreter which follows the REPL (Read Evaluate Print Loop) structure just like in
Node.js. IDLE executes and displays the output of one line of Python code at a time.
Hence, it displays errors when we are running a line of Python code and displays the
entire stack trace for the error.

v) DYNAMICALLY TYPED LANGUAGE

Python is a dynamically typed language. In other words, in Python, we do not need to

declare the data types of the variables which we define. It is the job of the Python
interpreter to determine the data types of the variables at runtime based on the types of the
parts of the expression. Though it makes coding easier for programmers, this property
might create runtime errors. To be specific, Python follows duck typing. It means that “If
it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.”

vi) FREE AND OPEN SOURCE

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 Python is developed under an OSI-approved open-source license. Hence, it is
completely free to use, even for commercial purposes. It doesn't cost anything to
download Python or to include it in your application. It can also be freely modified and
re-distributed. Python can be downloaded from the official Python website.

vii) HIGH-LEVEL LANGUGE

A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language that enables a programmer

to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. These
languages are said to be high-level since they are very close to human languages and far away
from machine languages. Unlike C, Python is a high-level language. We can easily
understand Python and it is closer to the user than middle-level languages like C. In Python,
we do not need to remember system architecture or manage the memory.

viii) LARGE COMMUNITY SUPPORT

With one of the biggest communities on StackOverflow and Meetup, Python has
gained popularity over the years. If we need any kind of help related to Python, the huge
community is always there to answer our queries. A lot of questions about Python have
already been answered on these sites and Python users can reference them as per
requirement.

ix) PLATFORM INDEPENDENT

Platform independence is yet another amazing feature of Python. In other words, it

means that if we write a program in Python, it can run on a variety of platforms, for
instance, Windows, Mac, Linux, etc. We do not have to write separate Python code for
different platforms.
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 x) EXTENSIBLE AND EMBEDDABLE

Python is an Embeddable language. We can write some Python code into C or C++
language and also, we can compile that code in C/C++ language. Python is also

extensible. It means that we can extend our Python code in various other languages like
C++, etc. too.

xi) SIMPLIFY COMPLEX SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Python can be used to develop both desktop and web apps and complex scientific and
numerical applications. Python's data analysis features help you create custom big data
solutions without so much time and effort. You can also use the Python data visualization
libraries and APIs to present data in a more appealing way. Several advanced software
developers use Python to accomplish high-end AI and natural language processing tasks.

xii) EXPRESSIVE

Python needs to use only a few lines of code to perform complex tasks. For example, to
display Hello World, you simply need to type one line - print(“Hello World”). Other
languages like Java or C would take up multiple lines to execute this.

xiii) GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) SUPPORT

Yet another interesting feature of Python is the fact that we can use it to create GUI
(Graphical User Interfaces). We can use Tkinter, PyQt, wxPython, or Pyside for doing the
same. Python also features a large number of GUI frameworks available for it and various
other cross-platform solutions. Python binds to platform-specific technologies.

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 xiv) OTHER ADVANCED PROGRAMMING FEATURES

Python contains several advanced programming features such as generators (used to

create iterators with a different approach that most other languages) and list comprehensions

(used to create new lists from other iterables). Python also has automatic memory
management eliminating the need to manually allocate and free memory in the code.

4.2.5 ADVANTAGES OF PYTHON

i) PYTHON IS EASY TO LEARN AND USE

For Beginners, Python is simple to understand and use. It's a highly developed
programming language with an English-like syntax. The language is simple to adapt as a
result of these factors. Because of its simplicity, Python's fundamentals can be
implemented faster than those in other programming languages.

ii) FREE AND OPEN SOURCE

Python is distributed under an open-source license approved by the Open-Source

Initiative (OSI). As a result, users can work on it and distribute it. Users can download the
source code, modify it, and even distribute their Python version. Companies that wish to
modify a specific behavior and build their version will benefit.

iii) RAPID DEVELOPMENT

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 Users can create new kinds of applications using the Python programming
language. Because of its versatility, this language permits the operator to try new things.
Because of the language, the user is not prevented from trying something new. Python is
favored in these scenarios since other programming languages lack the flexibility and
freedom that Python does.

