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luapuadapur pattel aJp sar'op,roi
qcn5 . s,a1,5rui,baiJ- rqi-rq'ftSf ";;1"';;';
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aq1 uaa^laq-uor1e1"i j,ir-iu",
qtbuarls
.._"rr"^ 7.61pue
Jo 1..gtr aldurex3 ur uotsual orlrr", -aJdal ot pasn aq or aJar^ anrni qjoours.jrdr,,
-oJd.,o sanIe^ dqt :;ajuaurgiadia p .?pq1- uaas
;;:;;", JI sr 1L ,JetnlLiJpO uf :i;ii
"q;-J; jo-Jrm
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pa^to^uL salqprre^ aq1 aiec qlea
ur-16qr-im slollqo oror! ua^a sr Ff,uapual s1q1 pui '.sadi"rcr,
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aql ];'"1;;;"; v
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i;;i
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":J:f ",11 .1.E1
1l
.,;iI."'r?::iu^lop pua.]t JpaurI p sr 1[nsar aq] ^talplpauru!.st r, rroqr'r11ri.,
\e)(, tt 'Dtl ur sp .?uautleaJl 1O q16ua.r1s aq1 ?t1 qltm'Parnspau sem"!onr rlrrrliet. jo rninpo*
lsuLe6e pa11o1d sr j; ;;;irn;"t Jlaql puP .suot sua:
aql JL ,ralaMog .sasea;5 16e1y;"rus "",r1
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p a 6e u ;,3:
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eu:
^: 1.
-lru- s.!. 1".'#r'1 ;' :!:', ll su id siro,o'Ji;';;.;'i,ll
puarl aq] teql snnoqs
1rl7.Ei-1oilr.-rjrro
a L I lno... pa I radxa aq p 1 n9i,t s.e*:!llge(D- l:'jii, 53 ;:J,,: i :,i i
aq1 1o q16ua.r1s aql.sp;aspa.,rop i;;;;;:l
aq1 tpqt /,1oqs plpp aqt.aui|] L 'st aFujoxr
"O.iJirq,
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. ]'trqs p Jo sq16uar1s our,rrpi qji;-;;1;;lr
uaaq-ppq
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lpql rrJqpJ.r:: rql 10 sacard uo sJsal i: :li...Y::i1"q suoLlPrar'ro ror'rnriiii.iu,"rqr
abp),1u tJqs-parp s!.
fo SlLnsaJ aqf s,uoqs'r.;; ;i;;I ^.
luaudolaAap pup qlreasar t.rr.ooiou,lrri prn
f,IJtluat3s ut sIspl 6uttsaretui rror'rqi";,j 5ro
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t 't!
uaal laq suo |lp tau
5
uolssorEou reaull .t 1.
uotssaJ au JPaUtl 'il
 13. Linear Regression 13. Linea

a respqlse to the value of the independent vari- It is of considerable interest to find the Equa- In generai, I
therefore cal I ed a dependent vari-
abT6--a--fr6Js tion of the curve or line that best fits the
able. Thus the el astic modulus Tn-Tiam!-fe 13.1 random error:
data so that in future the mean value of the to the data r
depends on the processing tension used, while dependent variable can be predicted when the
the shrinkage in Example 13.2 depends on what od usua'l 1y a(
strength of finish was applied to the fabric.
value of the independent viITaET6-Ts known. if squares. It i
is the dependent variable and the independent !lrven abovert
variable is x, this curve.is called the regres- ti onshi ps i s
1r o.n of y on x. tion of the t
y = o+BX ,

rable 13. 2 _shrJ-tgC of_L9g!S{lgufi.: and we theref

of least squa
equations to
Strength of 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1
S-R fini sh 13.2 Fittlnq
7i Area shrinkage 35 21 12 9.8 8.8 4.0 2.5 2.1 The coefficie
be thought c.
the 't rue ' r:
Fi g. 1 3.2 Graphs of data i n T able ,l3.2 fitting a li-
estimates cj
denote by a i
ii area tion of the
s hri nkage
Y = a+ br
Suppose the:
40
o bse rvat i : ":
..., (xp, _. -.
as in Fi o. :,
35 al so dra,.ir :-
random e le:e.'
30 pass thrcug- ,
the close. -_-:
)l ter is the ''-
reliable i: -s
O poses. i,/e mus:
20 the Iine passi
sible. Now, ti
15 correspond i n o
given by the:
a
10
o o 9j = a+bx-

o aa
5
ihe differenc:
y(= y.i ) actua'
Strength of
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 ?.5 treatment e.'t = v. - I
''l

Fis.13.3 .l
ln (i; area
shrinkage)

4.0

)c

3.0 a
2.5 o
2.0
o o
1.5
a
1.0
o
0.5 o
Strength of
0 treatment
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 ,E

i2
flfiflrffififtn
 CL
E[lItrtIEEf
i
I
i
:
i x !x
!
I
I
I
V
I
(!,{ '!x): !f
!a
o
( 16 . rx)l
o 4'x)o o
xq+p=
o
I
A
auLl 1q6r eJls pal1 rJ pue plep
3o qde.rg e.tt.6tJ
'(lrqre)-lr= td-lr= !,
(e'e r) r-H+r. =, = x uaq^r pa^rasqo ftlpntrp (lf =)f
^ anlp^
Jo ^:f-ixaq? pup sLql uaa,rlaq'jrr"r"ri,'p
ol spPaI q]!qr4
"ii
' o = {(I -!*)-tr(I -tr)q - f4 -trliz I !*q *n = !4
s! Pue "!' 'aull eu1
spta[f 0 = qp/St uor.lrpuo] aq1 ',' I; :
;;d"';li,i',';,l,"ll'u;l;,f:,J:jj3
lpql os anlpA upaur oalrlpa.rd j,{l-:;;;":;;;;;
^ Jo
-sod sB slur.od aqt ot',
, rPql os q pue e ;;;.;l
:::j3,3ir'iiiio";,11.;;g
zr(I -!*)q - (f -rrlr I -lf!.ugllctpa.rd .ro1 aq ot
^LaIrI s! 1! atqeqaJ
pu
ptpp aqt o? ?ir ilrrit-jqi'li'iJi
tJ a^i '( e.ft ) uo 11enb3 ur p roJ 6uL 1n1 L1sqn5
:1:*_,q1.pue
;1:!-?ql 'aurI aq] o1 at 1 slutod .qi ,rJoii .ri
'^[sno!^qo .srurod parroia
(t'Et) 10u ttUtr 1t .santeA
iq, LL."qo"or;i"r;;J
aLll uL sluaLra,r ,,,^^,,^,
-xQ_[=p aql_Jo asnE3aq .pue
^,qop.ro iqr-Lro
..,.. ;,1;r;"5;;;
1q6Le.r1s pa]l!l aqj,e.Ei :ai:'rr.*J
..,-t!".r![
yg,.r?,t uo palloto eq upo ql-qi1 .(u,{ ,uxr ....
(-|^,!x) ...,,12R,Z'xy,1i,i';rxlrrro,rJlr"roo
'o= {o-n-# g.o s.r Led u Jo ruJo., aql uL aJp ,rnp .qi ,r;il;;
JO (z'€t) xq+p = {
0 = x3q-eu-,{: st pal 1 J ,{t t enl JP au![ aq
-e nb aql s nq1 .,f I Jo uo ,tl
1 ? cad ls a.i 'q pue fq
eql 6ur1 rarup3 pup |.e afi sa leut !1s as aq1 lg puP D a Jou ap
".,"rt:lrirf;",11?irrXifiil 6u PtU SE
so Jotsa lPm!
oA uI r
Pl9 pa[ dure o1 au el6, !1 ? tJ
Jro ISP aql 'x uo,fJo uo
'(t-)(r*q-t-t,tlz I o q1 e.r6ae anJ
i =# .]0 s Jel At]JP rpd ,u0! lPl ndod aq sp
uef, JO 1q6 noql aq
tt
uo! le nb l u puP o slua!s
! !JJ ao 3 o r{1 I
'e o] lcadsa.r u1!r,r f11et1red
!t E
, ur,l:lir3:j1ri[ lprls !11!J Z'gl
o =s=# - 'P'lPp
qcns 6uL1111 lpluaultradxa o1 suorlenba
1o ua
poqlau: aq1 6u1{1 ll3'1,'xl,3l
-!u!rrr sf pue q pup n :::;:::,1':;,,1:
,o ,o,rrrl]tlt:i flrr:iiJ
0'il ) ' xg+D = r
(e'er) , l=!
((.r.vq-P-,,{) <Ug = ja t=l
3 S
-nnb:.:n spq qrrq^ .au?
jpaur, 3lfrrir3rilrffiil
,r,r' ',p, r .ulnulrutrx ^-r1", lo
sse[] luplJodrur ue 1eq1 j^"qr,r.iiO
e sr sanleA ," .r* ,orijt*hlr,
JO urns aql lPql os uas i ii s'
-'ffiiii
JSPa[ ]o por.{laur aur ,,ol'. "t q pup e se'rpnbs
E*i{$?ftii} :ll 3:ii-r,1.,eddp
dur ro, ;,.;;;;i;,"J;.":,i::JrilSi*ifljr"r,r,
;
:rrii;*r ii'j ii:#tifr:,,i;l,t*+fii;l*{i
I u0tssaJ au JPau rl 'gt
 Li near Regress on 13. Linear

