LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BY

AYESHA ASIF (2020/06) (TEAM LEADER)

ASIF HASSAN (CS2020/03) (MEMBER)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE

____________________________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF MAKRAN, PANJGUR
BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN
2024
 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BY

AYESHA ASIF (2020/06) (TEAM LEADER)

ASIF HASSAN (CS2020/03) (MEMBER)

A thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

COMUPTER SCIENCE

____________________________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF MAKRAN, PANJGUR
BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN
 2024
DECLARATION/ORIGINALITY CERTIFICATE

I declare that this thesis entitled “Library Management System” the result of my own
research except as cited in the references.

The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.

Signature ………………………...

Name. Ayesha Asif

Date. …………………………….

Signature ………………………...

Name. Asif Hassan Jan

Date. …………………………….
SIMILARITY INDEX REPORT
 COPYRIGHT ©

It is stated that all substance (whole text, tables, graphs, pictures, maps, sketches or
any other creative work used without references/citations) within this thesis is the
copyright material of University of Makran, Panjgur (UoMP), Pakistan.

The use of any materials for academic and non-commercial purposes is allowed with
proper citation of this thesis. The written permission from the author through the
UoMP is required for commercial purposes.

Copyright © UoMP
 THESIS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

It is certified that contents and form of thesis submitted by Ayesha Asif (2020/06)
and Asif Hassan Jan (2020/03)”Library Management System”, has been found
satisfactory. We hereby declare that we have read this thesis and in our opinion this
thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of degree of BS
Computer Science.

1. Supervisor Saifullah

Lecturer

Department of

Computer Science

UOMP

Date of Thesis Defense ___________________ 2024

 DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my parents, friends, fellows, teachers who support me

and motivate me, that I would able to complete my 4 years’ journey and able to
overcome my weaknesses. I dedicate this research to my beloved father who always
there to guide me, his support and concerned motivated me in every step of my life.
His courage enables me to avail this opportunity.

Ayesha

Asif
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to begin by expressing our sincere gratitude to Allah Almighty for the
numerous blessings, direction, and strength that have enabled us to complete this
project. None of this would have been possible without his help from above.

Second, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our devoted parents for
their unwavering support and prayers that have enabled us to achieve this academic
milestone.

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our teachers, who have
consistently inspired and motivated us. Their commitment to sharing knowledge and
fostering our intellectual development has played a crucial role in shaping who we
are today. We are especially thankful to our esteemed supervisor, Sir Saifullah, for
his guidance throughout the completion of this project. His valuable feedback and
steadfast support have been instrumental in helping us fulfill all the project's
requirements.

Ayesha

Asif
 ABSTRACT

This project involves the development of a web-based application tailored for a

library management system. The application offers an effective solution for
organizing and accessing library records and data, including book cataloging,
tracking borrowed items, managing student profiles, and facilitating access to digital
resources. The main goal of this project is to transform traditional library operations
into a completely online format. This transition promotes smooth communication
between various library branches and the central system, enhancing both efficiency
and accessibility.

Librarians can effortlessly navigate the platform to search for books, verify their
availability, reserve items, and oversee borrowing histories. The system features a
secure and intuitive interface, making it easy to access all pertinent information
regarding library resources and services. For instance, librarians can swiftly obtain
details about book availability, borrowing status, and student information.

Furthermore, the system offers functionalities such as book reservations and online
renewals, which enhance library management efficiency and minimize manual tasks.

This project was created using Visual Studio as the main development environment,
with PostgreSQL Server handling the database management. For styling and layout,
Tailwind CSS and Bootstrap templates were utilized, providing a modern and
responsive design. JavaScript was employed as the programming language, and
Next.js was used as the framework to efficiently build and manage the system. The
outcome is a fully responsive and user-friendly interface that improves user and
administrative experiences, streamlining library operations for greater effectiveness.