iv) INTERPRETED LANGUAGE

Python is an interpreted language, implying that the code is implemented line by

line. This is one of the features that makes it simple to use. In the event of an error, it
halts the process and reports the problem. Python only shows one error, even if the
program has multiple errors. This makes debugging easier.

v) WIDE RANGE OF LIBRARY AND FRAMEWORKS

Python includes a huge number of libraries that the user can use. The standard library
in Python is immense, and it includes almost every function imaginable. Large and
supportive communities, as well as corporate sponsorship, have contributed to this. When
working with Python, users do not need to use external libraries.

vi) DYNAMICALLY TYPED

Variables and their data types do not need to be declared by the programmer.
Until we run the program, Python has no idea what kinds of parameter we're talking
about. It allocates the data type automatically during execution. Variables and their data
types do not need to be declared by the programmer.

vii) PORTABILITY

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 Many other languages, including C/C++, demand that user must change their code
to run on different platforms. Python, on the contrary, is not equivalent to other
programming languages. It only needs to be written once, and then it can be run
anywhere. However, the user should avoid involving any system-dependent features.

viii) STRONG COMMUNITY SUPPORT

Python is a programming language generated many years ago and has a large
community that can assist programmers of all experience levels, from rookies to specialists.
Python's community has helped it grow quickly in comparison to other languages. The
Python programming language comes with many guides, instructional videos, and highly
understandable documentation to help developers learn the language faster and more
effectively.

4.2.6 APPPLICATIONS OF PYTHON:

i) VISUALIZATION OF DATA

Another popular and growing area of interest is data visualization. Again, it plays to
many of Python's strengths. Python, in addition to its flexibility and open-source nature,
offers a wide range of graphic libraries with a variety of features.

ii) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARING

Python is a stable, versatile, easy yet effective programming language that is ideal for
various machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) projects. Thanks to the
abundance of Python machine learning and artificial intelligence libraries and packages,
python is undoubtedly one of the most widely used programming languages among data
analysts and data scientists.

iii) DATA ANALYTICS

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 Python makes sense for data science and analytics. The language is simple to learn,
flexible, and very well supported, making it quick and simple to use for data analysis. It's

useful for attempting to manipulate data and performing repetitive tasks when working
directly with huge amounts of data.

iv) DESKTOP GUI

Python is a much more interactive language for programmers than other languages
that enable developers to quickly and easily create graphical user interfaces. It includes many
built-in tools such as PyQT, wxWidgets, kivy, and many other packages and libraries that can
be used to create a fully operational GUI efficiently and securely.

v) WEB DEVELOPMENT

Web design and development using Python is very efficient. This is largely due to the
innumerable Python web development paradigms, such as Django, Flask, and Piramyd that
are available. These frameworks have been used by sites and services such as Spotify, Reddit,
and Mozilla.

vi) AUDIO AND VISUAL APPLICATIONS

Python's audio and visual applications are, without a doubt, its most impressive
feature. Python comes with many frameworks and functions to help us complete our tasks
flawlessly. Netflix, Hubspot, and YouTube are just a few examples of Python-based
applications. Libraries like Mignus, Dejavu, Pyo, SciPy, and OpenCV can help.

<#>
vii) CAD APPLICATIONS

Digitally created 3D and 2D models. Architects, construction managers, and product

designers use this application to build things with extremely high consistency, which has
replaced manual drift. Python comes pre-installed with fantastic applications such as Blender,
Open Cascade, FreeCAD, and many others that help us design products quickly. Technical
drawing, dynamic system development and import are all enhanced features.

viii) SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

Python is becoming more widely used in finance, particularly in domains such as

qualitative data analysis and qualitative analysis. It can be a useful tool for predicting asset
price trends, automating workflows across multiple data sources, and deciding asset price
patterns and predictions.

ix) WEB SCRAPPING APPLICATIONS

Web scraping is a fully automated method of extracting data from webpages in a more
efficient and timely manner. Researchers, organizations, and analysts use the data for a wide
range of purposes. Python has a number of characteristics that make it ideal for web scraping,
including:

 A simple syntax that improves readability and saves time.