Equatjons ( 13.a1 3n6 ( 13.5) are the least- The variance:

squdres esLi,naLes of r and B. Substitut.inq for
of the regression line is to provide an estimate measured dat a
a in the equation of the line, Equation (i J,t),
of the mean y value at a given value of x. The hence is a nrei
mean of-Th'6 above distribution is thus qiven bv
we get the equation of the regression line wtrei x = xi. data. The snaI
i.e., it'i s at there is abo!t
y = y-bx+bx is its f it tc :

i = q+Bx.
',1 have an estirna,
shown that thi:
0r he shal I al so suppose that the di stribution of ,
values is normal, wilh this mean and variance.: \-) = \ /ln-l -
whose value is the same for all va'lues of x. The mln"
y-i = b(x-i) (13.6) assumed situat'ion is as shown in Fig. '13.4.
where Smin is .

'line squares of de,,

urhich shovrs that the fitted passes through ( 13.3). This :'
the mean point D, whose co-ordinates are (i, i). Table 13.3. Calculation of a and b for are ca'lcul atec
Lxampl.e .1.3.1 (13.5) and is :
I-or the computat'i on of b, jt .i s best to make use
of the formu'l ae Smtn= S-(v
x
-
v X xy v ="l 'I
:(x-i)'?= lx'?-(Lx)2/n, (13,7)
5 30 1 25 150.5 906.01
derived in (l; 3.5), and 7 1a 1 19 2?4.7 1030.4 1
9 JZ 2 81 289.8 1036.84
10 32 9 100 329,0 i
t(x-i)(v-v) = rxy-(rx)(ry)/n, (13.8) 11 3? 9 1?1 361 .9
108?.41
'1082 . 41
IL 34 7 144 416.4 1204.09
which may be proved .in a s.imil ar manner. 13 35 ( = E (y,-i
169 461.5 1260.25
Tot al s 67 230. q 689 .B
Example 13.'1 (continued
ZZ33 7602 .42 Subst'i tuti"; --

that
The calculation of a and b for this exarnple is
shown in Table '13.3. Ihesteps in the caicula- n=7
tion-should be self-explanatory and yie'ld
a = 27.18, b = 0.5982. 0n rounding these off, x=,;x/n=67/7=9,571 mtn '- ,]
the Equation of the regression line is est.imated
Y=tY/n=230,4/7=32.91
y = 27.2 + 0.6x All the s!rs :'
, ( 13. e) r(x-i)'?= rx2-(rx)2/n = 689-(67)r/7 = 47.7143 right-hand s':.:
been found /, h i '
and this ls the line drawn in Figure .l3.1 *** l(y-v)'= ry2-(ry)'?/n =
13.3, so th at :
matter.
= 7602.42-(230.4)2/7 = 18.9686
Example 13. 1 :
r(x-i)(y-y) = xxy-(rx)(ry)/n =
13 . 3 Var i ati on about the Regression line In Tabl e 13 . 3.
= 2233.8-(67)(?30.4)/7 = 28.542e
Suppose that several measurements are made on r(x-i)' = 47.:'
the dependent variable y at the sane value of b= r(x-i)(y-y)/r(x-i),
x (- xi. say). It has already becn pointed ouL
that the y values are subject to random fluctu- = 2B-5429i47,7 143 = 0.5982 r(v-i)'= 18.9t
ati ons. Consequently, the repeated y measure-
ments vlill vary and will therefore have a dis-
tri buti on, 1t wi I I be recal I ed that the purpose a= y- Ui = 32.91 - 0.5982 x9.571 = 27.18 and

iiq.13.4 The reqression ass umpti ons

r(x-i)(v-y) = er
Equation ( 13.11 i

v S*,n = 18.9686-(

lence, from Equa

s2 = 1.8941/5 =

living

fi.:ru = o.
istribution of
y when x=xi
3.4 Confidence
'ne
values of a
i3.4 )
and ( 13. 5
:rpu'lation value
,kely to vary f
x rus necessary t(
xi