Keywords: Web-based application, Book cataloging, Borrowing history, Student

profiles
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 Research background 14

1.2 Problem Statement 14

1.3 Research Questions 1

1.4 Early Project Overview 1

1.5 Motivation 2

1.6 Objectives 2

1.7 Scope and Significance 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Literature Review 3

2.2 Evolution of Library Management Systems 3

2.3 Key Features of Modern LMS 4

2.4 Open Source vs. Proprietary LMS 4

2.5 Impact of LMS on Library Operations 5

2.6 User Experience and LMS 5

3 METHODOLOGY 6

3.1 Data design: 6

3.2 Postgresql (Database description) 6

3.3 Advantages of PostgreSQL: 7

3.4 Allowing extensive customization 7

3.5 Actor: 8

3.6 Use case: 8

3.7 Use case diagram: 9

3.8 Data model: 10

3.9 Connectivity and Fundamental Usage of ER: 10

3.10 Entity Relationship (ER) Notation 11

3.11 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 12

3.12 Relation Database model (RDM) 13

3.13 List of Table 20

4 RESULT 22

4.1 Existing System 22

4.2 Disadvantages 22

4.3 Characteristics and Features of the Online Library Management System 22

4.4 Application: 23

4.5 Data flow Diagram (DFD): 23

4.6 Data flow diagram 24

4.7 Performance requirement: 25

4.8 4.8 Security Requirement: 25

4.9 Qualities of System 25

4.10 External interface: 25

4.11 Software Interface 25

4.12 Hardware Interface 26

4.13 User Interface 26

4.14 Software requirement: 26

4.15 Hardware requirement 27

4.16 Waterfall Model 27

4.17 Requirement Analysis 27

4.18 Design 27

4.19 Coding 27

4.20 Testing 27
4.21 Implementation 27

4.22 Maintenance 27

4.23 Figure .6 Waterfall model 28

4.24 Types of Testing 29

4.25 Functionality testing: 29

4.26 Check all the links 29

4.27 Testing forms in all pages 30

4.28 Web Stress Testing 30

4.29 Cookies testing 30

4.30 Web Load Testing 31

4.31 Security Testing 31

CHAPTER 5 33

5 CONCULSION 33
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 4.1 : LIBRARIAN PAGE 20

TABLE 4.2 : CATEGORIES 20
TABLE 4.3 : BOOKS 20
TABLE 4.4 : ISSUE 20
TABLE 4.5 : RETURN 21
TABLE 4.6 : STUDENT 21
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE :3.7 UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE 10

FIGURE :3.11 ERD 12
FIGURE :3.12 RDM 13
FIGURE : 3.13 LOGIN PAGE 14
FIGURE : 3.14 HOME PAGE 2 LMS 15
FIGURE: 3.1 5 BOOK TRANSACTION 16
FIGURE :3.1 6 BOOKS 17
FIGURE: 3.1 7 STUDENT LIST 18
FIGURE: 3.1 8 LIBRARIAN PAGE 19
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Description
ERD Entity Relationship Diagram
UML Unified Modeling Language
DFD Data Flow Diagram
RDM Relation Database Model
ER Entity Relationship
ACID Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research background

Library management systems (LMS) have undergone remarkable transformations

over the last few decades. In the past, libraries depended on manual methods,
utilizing paper records to manage their collections, user information, and
borrowing histories. As collections expanded and the need for efficient information
retrieval grew, digital systems began to emerge, providing better accessibility and
organization. Today, web-based library management systems are vital for
contemporary academic institutions, offering real-time access to extensive data
collections, enhancing user experience, and streamlining administrative processes.
These systems enable institutions to minimize manual errors, boost cataloging
efficiency, and ensure the secure storage of sensitive information, all while
allowing users to access resources remotely from various locations. This project
reflects the increasing trend of digitizing traditional systems to enhance efficiency
and accessibility.