 Simple to use and comprehend
 The web scraping process is simple and efficient thanks to a variety of libraries and
tools such as pandas, matplotlib, and Selenium.

Other useful and important applications of Python language are:

 Game Development
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Network Programming
 Robotics
 Natural Language Processing (NLP)

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4.3 PYTHON MODULES USED
In order to create this Project we are going to use following Python module: -

1.SOCKET MODULE

This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. It is available on all modern Unix
systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably additional platforms.

Note

Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system
socket APIs.

This module does not work or is not available on WebAssembly platforms wasm32-
emscripten and wasm32-wasi. See WebAssembly platforms for more information.

The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system call and library
interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the socket() function returns a socket
object whose methods implement the various socket system calls. Parameter types are
somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with read() and write() operations on
Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit
on send operations.

Socket families

Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families are supported by this
module.

The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically selected based on
the address family specified when the socket object was created. Socket addresses are
represented as follows:

* The address of an AF_UNIX socket bound to a file system node is represented as a

string, using the file system encoding and the 'surrogateescape' error handler (see PEP
383). An address in Linux’s abstract namespace is returned as a bytes-like object with

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 an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can communicate with normal
file system sockets, so programs intended to run on Linux may need to deal with both
types of address. A string or bytes-like object can be used for either type of address
when passing it as an argument.

Changed in version 3.3: Previously, AF_UNIX socket paths were assumed to use UTF-8
encoding.

Changed in version 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.

* A pair (host, port) is used for the AF_INET address family, where host is a string
representing either a hostname in internet domain notation like 'daring.cwi.nl' or an
IPv4 address like '100.50.200.5', and port is an integer.
o For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: ''
represents INADDR_ANY, which is used to bind to all interfaces, and the
string '<broadcast>' represents INADDR_BROADCAST. This behavior is not
compatible with IPv6, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to
support IPv6 with your Python programs.
* For AF_INET6 address family, a four-tuple (host, port, flowinfo, scope_id) is used,
where flowinfo and scope_id represent the sin6_flowinfo and sin6_scope_id members
in struct sockaddr_in6 in C. For socket module methods, flowinfo and scope_id can
be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of scope_id can
cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses.

Changed in version 3.7: For multicast addresses (with scope_id meaningful) address may not
contain %scope_id (or zone id) part. This information is superfluous and may be safely
omitted (recommended).

* AF_NETLINK sockets are represented as pairs (pid, groups).

* Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the AF_TIPC address family. TIPC is
an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer
environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the
address type. The general tuple form is (addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope]), where:
o addr_type is one of TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, TIPC_ADDR_NAME, or
TIPC_ADDR_ID.

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 o scope is one of TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE, TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE, and
TIPC_NODE_SCOPE.
o If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAME, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the port
identifier, and v3 should be 0.

If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the lower port

number, and v3 is the upper port number.

If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be

set to 0.

* A tuple (interface, ) is used for the AF_CAN address family, where interface is a
string representing a network interface name like 'can0'. The network interface name ''
can be used to receive packets from all network interfaces of this family.
o CAN_ISOTP protocol require a tuple (interface, rx_addr, tx_addr) where both
additional parameters are unsigned long integer that represent a CAN
identifier (standard or extended).
o CAN_J1939 protocol require a tuple (interface, name, pgn, addr) where
additional parameters are 64-bit unsigned integer representing the ECU name,
a 32-bit unsigned integer representing the Parameter Group Number (PGN),
and an 8-bit integer representing the address.
* A string or a tuple (id, unit) is used for the SYSPROTO_CONTROL protocol of the
PF_SYSTEM family. The string is the name of a kernel control using a dynamically
assigned ID. The tuple can be used if ID and unit number of the kernel control are
known or if a registered ID is used.

New in version 3.3.