74
ril?fiFItHfitnlr
9L EINIEItrT
(st.er) J*q +p -rJuol alplnttpc 01 atqp aq 01,{ressaoau
{ sr. 1l 'Jaqloue o1 aldues auo uorJ {.re,r o1 ,(1r
aJo]a.raql a.rp pup g pup D sanlp^ uorlel
aql Jo salpur!1sa aldues aJp (9.e[ ) pup (, tt
::.-.. aul uLqJ[rL suoLlenb3 {loJJ. palpIn)tp] q pup p ]o santp^
. '--.- . ri irnc,ls aq uPc
1t 'a! [ .: :: r_ '_.:,) senlpA lenprA
-lpu! ern ,. -_." .a '-"4-.iL uP alPtnlLPl slilurl aluaPrJuol b.E
,- -. :r.rletLldde ,{ueur uy
L(I-x)r u ' sf e'o = =
- ,r'11 * Jxq +e !r_9
.l ,u-lu r
6u Lrr 1
dq uaaL6 uaql aJE f Jo anlp^ upaut
, atu1, aqt JoJ stllxl t atuapljuol %(Z_l)OOl a\! ' 88ls'0 = 9/t168't =
'Jxq*e = 6 purJ aA.(0l.tt1 uorlenb3 u.rorj .atr
o1 lenba .x Jo anlp^ slql le anlerr I IEEu- u
aql Jo alpurlsa ue saprAoJd uo L1enb3 uo lsseJ6aJ l!68' | = enLL' Lb/ z6zbg'82)-9896.8t =
aq1 uaql .Jx = x sr x,o anlpl u^loul aq1'asoddn5
sairt6 uaql ( tt.0[ ) uorlP
punoll aq oslE upr slrrurI a]uap!J.""r r;ttf];:3 . 6zis.Bz = (^_f)(x_x)3
D JO salpu.rlsa aql ur saLJure?Jatrun aql
Jo asnpl
-aq J0r,,-f ci lcaiqns are,{;o sanlea palctpa,rd
asa!- u},ouf sL x Jo an[p^ e uaqm rf ]o sanlp^ PUP
a,rnlrl llrpaJd o1 sL uotlenba uolssa.r6a.r jq1
,".:_.t. ;edi:ut.rd p lpqt paJaqueual aq tt !,\r 1l . 9896.8t = .(4_^)s
'(18'o'/s'o).
, entL.Ln = z(x_x)3
8822',0 1 Z86E'0 =
lPql punoJ aa 'E'tt atqPI uI
y!L! /ere'o x ts.z.za6s.o ( panu
rluo)) 1 '91 aldue x3
sp (tt'eLy uoL1enb3,{q ua^[6 arp g ro] asoqt pup
aIdurrs p s! 7s ]o uorlpIn][ef, aq1.]pqr
ut-q pue e 6ullnduol aIrqx punol";',:11;l
rraJq
| (9'6z'6'bz) - fppaJ[p
- atqej a,req uorlenbq s!ql ]o apLs pueq_1q6L.r
oql uo sltnpo.rd pue sa.renbs jo s{xns aql ILV
LZ'Z + 8I' LZ =
L
.tl-!') { ,^ L^ +
- -ln-' l <
UtlI
' c
T.VLL'Lb 0r'il) =
-;t.Lsi * I,L x9 l9'0 x L9,Z i 8l' LZ
"(t4-txy1r-r*y
i)
.arey JoJ sr*rr, purj eM ,(g.et ) uotlenb3 urorJ q .,,oJ or,lnrrrljxl
^q ".r";l1l;3'lrn:"13;lt;r?:t:l
' 9!9'0 = s 'Z86S'0 = q .8t.tZ p
= .(l-!r)*.q*(r-rr) (I- lr) i qz-.(f-lf) ? =
rxoJr ,rs.7 =eZ0'0'e1 ,"ui'l;'ir'ji':i ;':'i
ql!A 'puP 'aulnuroJ aAoqp aql ul gZO.0=t:
=t .{(I -rx)q-(4 - t^tr i =
ln0
?.snu aM ,slrtxrI af,uap[]uot,/"96 putJ o.l-
( panu rluoo) r eI a[dupx] .t
,aur
.(lrq-n-lx)< ='!*s
1 uorssa.r6aJ aql lnoqp
uorlpr^ap pJepupls aql sr s pue z_u = )j aJaqr,l
Dup (r'eL1 suotlenb3 3Ji*iTl'r:j,?,l:,J:
SjJ
(tl'tt) .z{.(I-x):}/s^'ll,q q pue p uaqA pa^alqlp st unurutur stql .(e.tt
)
uo L1enb3 ur pau[]ap .suo r1e
T rrap 1o sjrpnUi
Jo urns aql Jo anlpl unuluu! aq1 sr uiur5 araqm
aJP I JOJ aSOq? puP
fr (ot'et) .(7-u)7ulu5
(zrer) . l4|}*f1.,''r,., =,s
iL ') ,(q paprrrord s! s!q1 leql uAoqs
aq uel ll, .2, J0 an[eA al]l ]O aleul1sa up a^pq
o1 1ue1.rodur. snql sr 1l .plpp aql 01 s1! s!
aq_I
arp )p Joj strurL aluapr luot 7,1!7 _ t)00t
Jasotl aql aJolaJaql pup au[[ aq1 lnoqe1!J sL araql
uoLlPLrPA ssaI aq1.s! zo raItpms aqI .plpp
..1 lrpd 1o 1 raldeq3 uI puno] eJarl sJal aql
, slrJ r
I aql t taI aor.l +o a"rnipa, e sf acuail
-aup.lBd uoLlelndod raqlo pue irearu a!1 .ro3 slrur
puE 9q
r uo rssar6a.r aq1 lnoqe elep pj,rnseau,
-r i aluapLJU0S Se lSnl ,! pue o JOJ SltrxtI af,uap -au t
aq1 1o,(1rIrqplJpA eq1 sarnspau zo of,upfrp^ aql
uo LSsaJ6au JPaurl 'tI
 L 1 near Regress'ion
1
13. Linear Re

with probabi 1 tty ( 1-2il against the alternative: The total surn .j l
Hr: Be0 (i.e., y is dependent on x)
Example 13. 1 (conti nued
ready known i "e':
ference.
One method of doing this is by means of the
l,Jeshall calculaLe estifiates of the modulus when ana)ysis of variance. The technique is based on
the processing tension is B. Putting x1 = I and 7 a result that can be found by first considering Exanple 13.
'_0.125 in Eouation (13.14) gives the iollowing the i dent ity
1

95'r confidence lirnits for the mean nrodulus of -

tyre cord produced at ti)at tenslt-n: yi-i = (yj-Yi) * (vi-v) , x(x-i)'z = 47.7113

27.2 + 0.6 x 8 t ?.57, O.U,U - * !q:%lz-l)'

1
2 where !i = a + bxi is the value of y calculated r(v-!)'= 18.9685
from the regression line when x = xi. By squar-
{} 47.7143
] ing and adding such expressions for al I values
of i, it can be shov{n that and
= 32.0 :t 0.70
> (yt-i)'
'
= z'i (y,-y.)'* >(y.-t),
-l
i " i t(x-i)(v-v)
= (31.3, 32.7) = za.t

Again, Equation (13.15) gives an interval within = Smin* Z.(yi-i), (13.16) we find that, by r
which individual ntodulus tests can be expected
to lie. 1,,/e find, when xf = 8, sum of squares drn
after noting that the first term on the r.i ghr-
hand sjde ii the sum of squ ared deviations th at = (28.542912111.tl
27.2 + 0.6 x It 2.57 x 0,615 1.+* 8-9.571 was. mi in calculatin g a and b, This is
nimized
x
47.7143
l often referred to as the sum of s quare s about
the regression. The second term on the ri-ght:
hand s1-de-oflTquat.i on ( 13, 16 ) s the sum of
.i
. 17.0745.
= 32.0 t 1.7 squares of the vertical deviations of the points
on the line (xi,_9i) from their mean (X, y). Ihe ANOVA table is
This term is called the sum of squares dui to
= ( 30.3, 33.7 ) _l!g3$lof or expiained by reqression. TEE-Teft- Ihe value a'- . , ..'
harrd side of Eqriation TT3.TdT-is tle sum of
;een to be :-:- ''
squares of the deviations of the y values from
Thus, provided that other processing condjtions
their mean, usua'lly cal led the total
rypothes i s i: -.- -.

do not change, future tyre cords made by using a sum of rlude that:....
processing tension of B can be expected to hdve :qEIS:
a mean modulus lyinq beLween 31.3 and 32.7, Thus Equation ( 13.
while individual test pieces wil'l have modul.i 16 ) may be wri tten
ranging betvleen 30.3 and 33.7. *** 13.6 The Corre' :-,
total sum ] - frm of squares I ,[r* of square.
13.5 Analys'i s of Varian ce of Reqression
{of squares J Labout regressionj- ldue to regres:.: .t is often us:.-
rtrength of tl.e
rari ab'les. Suc- :
Before a regressi on I i ne, calcul ated as de- and this forms the bas.is of the AN0VA shown ,idering Equai':-
scribed above, is used to predict y values, it in Table 13.4. Th'i s tab'le shows that the mean
square about regression, M6 = S6in/(n - 2), is 'n the form
must be verified that a real regression exists,
i.e., that the y values rea11y do depend on x. the estimate s2 of the variance q 2'about ilte
regression, Equation ( 13.10). It can also be shc"- tota I
We have seen that the regression lini can be
written in the form of Equation (13.6), i.e., that the mean square due to regressron, Mr, is
an estimate of
{ vari ati on i
.f the dat a pa i -;
Y = uy* S(x-u*) ;traight line, '.=
o'* E't(x-i)'
s good,
'l the va.':
and y rril I x only jf B I 0. Thus
be dependent on
If the null hypothesis is true, i.e., s = 0,
ri l be, a.:
smal l
,.,e a:est of ilre null hypothesis:
ixust devise lue to regressi c:
this expression reduces to o2, and then l'1^ and r,, uti on to the t.t.
.c, . = 0 (i.e., 1r is independent of x) are buth estimales of o 2 and should not be" sig-
nrfjcantly different.
z _ variation due
0n the other hand, if Bl0, then Mr wou ld be
expected to be significantly greater c h an Me, tota I v
and thi s can be t6sted by cl liul ating the rati o

Table 13.4 ANOVA for Linear Regression For.o

=M/M
and refer|ing the result to Table A5 with 1 6"6
Source of Sums of Deqrees of 14ea n
(n - 21 degrees of freedom. A test of thc null
vaniation sq ua res freedom squa res
F hypothesis'is thus made avai'l able. rble 13,5 AN0VA I

Due to The calculation of the ANOVA table is simplifiec

reqression > (i.-t). 1 t'l
r t'l /M
ro
by comparing Equations (13.11) and
th is cotnparison, we see that
( 13, 16 ) . Frcr Source of 5um s
vari ati on squar