1.2 Problem Statement

The problem with many libraries is that they don’t manage their books and services
well. They don’t have a system to easily keep track of books, who borrow them, or to
help users find what they need. This can be frustrating for both the library staff and
the people using the library. To fix this, a simple and easy-to-use Library
Management System is needed. This system would help organize books, track their
use, improve communication, and make the library experience better for everyone.

1.3 Research Questions

"How does using an Online Library Management System affect how users interact
with the library, how easily they can access resources, and how efficiently the library
runs in a school or university?“

This research question looks at how a Library Management System changes different
parts of the library, such as how users engage with it and how easy it is to find
resources. It also helps explore the benefits and challenges of using this system in
academic libraries.

1.4 Early Project Overview

Ian H. Witten describes this project as a web-based application aimed at

optimizing the management and accessibility of library resources in an academic
setting. The main objective is to digitize and centralize library records,
revolutionizing the management of library operations. Witten highlights that
moving to an online platform allows the Library Management System (LMS) to
greatly minimize the reliance on manual record-keeping, thereby improving the
organization and accessibility of information for users. This digital transition also
enhances data accuracy and provides a smoother experience for both
administrators and users.

Witten describes how the LMS enhances essential library operations, such as
cataloging books, managing user records, tracking borrowing history, and handling
reservations. The system aims to streamline communication among librarians,
faculty, and students, providing an intuitive platform that makes routine library tasks
easier. Students and faculty can easily search for books, check their availability,
reserve titles, and keep track of their borrowing history. Meanwhile, librarians can
efficiently manage book inventories, update records, process returns, and create
detailed reports. This all-encompassing strategy promotes greater efficiency and
accuracy in library management.

Furthermore, Witten emphasizes the LMS's capability to securely store sensitive

information while enabling users from various branches or campuses to access the
system remotely. This creates a cohesive, interconnected platform throughout the
institution, guaranteeing that users can access library resources in real time,
regardless of their location. Such enhanced connectivity encourages engagement and
improves the overall user experience.

In conclusion, Witten highlights that the project employs Visual Studio, Tailwind
CSS, JavaScript, and PostgreSQL to meet its goals. PostgreSQL provides strong data
management capabilities, while Tailwind CSS and JavaScript contribute to a
responsive and user-friendly interface, resulting in an efficient, accessible, and
contemporary LMS.
1.5 Motivation

This library management system has been tailored for the librarians and students at
the University of Makran Panjgur. It provides seamless access to library records and
data, optimizing library operations. With this system, librarians can enjoy a more
efficient and user-friendly method for managing and retrieving library resources. The
goal of the system is to improve the overall library experience for librarians,
simplifying tasks and making them more intuitive.

1.6 Objectives

To Effective Data Management: This library management system is crafted to

systematically monitor all library records and information, guaranteeing precise and
current data management.

To Optimized Operations: The implementation of this system will provide the

library with a structured and efficient method for managing its resources, enhancing
overall operational effectiveness. Easy Access to Information: This system
guarantees that library data is always accessible, allowing librarians too smoothly
and continuously access library resources.

1.7 Scope and Significance

Scope: The system provides a wide range of features for librarians, such as book
management, checkout and return processing, and overdue item tracking. It
consolidates all library-related activities, simplifying the management of resources
and ensuring precise record maintenance.

Significance: The system improves the efficiency and effectiveness of library

operations by providing librarians with a powerful tool for managing resources and
services. It streamlines administrative tasks, enhances resource organization, and
facilitates the seamless functioning of the library, ultimately leading to an improved
experience for both students and staff.
 CHAPTER 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

Library Management Systems (LMS) have undergone significant evolution, shifting

traditional library operations into the digital realm. An LMS is intended to oversee
library resources, encompassing books, journals, and digital content, while enhancing
activities such as acquisition, cataloging, circulation, and inventory management.
This literature review delves into the development, characteristics, and technological
advancements of LMS, analyzing their effects on library operations and user
experiences.