* AF_BLUETOOTH supports the following protocols and address formats:

o BTPROTO_L2CAP accepts (bdaddr, psm) where bdaddr is the Bluetooth
address as a string and psm is an integer.
o BTPROTO_RFCOMM accepts (bdaddr, channel) where bdaddr is the
Bluetooth address as a string and channel is an integer.
o BTPROTO_HCI accepts (device_id,) where device_id is either an integer or a
string with the Bluetooth address of the interface. (This depends on your OS;

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 NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD expect a Bluetooth address while everything else
expects an integer.)

Changed in version 3.2: NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added.

o BTPROTO_SCO accepts bdaddr where bdaddr is a bytes object containing the

Bluetooth address in a string format. (ex. b'12:23:34:45:56:67') This protocol
is not supported under FreeBSD.
* AF_ALG is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel cryptography. An
algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two to four elements (type, name [, feat
[, mask]]), where:
o type is the algorithm type as string, e.g. aead, hash, skcipher or rng.
o name is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g. sha256,
hmac(sha256), cbc(aes) or drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256.
o feat and mask are unsigned 32bit integers.

Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

Some algorithm types require more recent Kernels.

New in version 3.6.

* AF_VSOCK allows communication between virtual machines and their hosts. The
sockets are represented as a (CID, port) tuple where the context ID or CID and port
are integers.

Availability: Linux >= 3.9

See vsock(7)

New in version 3.7.

* AF_PACKET is a low-level interface directly to network devices. The addresses are

represented by the tuple (ifname, proto[, pkttype[, hatype[, addr]]]) where:
o ifname - String specifying the device name.

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 o proto - The Ethernet protocol number. May be ETH_P_ALL to capture all
protocols, one of the ETHERTYPE_* constants or any other Ethernet protocol
number.
o pkttype - Optional integer specifying the packet type:
 PACKET_HOST (the default) - Packet addressed to the local host.
 PACKET_BROADCAST - Physical-layer broadcast packet.
 PACKET_MULTICAST - Packet sent to a physical-layer multicast
address.
 PACKET_OTHERHOST - Packet to some other host that has been
caught by a device driver in promiscuous mode.
 PACKET_OUTGOING - Packet originating from the local host that is
looped back to a packet socket.
o hatype - Optional integer specifying the ARP hardware address type.
o addr - Optional bytes-like object specifying the hardware physical address,
whose interpretation depends on the device.

Availability: Linux >= 2.2.

* AF_QIPCRTR is a Linux-only socket based interface for communicating with

services running on co-processors in Qualcomm platforms. The address family is
represented as a (node, port) tuple where the node and port are non-negative integers.

Availability: Linux >= 4.7.

New in version 3.8.

* IPPROTO_UDPLITE is a variant of UDP which allows you to specify what portion

of a packet is covered with the checksum. It adds two socket options that you can
change. self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, length)
will change what portion of outgoing packets are covered by the checksum and
self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, length) will filter
out packets which cover too little of their data. In both cases length should be in
range(8, 2**16, 8).

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Such a socket should be constructed with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM,
IPPROTO_UDPLITE) for IPv4 or socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM,
IPPROTO_UDPLITE) for IPv6.

Availability: Linux >= 2.6.20, FreeBSD >= 10.1

New in version 3.9.

* AF_HYPERV is a Windows-only socket based interface for communicating with

Hyper-V hosts and guests. The address family is represented as a (vm_id, service_id)
tuple where the vm_id and service_id are UUID strings.

The vm_id is the virtual machine identifier or a set of known VMID values if the target is not
a specific virtual machine. Known VMID constants defined on socket are:

o HV_GUID_ZERO
o HV_GUID_BROADCAST
o HV_GUID_WILDCARD - Used to bind on itself and accept connections from
all partitions.
o HV_GUID_CHILDREN - Used to bind on itself and accept connection from
child partitions.
o HV_GUID_LOOPBACK - Used as a target to itself.
o HV_GUID_PARENT - When used as a bind accepts connection from the
parent partition. When used as an address target it will connect to the parent
partition.

The service_id is the service identifier of the registered service.

New in version 3.12.

If you use a hostname in the host portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a
nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution.
The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on
the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use
a numeric address in host portion.