/.. \2 c Surrr of squares dt/e to regression lue to .A|

- a \-Yi -nJi, --,tnin
17
n-2 .egres s i on
o
= > {V--vl' .ibout
,i , 1 .89
T (v,-v)' n-1 "egression
-otal
=(:
,f (*,-i)(v.-v)),1
| 'r-i > (x.-i), (13.17 18.95
T.,

76
riI?fltrtt'firiln
 il
LL
EiI[E[EEr
ruoJJ u^loul Sr 1r alu!s .asr.Jp lou prp Jaouep
s!q1.L.tI atdupx] ul .pa^[o^ur saIqprJBA or,11 9 9896'8t t
aql uoLlpIaJ lf,e]]a_pup_asnEt e sorlduI
-uaaAlaq
Flr.ressarau s!qtr .3uel!Jr.u6rs sr. uoLleljjeoi uo!ss
p asnptaq .lsr{} 6urpnlf,uoo u! sarI s]u;rJiJ]ao3 88t€ '0 5 t 168' t
uorletarrol 6ul3a.rd.re1ul ut t tplrrd' raliouV
uotssa.l6a.,t
t'9n *10' Lt 9bt0'Lt 01 ano
aq 01 punoj aq plno,4 pl'p
asaql ,";tjt}:
J s arp nbs uopaaJJ s ale nbs
P aqt pue .reaur[-uou s! l! ]nq .f uo[]e !JeA
uPahl 1o saarBag
tlelal sno[Aqo ue sI araql ql! qi1 JO SUJnS JO a3Jnos
.: :+, 6 JPaU [ [ S t-
uaardlaq uo[1elaJ aq1 uaqM Iuo antPA
]O
";.:._-_-.:rl LlLl?l3rrol
-rs.! l, .oiaz cj asollaql 1pq1 passaJls Aq !'gl atdurpxs JoJ VAONV 9.0t al
st.r asneraq 1snc,{
- 33rileq u0 I lp L los sp ou s I aJaql lpq1 apn
L3
: :. snorabuep ,(JaA sr lL ,JaAal4oH .o:ai o1
Jgau :r p^ E a^pq ol punoj aq [[r^1 J SaSp) L{]ns
u . DUp ,x uo ,( yo acuapuadap ou {lsnoLAqo sL
aJa r-r !lrqtr uL uorlpnlr.s e sAoqs (p) g.tt .6!l
L
,. L-. 1
z(l- n;3 uollPrJP^ telol
qrr!{ JU+ pipp lo ras p s,oqs n{t? iui] r ! uot ssaJbal 01 anp uo!?PrJP^ -
pue ,-saseaJ )ur. x sp aspa.rtrap o1 .rorrr
JseaJcu L 6f -rx-!f\ -z
spual ( ,laqJeijh-uo spuadap .r ;o u6rs aql .!_ pue
1
L+ uaaMlaq 6uL,{1 anleir e a^pq [[ rr,t .r Li5q1' ,aLL orlpr aql .uorleLJeA Ielor aq] o1 uorlnl
lq6Le:rs aqt uorj alpLAap siuioo erep aq+ li -LJ1uo3 JoCeu aql apL,lo,ld lLLu uotssa.r6a.r or'and
uolJer.JeA aq1 ,{ltuanbasuol pup . t tpurs ao r r rl
'(q) pue (e) 9.tr .6H (uttus =1 uorssa:6ar Jnoqe uoLlpLJer-jq1 .prioO'i]
.uL.Da1€.lSn,
"a'! l! se sr uo[]enJrs aql pup .L; _ uorlerlossp rearrrl aqt j! ,.a.t .ault lq6Ler1l
'r . Zr .aspl str{t ul .llaJJad aq oi pLesJ P 01 asotJ upl (!^ ,!x; s"rLed plpp arll JI
s. uo L ,p I dJrol L
aqJ .au 1 1q6 rerls e uo iff$i]
t Lel ( !,{
,!x) sr red elpp aq1 11 .sa1qe r.rea
0Hl uAaMlaq uotl.pt lossp aq1 ]o aJnspaut
p sr.l jo anIp^ aql 1eq1 JpautI
pazrseqdura aq lsnur ll {::i'::ii:i,:l} . t"""'':3i,}lr;} = {'",-ili:l}
,r 1o uo t1e1e.rd"re lut aqt" L'9'e L
uar.rr.rr,^ aq i{eur q3rqa .(9t'e r ) ,"rrrrHo*rilSoil
-uol Aq pa^[Jap aq up3 alnseau p q]ns .selqprJgA
otrl uaaalaq uorlst 3ossp JpautI aqi Jo t]?6ua"rl$
z({-,t):r1x-x;:1 aql alnspau ol atqe aq ol In]asn ua1lo sr 1f
(6r'er)
( ( x-x lIE uo.rre
): r rrliaol tarrol arlt 9. t,
^-/i)
:luatlLlJ,aol uot lpIoJJo3 aql paltpr sL
r.ltu1m.looJ a.tenbs s1L sl aJnseaur pasn fiuouuo5 **T,
lsou aLll ,f pue x uaaalaq uorlpLlossp rpauLl uo puadap op,{[lpal sontp^,{ aql rpql apnt]
,(uer.i:
aql ]o arnspaur ,{JollpJS rlps lsoLu aq1 ,s,(eu -uot ail pue .palcafar oJolaJaql sL sLsaqlodr(ri
ur- 'sL uorJpurulralap Jo luarlLJlaoc aq1 q6noq11y LInu aqI .IaAat %[ aql lp luprr]ru6rs aq ol uaas
sL 'SV aIqpI qlr^1 parpduro] uaq^1 ,l lo antpA aql
'q pup p 6utleulrlsa uI punoJ uaaq ,{peal re a^pL
aprs pueq-1q6r.J aql uo sarlrluenb aq1
.uoflpIn]tei ro] a:r,, 1 1d
rxJo] luaruaAuo3 e'ir q:Lqr,r I'tt alqpl uL sp uoql sL aiqpl V/\0NV a
(8r'sr) .(4-^): (x-x\? '9i10'Lt
x-x 3) -24
z{
.BZ
tb t t' Ln / z(62b9 =
) )
]pq1 pull aa .7r roJ uoLlenb3 aql u! ( lt .fl
uoLlenbS uro:1
21X- !^) J roj atnrtrsdnd-5^"ti
uoLssa;6al o1 anp salenbs Jo uns
au ! [ uor.sse.r6a.r aq1 uo,{11cexa alt (![ ,lx)
SJ ! 0d uoplenb3 6ursn ,{q .leqt
etpp aql lt .a'! .t ttp.roj l,t = ti ',tt'et ) pu!J
J!I luo parJsrfps aq uEl uor.1enb3 sr[1 pue
, 6zts.sz = (4_^)(I_x)
'g =.1!4-!r;:
uaq; '[ - zr ]! .pupq raqro
,q*o'?olrr0"; '-il;
r-r I uorsso.r6-a; aql lo adots aq1 ..a.! .!- Jo
san lp^ | 1e :o1 { = !d }l anrt aq ,(1uo ue5 qoL-r{/,a
'
'o =.r{-ro{ r',rnru
r' rl*l : : :: lll
teqt sartdurr sIql.oJaz sI anLpA
s!q1 Jl .auo prp orez uaarllaq att tsn, enie,r it,. aluIs (panu rluoo; 1 -g1 aJd-urex3
SAOqs uorfLULJap s1l. pue uqL?eurutJalap-F
-1!.q1 aql p,aLler sr ,ZJ,{q palouep .oi1e.r
lua!r!Jlaor
aql 'slpp aLtr1 s1!l arrLI aLlx .a3uaJaJ
11ar.r laoq 3o'e.rnieau
p eJoJalaql sL pup uorssel6a"r -Jlp punoJ aq up3 u!u5 aruaq : u&oul fppoJ
aq1,fq pautetd ^q
-xa uoLlprJpA tplol aq.l 1o uorl.rodo.rd aq1 iL
-[e s! '.tI-trli 'saJpnbs Jo uns Ip1o? aq.L
uo s saJ6au JPaU rl
 -:: 1..ri, r.1:

L'inear Regressi on
13. Li near

other eVidence that changing tne process.ina ten_ 13.6.2 The Sisnifi cance of r
sion-must inevitaoly cauie 5 ctrin6e-in-[ire'or.lr_ Exanple 13.
srcat properties of the resulting tyre cord. - 1

It is occasional ly desirable to carry out a test

But sornetr res the correl ati on can be sour.i ous.
or stgntf'lcance of the correlation cbefficient. Byusing the v
and this (ar oe particularly true when'ahe-;;ia Ine nut I hypothesis is that there is reallv no ducts found in
have been collected over a period of time. ior- corretation between the two variables. .i.e".. - determination
exanple, the stocks of raw cotton vary with - that^the. population correlation ;;"iii.i;;;'
time, as does the production of cottoir under_ P = 0. The alternative hypothesii i. ir,ri'o ,o E

When the nul'l hypothesis-is t"ue, = o l2 ^

wear. Ihere may wel I be a si gnificant correl a_
shown th at
ii..r'uI 47.7143 x
l-,:n 0ettveen stocks of cotton and the production
.' .rotr"wear. but rhis does not mean tIai-iunj" and hence a prr
ring down stocks of raw cotton will automati_
ca1 iy increase (or decrease) tne producilon
of o
]-'rE variation of ti
regressi on of ,,

underwear. l^/har is trappening. in iact, is-ifrit ft-;z. ( 13.20 ) cient is

DoCn var'tables are react.ing to outside .inf

1y, time.
luen_
ces and are varying w.ith a third variaUte, niine- has a t distribut.ion with (n - 2) degrees of
-
r= 6.eo=c
1f..991, and may therefore be tested"tor-
This is obvious
i:gl]' I;:'ff tl',1:l'i: l;. of si gni fi can ce
AN0VA ':',::?oi:'33,lV.lllt
of Section 13.5. {-quation ( 13.2:

" = Lre:-E
t^
y1-0.es-

with 5 de_oree:
shows that :r.
0.01, the d:--:'
tai'l test :s l:
therefore .".=-
Fi9.13.5 pro ties of the co 10n ct
soci ati on bi:
,nodulus is.e:""+
of Sectjon :j.:
v (a) v
(b) 13.7 Regress.
lccasionall:,, ,:
rs carried . -
l'i ons, th at tl- e
ihrough the orjc
:hen of the far
/=Bx
rnd there is o.'
r = +1 r. -1 ) is the'least-s'
's found by mir.-
x iations from
x
v
;=bx,
(c j
(d )
.e., by making

o oo = E(v.,-9.,), =
o a a
aa a a a
a a minimum. This
ooo a a o
a' o
oao o
o a S/db=0,
10a o a
ta o r.0.7
a o O ,e., when

r 0
T (v, -bx, )( -x, )
x
x

v
:ad ing to
(e)
=
fx,v,/Ex;
a e min'imum valr,e
o a

a
It a tn
T'i (T
o C an
r= estimate of
a 0
a 3ression line is
x
= Sr.n/(n-1 )

78
rEhilnEFfllr,rn
6_ L-
EENE[trr
-
8'r l'! 9'r 9'r t.t c.t z.t t.t 0.t
n
(iz'gt) (l-r)/'!*s =
aqr xnoqp arupr..,p^
I "rr ]i 3ii,l,l?i'i3'
(€z'Er) !*=/,trrt,il-l^i =,
9
,vlOU S L S ]0 An Ie^ unu]L u Lul
o (zz'Et) '|,{7r^r,} q
I
o1 6uL pea 1
L
8 . 0 = (!x-)(Irq-!r)<z
uaqa,.a'I
6 '0 = qp/sP
uaqtl sJn330 srql ,tunururul P
.(rrq-tr)i = .ttr-t^li = s
9't L a IqP I u! BlPp artl Jo qdeJg 9't t '6IJ 6utleur fq ..a'r
0z'9 60'9 ts.9 26.9 98'9 [.9 26.9 00't Be'l t9.8 3=r 'xa=d
r0'r 10't il.t 8l.l cz.l 9t.t 8e,r 0s't s9't zt't 7/l = x
-ap Jo saJpnbs Jo uns aq1 6ulzL,rLutH"il ;Hjitli
u anlP^ s1! 's Jo al9u!1sa serpnbs-ispai aur it o
-u re Id paxP laJ -lal4 uo sluauaJnsPaN g.€! atqPl
JI 'alpurrlsa ol .ralaure;ed auo ,{1uo st'a.rjLp iue
(tz'il) x8 =,{
.puaJl
rpaur[ e s1sa66ns pup.9.1 sr. uorlenb3 uolssa.i6ar
-
6tl ur, umoqs jq1
.r,Hl* 3Xi i;^::Xi
-_
paxplaJ-laa .sr elpp 1o qde16 y' .rr91qn3 "r,
ssEd ptnoqs aurl uorssar6a, aql ts,6 .sro,j
;o1 drqsuorlelar srql ale6igsanirr'01 -EJaprsuof, lerrsfqd uro.r3 sdeq.rad .lno pa,r,rec ii
JuauJrradxa^u9 Jo s1[nsar aql aJp g.t! atqe] Jo ?uaulJadxa ue aJolaq uMouI sr. 1L ,flleuorserrg
BIPP aqj 'r) = e pue .x/L = x .3
= f ini'.i +r.
ur.b lJO aq1 qbnorq ? uorssaJbaU
x8=,{ l.tt
,o.l-19lb, srril .alpls paxpIar , ,r-i?'ri]lrltrii
__ -ui!l
sr rJqeJ pall rul_u t p td lo tp6ua r r ui .rjo
t uorsnrruo3 aqr qr!a ."aro, :i;5:Iiil i:t3;ilrj;
sasrn03 aLll puE r qt6ua1 dool iq1 u""^1eq's1sir" pJof, pue uoIsual 6urssaco;d uaaulao uoLrpt:os
-sp aql tpql apntouo3 aA pup ,paloacaj
t/)1 sr srsaqlodfq tInu aqj .a1er.rdo:dde r, arojajari
rr.i , iJ,
= x -of{l p af,uls [.rpssacau 6uraq 6uLtanop 3u1'.i6.n
= 900.0 x z sr Ia^aI acuecLlru6rs aql lpir s"bqi
1o drqsuoLlelar e ?pq1 pan6:e uaaq ur.iofS.1'11 tV atqel 0l aJUaJaJag .uopaarJ 1o saa.r6ap g qlLm
- e r-El?u,pxl
.rq'0-_r/ o1
8'9 =
(Lz'e L) ft;T6.d
ztzfi/*x+Lls^'I1 ; Jxq
I
uoJr or 6ur1e1nc1ec aql
ualrn anIp^
r;;;tr,(33;rilri;Al:,.iJ ut
'Jx = x f lenpt,rrput aJnln] e::; f;X3 ^o
lsal IsruJ0J e 1nq .q6rq,(_ran,(lsnolnqb,l ,t,.{L
Oz'tt) : ,x:y'/JxsIl, ,lro
' s6'o = g6.gt : r
(oz'
-.ruor aqr .rx
= x uaqm { 1o ..iJ: ;Jj#-jri':;! _-llJ?or
aql
uortpIa.,ro] aql 'x uo { r. r.::r::;:l
Aq pauIetdxa sI sanlen ,{ aLit
,0 LJ.]prrp^
'uopaaJ; 1o saa.r6ap _ u tPlo? oql Jo ,%06 Jo .6.0 uortrodo,d p atueq pup
t = I spq 1 aJaqm
. e8e6.g.!
(sz'rr) ,ug/rr,rr.-, 06.0 = 1rI!,t, _ -J '0
z6(19 8l
j(St'91,; uorlenb3 uor+ ,sr uorJpuLuralap
.- luarllJlaot
,.aJP s1!tx![ a]uaprJUot zdZ.- t)OOt aql .e.rol
.(et.ell -Jo pup sa.renbs
aql.t.tt alqei ur or,no,, slcnp
:i-91)_pyn'(urcr) suoiie.uj'or-rno-o -ord Jo suns Jo sanLeA aur 6LrLsn,{g
-iLpue su0rJpnb3 fq uanL6 arp s1r.rut .;r;;r;;;j
t (Pa nurtuol) I .g1' aldurexJ
uo !ssaJ 6ay reau I
"_ i '",
 13. L'inear Regressi on 13. L 1 near