2.2 Evolution of Library Management Systems

The origins of library management can be traced to traditional manual recordkeeping

techniques. The shift from manual to automated systems started in the late 1960s,
leading to the development of Integrated Library Systems (ILS) designed to manage
cataloging, circulation, and inventory control. As noted by Garraway (204), these
early systems were initially created for larger institutions but quickly became
accessible to smaller libraries as computing technology advanced.

The 1990s witnessed the advent of web-based Learning Management Systems

(LMS), enabling libraries to function more effectively and offering users remote
access (Kaushik & Kumar, 209). This period also saw the emergence of Open
Source LMS, such as Koha, which allowed libraries to implement customizable and
budget-friendly solutions (Breeding, 2007).

2.3 Key Features of Modern LMS

Contemporary Learning Management Systems (LMS) are equipped with a wide

array of features, tailored to handle both physical and digital assets. Notable
functionalities include:

Cataloging and Classification: Cataloging systems adhere to international

standards such as MARC2 (Machine-Readable Cataloging) to guarantee
compatibility among libraries.
Circulation Management: The LMS streamlines the processes of loaning and
returning items, as well as managing reservations and overdue items (Chad, 207).

User Management: Systems enable access control, allowing administrators to

oversee user roles and permissions while providing self-service features like online
book reservations and renewals (Breeding, 209).

Acquisition and Inventory Management: The LMS manages acquisition processes

and maintains precise inventory control, reducing stock discrepancies
(Madhusudhan, 200).

Digital Resources Integration: Contemporary Learning Management Systems

(LMS) connect with digital repositories, allowing users to access eBooks, journals,
and various other media through a unified interface (Ameen, 204).

2.4 Open Source vs. Proprietary LMS

The discussion surrounding Open Source versus Proprietary Learning Management

Systems (LMS) remains ongoing. Open Source LMS options, such as Koha and
Evergreen, have become increasingly popular because of their adaptability,
affordability, and strong community backing (Breeding, 2007). On the other hand,
proprietary systems like Sierra and SirsiDynix provide comprehensive support and
frequent updates, but they tend to be costly and typically require licensing fees.

Chawner and Lewis (2006) note that Open Source Learning Management Systems
(LMS) provide greater customization options, but they demand a higher degree of
technical skill for implementation and maintenance. In contrast, proprietary systems
tend to be more user-friendly, yet they frequently bind institutions to long-term
contracts, limiting their flexibility in customization.

2.5 Impact of LMS on Library Operations

The adoption of a Library Management System (LMS) significantly improves the

efficiency of library operations. Research conducted by Madhusudhan (200) shows
that libraries utilizing LMS experience quicker circulation times, more precise
cataloging, and higher levels of user satisfaction. Additionally, the shift towards
digital transformation enables libraries to meet the increasing demand for electronic
resources, allowing patrons to access materials from remote locations (Ameen, 204).
2.6 User Experience and LMS

User experience plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of any Learning

Management System (LMS). Breeding (209) highlights that the most successful
systems facilitate smooth interactions for both staff and users. Enhancements like
mobile accessibility, intuitive interfaces, and integrated digital collections
significantly boost user engagement. Additionally, personalized services, including
tailored reading recommendations and customized alerts, further enrich the
experience for library patrons (Kaushik & Kumar, 209).

Library Management Systems have significantly advanced since their initial

iterations, with contemporary systems providing a wide range of features designed to
enhance both library operations and user experiences. The decision between Open
Source and Proprietary LMS is influenced by the unique requirements, budget
constraints, and technical expertise of each institution. As libraries increasingly
transform into digital centers, the integration of LMS with digital resources and
improved user interfaces will be crucial in defining the future of library services.