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All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types and out-of-
memory conditions can be raised. Errors related to socket or address semantics raise OSError
or one of its subclasses.

non-blocking mode is supported through setblocking(). A generalization of this based on

timeouts is supported through settimeout().

2.THREADING MODULE

A program or process's smallest unit is called a thread, and it can run on its own or as part of
a schedule set by the Operating System. Multitasking in a computer system is achieved by
dividing a process into threads by an operating system. A string is a lightweight cycle that
guarantees the execution of the interaction independently on the framework. When multiple
processors are running on a program in Python 3, each processor runs simultaneously to carry
out its own tasks..

Fig 4.3 Multithreading in Python

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Python Multithreading

Multithreading is a stringing procedure in Python programming to run various strings

simultaneously by quickly exchanging between strings with a central processor help (called
setting exchanging). In addition, it makes it possible to share its data space with the primary

threads of a process, making it easier than with individual processes to share information and
communicate with other threads. The goal of multithreading is to complete multiple tasks at
the same time, which improves application rendering and performance.

Benefits of Using Python for Multithreading

The following are the advantages of using Python for multithreading:

1.It guarantees powerful usage of PC framework assets.

2.Applications with multiple threads respond faster.
3.It is more cost-effective because it shares resources and its state with sub-threads (child).
4.It makes the multiprocessor engineering more viable because of closeness.
5.By running multiple threads simultaneously, it cuts down on time.
6.To store multiple threads, the system does not require a lot of memory.

When to use Multithreading in Python?

It is an exceptionally valuable strategy for efficient and working on the presentation of an

application. Programmers can run multiple subtasks of an application at the same time by
using multithreading. It lets threads talk to the same processor and share resources like files,
data, and memory. In addition, it makes it easier for the user to continue running a program
even when a portion of it is blocked or too long.

How to achieve multithreading in Python?

There are two main modules of multithreading used to handle threads in Python.

1.The thread module

2.The threading module

Thread modules

It is started with Python 3, designated as obsolete, and can only be accessed with _thread
that supports backward compatibility.

Syntax:

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 thread.start_new_thread ( function_name, args[, kwargs] )

THREADING MODULES

The threading module is a high-level implementation of multithreading used to deploy an

application in Python. To use multithreading, we need to import the threading module in
Python Program.

Table 4.3: Thread Class Methods

Methods Description

start() A start() method is used to initiate the activity of a thread. And it calls only
once for each thread so that the execution of the thread can begin.

run() A run() method is used to define a thread's activity and can be overridden by a
class that extends the threads class.

join() A join() method is used to block the execution of another code until the thread
terminates.

Follow the given below steps to implement the threading module in Python Multithreading:

1. Import the threading module

Create a new thread by importing the threading module, as shown.

Syntax:

import threading

A threading module is made up of a Thread class, which is instantiated to create a Python

thread.

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2. Declaration of the thread parameters: It contains the target function, argument, and
kwargs as the parameter in the Thread() class.

* Target: It defines the function name that is executed by the thread.

* Args: It defines the arguments that are passed to the target function name

3. Start a new thread: To start a thread in Python multithreading, call the thread class's
object. The start() method can be called once for each thread object; otherwise, it throws an
exception error.

Syntax:

1. t1.start()
2. t2.start()

4. Join method: It is a join() method used in the thread class to halt the main thread's
execution and waits till the complete execution of the thread object. When the thread object is
completed, it starts the execution of the main thread in Python.

CHAPTER 5

CODE SNIPPETS FOR TRAINING

5.1 SERVER-SIDE CODE:

Firstly, we’ll be importing two libraries named ‘socket’ and ‘threading’. Both are
built-in libraries so there’s no need to pip install them. Just importing will work.
Socket programming is a way of connecting two nodes on a network to communicate
with each other whereas the threading module provides a very simple and intuitive
API for spawning multiple threads in a program. Then we’ll move on to define our IP
and port. One needs to know that only unreserved ports can be used as this is going to
work on LocalHost and the computer may cause problems if you use the reserved
ones.