From these data, we find that tionship .is of a certa in kind, the methods of knitt'ing, as
[he ]ast few sections can be extended to quently, an e
n = 10 , with this case, which is called multiple deal the loop lang.
li ne ar ied systenatir
IgSrCsr-ul. tested for sht
Ix2 = 17.7736 , A word of explanation .is necessary about what Table 13.7.
types of relationsh'ip can be dealt with bv thp<p [,le saw in dis.r
:y' = 4?3.2012 ,
methods. The genera'l linear Equation is tion betreen r
was non-liner
Y = s+ Blxr + B2x2 + ... + Bkxk , (13.29) linear forr b1
shrinkage. Td
-xY = 86.6974 of the shrin&.
where y is the dependent variable and x1, x2, plotted agaiE!
Equation (13.22) then gives ... , xkare the independent varj ables. This treatnpnt) in
Equat'ion is a linear function of the parameters
o,B1l8?, at each leyel
b=!q.!!11 =Lejja posed ::., anBk, and, provided that it.is pro-
fit larly, in Fio-
17.7736 -to equation that can be written .in inearly ritfr
thrs form, the methods of multiple linear re_ 1
more, the tren
and the I i ne representing the Equation gression can be used. Thus, .if there are two in_
dependent vari ables, the f6l towing iquatio;i aie rallel, and th
Y = 4.BBx all ljnealin the parameters and ian be fitted gest that a rc
to su'itable data:
is drawn in Fig. 13.5. Y = c+81X1+g
(a) y = q+Blxr+92x2 ,
The mjnimum sum of squares of deviations .is may be used to
Sr.n = 423.201? - (86.6974), / 1j.7736 (b) Y = a+81x1+82X2+BrXrXz ,

= 423.201? - 422.8991 (c) y = q+g1x!+B2x1x2+Bsxi

Table 13.- _:
That these are of the form of Equation ( 13.2g)
= 0.3021 can be seen by taking (br as an'exarple. Aii-we
xl,2
from Equation ('t3.23), and then Equation (j3.24) l:l:_!9 do is write x3 = x1x2, and rhen (b)
De comes
grves 0
y = 0+81x1+BzXz+BgX: , 0.5
s2 = 0.3021/9 = 0.03357 , 1.0
which is of the required form. An important case 1.5
so th at r s when. a polynomi al i n one i ndependent vari l.u
ab.le
rs required. If we put
s= 0.1832 0 0.5
0.5 0.5
Since k = n - 1 = 9, and t = O.OZSfor 95% con-
X1 = X,X2 = X2, .,., xk = xk, 1.0 0.5
fidence limits. Table 44 gives t9.O.OZS = 2,26, 1.5 0.5
and the confideqce I imits-for B ;i;'-'" then Equati on ( 13. 28 ) becomes 2.0 0.5
4.8779 t 2.26 x 0. 1g3Z/ t[tl.ltSA y = 0+ BrX+BzX2*...* gkxk, o.7
0.5 o.7
1.0 0-7
and this can be fitted to suitable data. 1.5
= 4,8779 i 0.0982 0.7
However, an Equation like 2.0 4.7
- (4.78,4.98), y = a+ Blxr(l-e-82x2) Fi 9. I 3.7 Gri

afi-er using Equation ( 13.25). v

is not a l'inear function of the parameters and
lf a fabric is knitted with a stitch length therefore cannot be fitted by ttr! meinoJs-oi -
e,.-.0.71 then xf - i/ r 1.30, multiple 1i near regression.
limits for ine nea^=number and
fidence -cm, rie con-
of cor"rL,
per cm for this fabrlc are, from tquation ---
4
( 13 .26) , '13.8. 1 The Case
of Two Independen t Variables
4.8779 x 1.30 ! z.Z6x 0.1832 x 1.30/ tlO.ltN The case when there are two independent vari_
ables is of frequent occurrence ind we sha.l i a
dcscribe it in some detail, the followino
= 6.3413:0.1277 glmplg bei ng used to i I luirrate tne-iteis
in
the calculation. The method can be extenled
- (6.21, 6.47) fai,rly easily to the case when ,0.. li,in-iuro
lncependent vari ables are involved. 2
+++

3 .8 lvlul t ip'le Re greSsi on

Ex amp.l-e 13 . 4
..,e h ave been concernedthe rel a- w.ith
: :::iieen t_vro variables. It often lle saw in Example 13.2 that the area shrinkaoe
...:.:r! tha-ilthe dependent varjable hap_ ol a knttted fabric is affected by the ,streiot.
is
--, :,. -!he values of more than one inde- of the shni nk-resi st finish
ever, the inherent shrinkage oi such fabrici-i.i: appl i6A l, ii.
. : '- :: : and, provided
that the rel il also seems to be influen..j ny tt":fig;;;;;; 0
0.5
..

80
rdI[Et'tFfiIEI
 :
t8
EmrNrrEmI F-_
zX
t'0 9'0 t'0 0 UZ 9't 0.t 9'0
IX 0
t'0
9'0 o
a
t'0
zX
z
z
a
a
0'1
t o
x t
9'0
0 x n
b
IX
(q)
(P)
A
,'Et el duex3 rol e1e P J0 sqdpJg l.tt.6tJ
9Z'L 'e
I ,L t'0 O'Z
n0'z L L'O 9't
gB'.Z I .LL L'O 0't
LZ't, o 'nz L'0 9'0
nt't o '29 L'0 0
69'0 0 'z 9'0 0'z
bn'I z 'b 9'0 9't
sz'z I '6 9'0 0't
tL'z 0 '9r 9'0 9'0
'Iu? = A bz'E 9 '92 9'0 0
aOBlu[Jqs paJp a6plua3Jad I i'0 9't 0'0 0'z
= l t9'0 6',r t'0 9't
(url) ql6uat doot = zx 0s' ! 9't c.n 0't
9t.'z 9'0r E'0 9'0
tlsr.ur.J 9L'Z 9'9r
lsrsaJ_)ulJqs Jo,ql6ualls, = tx e'0 0
fr Zx [x
b'e I atdupxl "rol eteO I.el alqel
.elpp aq? aqrJf,sap
ol pasn aq ,{eur
Zq, lq, Be (62'st)
0= zxzg+rxTg+p
cp se
= r{
se
ad,(t aql Jo tapour e 1eq1 1sa6
uaqA Unulluttu P Sr -:1t"91":! peal suorleajasqo il
is5qi p*i':i.iin, -&
-po lIl.ionoJ aee qde.i6 q3pa ur snua.rl 3q1. ij jo,
' z(zxzq-tlrlq-p-rr1i = ,t*r-,rli = s
-Jaq1.lnj 'lx Jo larat Llf,pa le Zx ur,^ ;;,r;;;'
satrea Iur +pqr 5ai-j^'Iioti:ei " ;lr^ri'1;i:jI
sa.renbs Jo uns srql .uorl -rur!s,JpaurI sr. puar] aqr'Z x-io
-pnoa^uor.ssor6a; aq1,{q uaat6 ianlea rpqt uaas tsq uer tJ .(p)z.er .6r:
rji",',,.oi"""
-dJJUJ dq.l uloJ+ santerr ,( parnSeaU f.fiir'o;;j; :i
ii"l;i;rj;
aq! lO.suOl.i us aq1 Jo q16,,arls aq11 1. x lsrieoe p"iroio
;:iT?,1.-::lenbs ;o urns aqi 6urzrurui; ;; ;:;:l asaql pue .sanien aOe 1r,'r,.r'rqj-jo
Jerts,rus l5paI J0 po(]au aql rfq punol -.....y9"q.alr,.,1
stul.ilLJPboI aql srnoqs
'{larrtlradsa;'Zg a.rp sanlpA l.e t snq]atqpr .a6e.{ui.rii
pup.t s ,o 1o ,rfrrrji, aqt yo uq1r.le6o1 aq1 6uL >tpt-,(q-u.ror .reJuii
a[.ues
^.jl?t1taq] alouap or Zq pue.rq ., iir-iiiii.jm ^- _-
01
l:]:r:1uor aq ptno3
pup
1! lEtll rnq ',n.riilror-tri
qsrurj;o ql6uarls
-:Dp)iu!rr.ls
-PlaJ
r.rnir.q roi,
aql tprlt Z.tt alduex3 6uLssnrsrp ri,iri-ili
'Z'l=l'1!r'lZx'ltx;
uL uanr6 aJp sl tnsaJ aq1 .a6e>1uL:11,
,o,, n i3i"5',i:"; riJ',jJ, .r';itr:1::i
3i, i3,3.',i' jfs;fl 1 slrrqpJ 6uIllnsaJ aql pup ,tr rerirrr""r.l.'"Il
-rp^ aJa^1 q16ua.r1sluauteaJl pup'qisra t j;i :;i
uoLlp nbl 1euro11 aq1 qrlql4 ul 1no par.JJpf, sem
7;[:lf luaurLrad'ra ,; ;;iir;;d
-asuo3 'q16ua1 dool aq1 ,(q pa.rnseau ,, .6;Ji;;;;
uorssaJ Jpau ['] t
 'r ,. :;.il-+-i'*s_.::