CHAPTER 3
 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data design:

A model is developed through data design, serving as a framework for data

information. This model is characterized by a high level of generalization and
conceptualization. The data structure plays a crucial role in the design process, as
various components of the data design are translated by this model into a detailed
data structure at the element level. The creation of the data design begins when the
model is analyzed.
3.2 Postgresql (Database description)

PostgreSQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS)

that utilizes structured query language (SQL) for its operations. It is compatible with
various platforms, including all versions of Windows, and can be employed across a
diverse array of applications.
PostgreSQL is a type of database commonly associated with web-based applications
and online publishing. It plays a crucial role in the open-source enterprise stack
known as LAPP.
PostgreSQL, initially created by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group, is
extensively utilized for growth and development under the PostgreSQL License. For
commercial purposes, businesses can obtain support and additional tools from
various companies that provide PostgreSQL services.
LAPP is a web development platform that operates on the Linux operating system.
This platform includes several components: Apache as the web server, PostgreSQL
as the relational
A database management system is utilized alongside PHP, which serves as the
object-oriented scripting language. PostgreSQL has been implemented on Vercel, a
platform that enables developers to host their applications.
Databases seamlessly. Vercel provides a scalable and efficient environment for
running
Postgresql, making it suitable for both development and production use.
3.3 Advantages of PostgreSQL:

 Concurrent Users: Multiple users can access and use the database
simultaneously
 Without compromising performance.
 SQL Compliance: PostgreSQL is highly compliant with SQL standards and
supports a wide range of advanced SQL features.
 Performance: It is very fast in usage and is widely adopted for various
applications, including
 Large-scale enterprise systems.
 Security: PostgreSQL offers robust security features and is easy to use, making it
accessible for
 Users of all experience levels.
 Extensibility: PostgreSQL supports custom data types, functions, operators, and
more.

3.4 Allowing extensive customization

 ACID Compliance: Ensures reliable transactions with full ACID (Atomicity,

Consistency, Isolation, Durability) compliance.

 Open Source: Being open source, it has a strong community and extensive
documentation,

 And it allows modifications to suit specific needs.

 Cross Platform: It can run on various operating systems, including Windows,

Linux, and maco

UML Diagram:
3.5 Actor:

It is based on the connected and coherent set of rules that the user
case perform at the time when it is interacting with the use case.

3.6 Use case:

It is grounded in a description and narrative that outlines a sequence of actions

performed by a system, driven by the value of an actor. This value and its
resulting outcome are clearly observable.

The specification, visualization, and documentation of the entire system are

crucial during the product development process, which begins with thorough
analysis. The primary aim of this system is to create a model that aligns with the
project's objectives and components. Additionally, it is essential to produce this
model later to effectively present the objectives. The design elements are also
incorporated at this stage.

3.7 Use case diagram:

It consists of narratives detailing a series of sequential actions. While it is visually

compact, it features the names of its actions represented as solid lines. This
representation illustrates the relationship between the use case and the actor,
highlighting their connection simultaneously.
 Unified model language (UML)

Issue book

Return
book
Student

Insert

Update

Librarian
Delete

Edit View

Figure: 3.7 unified modeling language

3.8 Data model:

Peter introduced the Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram or model in 1976.

He designed this model to create a cohesive perspective of networking and
relational databases. The ER model is grounded in a conceptual
framework that facilitates visualization.

The connection between the real world and entities is illustrated through
this model. Its primary purpose is to visualize the relationships within an
entity diagram. This database is frequently utilized by database designers,
serving as a practical tool for the Entity-Relationship (ER) model in
database design.
It can visualize and display relational models through different types of
maps. These maps can be effortlessly transformed into tables using the ER
model. With minimal training, individuals can easily grasp these ER
models. Database designers utilize this model to communicate effectively
with end users. Additionally, it serves as a foundation for implementing
the data model within specific database management software, all of
which follows a well-structured plan

3.9 Connectivity and Fundamental Usage of ER:

The fundamental connectivity type consists of four dimensions: one-to-

one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many.

A one-to-one relationship occurs when a single entity is associated with

exactly one other entity, indicating a direct connection between the two.
For example, a supervisor has a one-to-one relationship with their research
student.