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While defining socket, two parameters named (AF_INET) and (SOCK_STREAM)
will be used. First one indicates the usage of internet socket and the other one
indicates the usage of TCP. Then we move on by defining the broadcast function. Its
basic function is to send message to the clients in the clients list. This function is not
retiring yet. We are going to use it ahead in other places too. Handling the clients is a
pretty tough job, so is the function. It first tries if a message can be received from the
client’s end, if yes, it is broadcasted.

But if there’s any kind of error/issue, the server keeps things simple. It simply
removes the client. We’ve done a lot of work but, adding the clients still awaits. So
let’s do that now. In the receive function, the keyword ‘NICKNAME’ is sent to the
clients which means their nickname is requested. Later upon obtaining the nickname,
it adds the client to the list.

Well, this loop remains active and multiple clients can join the server. All that you
need to have it the right IP and the port address.

CODE:
import socket, threading

host = '127.0.0.1'
port = 7976

server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

server.bind((host, port))
server.listen()

clients = []
nicknames = []

def broadcast(message):
for client in clients:

<#>
 client.send(message)

def handle(client):
while True:
try:
message = client.recv(1024)
broadcast(message)
except:
index = clients.index(client)
clients.remove(client)
client.close()
nickname = nicknames[index]
broadcast('{} left!'.format(nickname).encode('ascii'))
nicknames.remove(nickname)
break

def receive():
while True:
client, address = server.accept()
print("Connected with {}".format(str(address)))
client.send('NICKNAME'.encode('ascii'))
nickname = client.recv(1024).decode('ascii')
nicknames.append(nickname)
clients.append(client)
print("Nickname is {}".format(nickname))
broadcast("{} joined!".format(nickname).encode('ascii'))
client.send('Connected to server!'.encode('ascii'))
thread = threading.Thread(target=handle, args=(client,))
thread.start()

receive()

<#>
5.2 CLIENT-SIDE CODE:

This is our second code where we’ll be writing the script for our clients. This code will be
enough to get us multiple clients without any problem. So we begin with importing socket
and threading. After initializing the socket, we need to connect it to the IP and the port. They
need to be the same as the server in order to make it functional.

Now we need to connect to the server and if you remember ‘NICKNAME’ was the keyword
sent by the server to ask for a nickname, if client receives that, it sends the nickname and
enters the chatroom. But if it fails to receive that keyword, the connection gets lost. Now that
we’re connected to the server, why are we waiting, let’s start messaging.

For that, we’ve got the write function that manages the sending of messages. If you wonder
what about receiving messages, remember we imported threading. Here it comes into play,
we need two threads to begin and that is done.

You’ve noticed that we’ve encoded messages into ASCII before sending, it is because we can
send messages only in bytes form and not in string. That’s why always remember, encode
before sending and decode after receiving.

CODE:
import socket, threading
nickname = input("Choose your nickname: ")

client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

client.connect(('127.0.0.1', 7976))

def receive():
while True:
try:
message = client.recv(1024).decode('ascii')
if message == 'NICKNAME':
<#>
 client.send(nickname.encode('ascii'))
else:
print(message)
except:
print("An error occured!")
client.close()
break
def write():
while True:
message = '{}: {}'.format(nickname, input(''))
client.send(message.encode('ascii'))

receive_thread = threading.Thread(target=receive)
receive_thread.start()

write_thread = threading.Thread(target=write)
write_thread.start()

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 CHAPTER 6

TESTING

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product. It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

1. Unit Testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program input produces valid outputs. All decision branches
and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the

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application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests
perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application,
and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process
performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and
expected results.

2. Integration Testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the
problems that arise from the combination of components.

3. System Testing

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It
tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is
the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process
descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

4. Functional Testing

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 Functional tests provide a systematic demonstration that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user
manuals.

Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key functions,

or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify business process

flows data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.

There are two basic approaches of functional testing:

a. Black box or functional testing.

b. White box testing or structural testing.

(a) Black box testing

This method is used when knowledge of the specified function that a product has been design
to perform is known. The concept of black box is used to represent a system hose inside
<#>
working’s are not available to inspection. In a black box the test item is eaten as “Black”,
since its logic is unknown is what goes in and what comes out, or the input and output.