13. L'inear Regress on 13. Li near

The first of these conditions gives Examp'le 13.4 (continued) The normal eqr
u=y-u,i,-6ri, (13.30) The calculation of a, bl, is shown in
and b2
7.50 b, + 0.5,
ful'l in Table 13.8 and, provided that the compu-
while the second two lead to trtions are carried out systematically, they
should present no difficulty, and

-11"1 '12-2 - '1y'

c h +c h c
At this stage, it is worth remarking on the 0.b, + 0.46 5,
(13.31) design of this experiment, since it was chosen
q with a v iew to simplifying the calculations. The
giving, respe(
h ,< li = c
LLJ variable x1 was investigated at five levels
(0,0.5, 1.0, 1,5,2.0), which are seen to be bt = -l'3147 '
equal1y spaced. Similarly, x2 was vdried at
three levels (0.3,0.5,0.7)l and these are also b2 = z'sz '
,,-.t *, )' = rxi-(rx, )'/n spaced at equal intervals. When the levels are
',,'l ,
chosen in this way,'it turns out that the sum of Equation ( lit-t
pro duc ts
sr, = i(xr-ir)2 = txl-(rxr)'z/n ,
a = 2.091r3-(-l
stz = r(xl-i1)(xr-ir)
The estiEted I

s,, = r(x,, -i., )(xr-ir) = rxlx2-(rx1 )$.xr)/n ,

has a zero value, and this makes the solution of
the normal equations parti cu1 ar'ly simpl e, In Y = 1.95-1.3lr
fact, we find that
sly = r(xt-il)(v-v) = rxty-(rx1)(ry)/n , b, = s,r/s11 , after rotnding
table is as sl
sZy = t(x|-i?)(v-v) = rxry-(txr)(zy) /n bZ = s?y/s?Z .
A test :. :-:
gressi0.': :-
Equ at i ons ( 13.30 ) ) are called the
and ( 13.31 must be::-::-
normal equations, and they are sufficjent to
AeIEffine-alt and b2. '13.8.3 Analvsi s of Vari ance
They can be generalized quite easily. For the It can be shown that the total sum of squares
generai linear regression with k'independent sr, =:(y-!)2 can be split into two components
variables, the norrnal equations are
( ) due to regression,
i a,,d
a = i-u,,i.,-uri, "'-bk*t ' ( ii ) about regression,
(
s,,b,*Y,,rbr*.. * t1kbk = s1y , as for the case of two variables, Section 13.5, Table 13.9
and this provides the basis of an ana'lysis of
s,rbr+ srrbr+ " t'2kbk = s2y
' variance. The sum of squares due to regression
is now given by
Sources o:
bltly*bztzy, vari ati on
(13.32)

Due to
slkbl * r2kb2+ ... + sOObO = sn, regressior

About :

Table 13.8 of a, b r and b2 for

Calcul ati on
regress i on I

EiampTE-T3.Z- "-
Tota I

n ac

Table 13. 10 Ar{

i*l 15.0; x1 = ,x1ln = 15.0/15 = 1.0
;rces of
L*z 7,5; x, = txr/n = 7,5/15 = 0.5 'iation
Iy 3'1 .49; i = zy/n = 31 .49/15 = 2.0993 ,to
:ression on
r*i 22.50; s,, = rxf-(ix1)'/n = 22.50-15.02/tS = 7.50 .
and x,

,*1 4.15; sr, = ixl-(rx2)'/n = 4.15-7.52/15 = 0.40 uetox

I one
Lx
1x2
7.50; s,, = rx,xr-(rx.,)(rxr)/n = 7.50-t5 x7.S/15 = 0.00 ddn. of
2
21.630; s1y = txtv-(xx,, )(rv)/n = 21.630-'15 x 31.49/15 = -9.86
'xrY ut
0
ression
LxZy 15.913; szy = rxzv-(rxr)(ty)/n = 16.913-7.5 x 3,l.49/15 = 1.168 .

r.,2 82.7611; tyy = Lyz-(Ly)2/n = 82.7611-31.492/15 = 16.6531 al tb.