In black box testing, we try various inputs and examine the resulting outputs. The black
box testing can also be used for scenarios-based test. In this test we verify whether it is taking
valid input and producing resultant out to user. It is imaginary box testing that hides internal
workings. In our project valid input is image resultant output well-structured image should be
received.

(b) White box testing

White box testing is concern with testing implementation of the program. The intent of
structural testing is not to exercise all the inputs or outputs but to exercise the different
programming and data structures used in the program. Thus structure testing aims to achieve
test cases that will force the desire coverage of different structures. Two types of path testing
are:

1. Statement testing

2. Branch testing

1.Statement Testing

The main idea of statement testing coverage is to test every statement in the objects
method by executing it at least once. However, realistically, it is impossible to test program
on every single input, so you never can be sure that a program will not fail on some input.

2.Branch Testing

The main idea behind branch testing coverage is to perform enough tests to ensure that every
branch alternative has been executed at least once under some test. As in statement testing
coverage, it is unfeasible to fully test any program of considerable size.

<#>
UNIT TESTING

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as
two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.

Test objectives

 All field entries must work properly.

 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested

 Verify that the entries are of the correct format.

 No duplicate entries should be allowed.
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

INTEGRATION TESTING

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more

integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

<#>
 The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, ex.
components in a software system or one step up software applications at the company level -
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

CHAPTER 7

OUTPUT SCREENS

The following shows the series of output screens and how the actual process of implementing

OCR takes place: -

* The first and the home page of our optical character recognition system looks as

shown in figure . It provides an interface to the user such that the user can access any

module that is present in this software from this page itself. The page is as shown

below: -

There are two modules of this project:

1. Sever
2. Client

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Fig 7.1 Server page

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Client Pages :

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Fig 7.2 CLIENT-1

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Fig 7.3 CLIENT-2

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Fig 7.4CLIENT-3

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Fig 7.5 CLIENT-4

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 CONCLUSION

The development of the Command Line Interface (CLI) based chat tool in Python has yielded
a practical and efficient solution for users seeking text-based communication within a
terminal environment. Through a deliberate emphasis on simplicity, real-time
communication, and user-friendly commands, the tool has successfully addressed the needs
of users accustomed to command-line interfaces, offering a seamless and accessible chat
experience.

The lightweight nature of the CLI tool ensures minimal resource requirements, making it
adaptable to various computing environments. Its compatibility across different operating
systems enhances its versatility and accessibility for a wide user base. The incorporation of
robust error handling mechanisms contributes to the tool's reliability, ensuring stable
performance even in unexpected scenarios.

<#>
 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Future enhancements in CLI-based chat tools could focus on improving user experience,
expanding functionalities, and addressing evolving communication needs. Here are some
potential areas for improvement:

1.Rich Media Support: Enhance the CLI chat tool to handle multimedia content such as
images, videos, and files. This could involve incorporating text-based representations or
leveraging external viewers for specific file types.

2.Improved User Interface: While maintaining the command-line efficiency, consider

enhancing the user interface for better readability and usability. This might include color-
coded messages, improved formatting options, or the ability to customize the appearance.

3.Natural Language Processing (NLP): Implement advanced natural language processing

capabilities to enable more sophisticated interactions. This could include better handling of
complex queries, sentiment analysis, or even chatbot integration for automated assistance.

4.Integration with External Services: Allow seamless integration with external services and
APIs. This could involve connecting with project management tools, version control systems,
or other collaboration platforms to streamline workflows.

By addressing these areas, a CLI-based chat tool can evolve to meet the changing needs of
users, balancing efficiency with enhanced functionality and user-friendly features.

REFERENCES

1. "Unix Shells". Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. the notion of having a
replaceable "command shell" rather than a "monitor" tightly integrated with the OS
kernel tends to be attributed to Multics.

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2. "The Origin of the Shell". Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved
2017-04-12.
3. Metz, Cade (2013-01-03). "Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle".
Retrieved 2017-07-31.
4. Mazières, David (Fall 2004). "MULTICS - The First Seven Years". Advanced
Operating Systems. Stanford Computer Science Department. Archived from the
original on 2014-11-23. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
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