82
fTTIilillF[II?il
 I
EEItrEMII
NL r 099'9 I :l
,o !1:r!: uo I
. lssa.rbar aLll u 1 Zy pue
1u
x qloq 6u pe1 tgz0 '0 zt 96LZ'0
rq/{q1roM s I t! lprlt
^::r. "t
pup-'1uprrJru6rs,{1q6tq Jl;;";;,1;-;^
a.re"pi,1cro,
soi1e., qroq,:rij,i.r"
sltil ul'uoLlpnbl uoLssa.r6ar .ql rl.j*,pr",ii.r, 9U I 60 !t.e
stul:1"?rrt JoJ aruerrJLuoLs I 60tt't
-saJbar +o sisai.p,l"rO roi;. ;, ,i
arenbs ,l?y qtr^ ,6iir.,-ri.,l,
pr:":{:i. rnoqp j.rn'djrnnui'r;J';;r
lpnsn oql ur puno}"r'j, 999 97,96.21 I 9296'Zt
'sarpnbs yo uns luauoduroi I
e o1 iJqir;!;";i ilp x
..:aajJ Jo aa.r6ap qoea pr, ,prp,.n1i-J"i;-i;;,:rl_
uo uorssa.r6er aql roJ rxopaarJ
io.ir.rorp"oii..qt a-z
t9t 898 I '8 z "
9g/g'9 I uo uo r s
-gtlt'gL = b0tr.e ..a.! ,z pup ! s^,ror ,, 33?9ri:
jo aludJajJrp aqi r,.r.r!l punoJ sr sarpnbs
...-:q-]
uns r<.r
saJPnbs
sLql .tx uo f,-jo uo,ssar6a, .J ulopaaJJ se.r en bs
q^ - :: .
rlgqq _u6!9rq uo r ss a.r6a"r'dl
"ql "l-i_"0r,"J, uPahl Jo saaJ6a0 -:.{
^ l"p" r.l;
-:[i [El lo sunc _-: i::-!
^ urns
Jo Ipuo!+tppp ar]t sr. r.1oJ pJfUl a[1 .';;
€tqe, JO Aur puoras aqr ,t pbrjrr, ,li"q"!nil
^-.. -
seq uo[]nqLJluol st.t .ar l:&
.q i,' yi"i: atd-urfiTJot V116NV n ,c. : :
i p"i;.d ;:',i l,
l:H
al{t sL Le99.9t"lSHil'l,l'i?,;lio
- sa;pnbs
aql 0l LY Jo uorlnqlJluof,
^{saql l" ,"i-iri.l
lpql ;..-;; 5;;; AA
l-u s
.90tt.0
=
0
N L-u a3uaJaJJ !p !0rSSaJia-
l(q
b'0/ z?gt'l =
zrrrfr, = o-J J
HlH H z Fl, lq "o:ssai6a_
auole Zx uo uorssar6a: o1
anp sa;enbs Jo rxns
*
aq p[no^4 Sarpnbs ! sa.] pnbs
Jo uns alprldo.lddB aur uJopaaJ J seJEnbs
u eaH
5ql p.,i*ii.;';^";r""'ir^:Yo[P zx uo uotssa'r6a"r _ro saal6a0 l0 suns JO SAtJnos
p",ijoj,,j-,.Jq'pr'q' i,5,i ll.qi-3'"i
1";i,?; lJ ,1;; ; ,
. 9296.Zt _
9'l/ z(98'6-) =
,,rzf,, =
auole Lx uo uorssar6al ol anp sa;enbs ;o urns
?l':l:^:l '(LL'tt1 uorlenb3 orrrn .rrolXni* ;lt}
Je uor.ssaJbeJ aql pautul- ;5ti,t::ilii!'3ll:i iui'io,3ii,ffi,t.: ;,,::,; ::;
:pa;ou6r zr q,ii'r,i"";Jlil-"l tltq Ptnoqs a^1 uoq-t
-aJ [[pJalo aq1 Jo a]uplL3r.rOr',
aqr ip,r1 J;i6di".!iql',;3,1"31 "rj.r;",;;;,,
3:lr}[!,,il'lXi
6[rg9lto] aql pup .uotssa.r6ar
, , "jlp9?.-org
ur L
6x pup x qloq aDn[]ur. ;l '6'et
tou sr rr r.rriir.rr-ii, aur iJj
leqr,(l!.lrqLisod n'r1-a",a[1"ir.1f."-
atqel uI unoqs sP sr ar ]il
vloNv aq1 pue ,saleurrlid Jql iro-o'r,p;.;f
:::;;
^.^.tna,
st uotssar6a;
eql lpql apntf,uoJ
,.-. aJoJaraql am pup .9v atq.i
ueqa la^a | . L au: oue,ljq lr.j"ril qii; ;51;#;; aroraJaqr sL uotlenb3:r:'rTl:;t:,:
J,lO r, ", i.JiJi
;yo,p,:rii.jo.
r"ar6ap 7; puu 7 q11rq'iiii'i,"jr.i,r", . -
ts6'l = (9'0)(26.2)-(0.1)(/jLt. p
,;;.; ili;:"13":,:13,fii :i,:ioJ_"Ji;9,;il t_)_eooo.z =
sarrLE uaql (oc.tt uor
"; ) lpn::
.90tt.9t
= ' Zq
26'z =
(89t.I)(26.2) + (e8.6_)(1ils.t_) , Llrc.l- = lq
=
Zx pue l* 'flaAtlladsaJ.6ut r6
uo uor.sseloa J ol anp sarenbs
1o uns ' Zq.g
89t.t = zq 99.g *
,:?nll (Zt'tL ) uoLlenb3 lpq1 pu!J .e.cr
. -"
-rqH1 u! s1:npo.rd pre aA pup
sarenbs ;,i ,rri'"qi. oX,.ii
98'6- = Zq.o * tq
1
panu r 1uo1 at dup
os.z
,'sr xl
aJp .( t0.tt ) suot.lpnba IpurJou eqI
uo!ssaJ Jpau I 'tr ts--
":,.,;J.., - ., "-f.:,:.::, r":
.lr:-:'.t'; -.". :..,'.. L.rrr
 Li near gress'ion 1 3 L

13.8.4 Confidence Limits For 95% confidence limits, y=

we must Dut 0.025. ryqqlql
and since k = 12, Table A4 gives t12 nonte= Z..i
As for the case of two variables, it is pos- The confidence limits are therefore-ii'iblto*s. 1. An e
s'ible, and desrrable, to calculate confidence
limits fo. t"e regress.ion parameters, o, Br and c0rr
(1) l-or a
82, and f(.- a future predicted value of y. iet I abo
the
test
D: = sl tsZZ-s|Z (13.33) 1.95 t 2.18x 0.0881 x fltg- 1.02 x 0.4 + 0.52 x 7.5i with
I
a"a - ?x 1.0 x 0,5 x 0.00i2
Carpet,
st = ltlo , (,13,34)
= 1.95r0.30 Nunber:
rhere 14o is the ,about-regress.ion, mean souare bing c-;:
rn the AN0VA of Table 13 9. Also suppose that = (1.6s, 2.?5) teste r:
k.= n-3 is the number of degrees of hreedom asso_ a hol-"
ciaLed wirh this mean squarS. The fol lo;i;q ;;_-'
pressions then give 100(1-ZTl"L conf.idence ii_ (jj) For 81 Nu mb,: -
mits. sages : ,

fn f-.-
(i) For q -1 .31 t 2.18 x 0. 088't , 6.40 ('03:
a 1tk
y
( s/D ) { D, /nrilsrr*-x)s ,, = -1.31 t 0.12
, Calculat
=, (-1.43, -1.t9) its sl g.
-Zi.rxrs (13.35)
rrli
(iij) For
(ii) Fon B1
82

2. the f<
2.92-t 2.18x 0.0881, ffi the rr
b ,l:to ( s/D)'[' (13.36)
'' the d5
= 2.92t 0.53 uni ts
(iii) For s2
= (2.3e,3.4s) Rel at i ,.,e
b'ttn''(s/D)ffi (13.37) viscosi:,
(iv) For j when x,, = ,l.3, xrt = o'4 Dye upt3.
(iv) For the mean value of y when x.,
= x1f,x2 = xzf I.95- 1.31 x 1.3+ 2.92x0.4 Calculate
dye upta,
t2 .I8 x 0. 0881 * {+89 + ( I .3 - 1 .0
,x 0 . 4 What are
a+blxlf+b2x2f )
dye uptar
+(0.4 - 0.5), x 7.50
rt*,r( s/D ) {D, / n+(x
rr-x r)2 s 2
*(xrr-ir),s,, -2(1.3- 1.0)(0.4- 0.5)x 0.ooli
3. The fo
! = 1.415r 0.107 perinE'
-r (x xr) (13.38) the ter
1 f-x1 ) \x rr- s
rr), spe ed .

Exanr l e 13 ,4 (conti nued = ( 1.308, 1.522)

!sinE the results of Table ,13.8, we find that S'ince these are 95% confidence I imits Speed 16.2s
for ,g

D'? = 7,50x 0,40- 0.002

= r,ni, th" 95% confidence I.imits for the actual Tenac ity (

shrinkage i are
= 3.00 , Calcul ate
so that (e1':ce, e1'522) = (3.7, 4.6) tenacitl,, :
for the -:
D = 1.13?1

I^/e al so have, from Table 13.10,

4. The car
duri ng
punchec
s2 = 0.0233 , bowl .

i.e L oad
(tons) (x)

= 0. 'l 526 Th'ickne ss

loss (%) (,

Fit an equi
s?6/1.7321 = 0.0881 data. Calcr
for the th,

84
ftITIEIfiITIilN
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pup g JoJ slltxlI a]uap[]uo? %96 01pIn]tp3 .plep
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ssau)itI ql
0'e I'Z 0'z 9't 0't 9'0 (x) (suol)
peo I
rapualer aql uo peot aql pup .trqnJ p";jl::
-alpaau asof,srA p ]o 6uiJapuatel 6uIrnp
ssol ssaulslql aql aletal rlotaq plpp aql .,
urr!/ur 0L sr paads aql uaqr4 f1lceue1 upau aql JoJ
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1o uorssa;6a.r aq1 Jo uorlpnb3 eq1 a1e1nc1e3
a
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up?u
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00, 00t 002 09t 00t 09 (000, )
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aruopr.Juor %96 oSptnrtpl .Ze oui
alpul.l-sl 'plBp aq1
'Ig .x
s1L3r ZyZg + Ixlg + to= ,t
aolt
aq1 Jo tapoul e 1eq1 pa1sa66ns s
09 99 0, 9t 9Z 0r (000,) aLoq e
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uo sa1c,(c 6uLq
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9t t9 zb 199ttzI 99tt,zt .op ladre
3
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^
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rpai\_lad.re: ,(.ro1e.roqe
.elpp
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::.ll?lo
_-, d+rr.lJpJpo e ur lrrroI e
1o q16uj.ris aq1 :.g
il u3ldvHl uol st4ltSou;
L
uo tss rPaull'il.
di:-:' t r.l:;.,i -ra-:-ta ii: ..:: ., ts