In a one-to-many (N to 1) relationship, a boss interacts with multiple

employees. Here, a single entity is linked to several others.

The second-to-last relationship is characterized as many-to-one (N to 1).

For instance, multiple employees can be assigned to a single department.

Example of many to many (M to N) can be described as for each office

there is need a single and an individual employee. In this situation many
entities are associated with other many entities.

This relationship is also called a nonspecific relationship. Because

sometimes entity is in relationship

With a single entity, it can sometimes relate to multiple instances or, at

times, none at all.

3.10 Entity Relationship (ER) Notation

There is no universally accepted standard for representing objects in ER

diagrams, as each model has its own notation system. Chen's notation,
introduced by its creator, is commonly used in academic contexts and for
journal publications, but it is rarely seen in non-academic environments.
Currently, the more widely adopted notations are Bachman and Crow's
foot. In these notations, entities are represented as rectangular boxes, while
relationships are depicted with lines connecting these boxes. Each style
employs specific symbols that illustrate the overall connectivity and
cardinality relevant to the documentation. The symbols used in ER
construction consist of labeled rectangles, with the names of the entities
represented in these rectangles required to be singular nouns.

Solid lines link two entities to illustrate their relationship. The names of
these relationships, which should be verbs, are placed above the lines.
Additionally, these. Verbs encompass all the actions within an entity
rectangle, while attributes, which are categorized, should be represented as
singular nouns. In the faculty section, visitors can view faculty profiles,
the dean's message, the faculty's mission and vision, as well as course
connections.
 3.11 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Figure: 3.11 ERD

3.12 Relation Database model (RDM)

Figure: 3.12 RDM

Figure: 3.13 Login Page
Figure: 3.14 Home Page 2 LMS
Figure: 3.1 5 Book Transaction
Figure: 3.1 6 Books
Figure: 3.1 7 Student List
Figure: 3.1 8 Librarian Page
3.13 List of Table

Table 3.1 : Librarian page

Field Name Data Type Description

ID int No

name Varchar No

email Text No

password Text No

Table 3.2 : Categories

Field Name Data Type Description

ID UUID No

Category_titile Varchar No

Table 3.3 : Books

Field Name Data type Description

BID Varcahar No

Title Varchar No

Author Varchar No

Reg.No Varchar No

Table 3.4 : Issue

Field name Data type Description

LID Int No

SID Int No
Table 3.5 : Return

Field name Data type Description

BID Int No

LID Int No

Table 3.6 : Student

Field name Data type Description

STD Varchar No

Name Varchar No

Father Name Varchar No

Contact No Number No

Gmail varchar No

Department Varchar No

Email varchar No

Semester Varchar No

Category Varchar No

CHAPTER 4
 4 RESULT

4.1 Existing System

The library currently relies on a manual system that is both labor-intensive and
susceptible to errors. Implementing an online Library Management System
(LMS) would greatly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations.
This system would simplify access to information about books, borrowing
records, book returns, and library resources. Additionally, the LMS would
enable real-time updates on book availability, user profiles, and borrowing
history, creating a centralized platform for managing all library-related data.
This digital transformation would facilitate better collection management,
enhance monitoring of book circulation, and offer users a more streamlined
experience.

4.2 Disadvantages

 The manual system hindered accurate and efficient data tracking.

 The system was inadequate in managing and safeguarding library

records, resulting in a risk of data loss.

 Effectively managing all necessary data in an organized and systematic

manner proved difficult because of the dependence on manual processes.

 The manual system was both time-consuming and labor-intensive. In

contrast, adopting an online Library Management System would greatly
enhance efficiency and offer numerous advantages to the library, such as
quicker data retrieval and improved resource management.

4.3 Characteristics and Features of the Online Library Management System

 Any registered library user can update their information and manage
their profile using the online system.

 Users have the ability to create an account, register, and access their
profiles to manage book loans, review borrowing history, and check due
dates.

 The system enables users to check the availability of books and other
resources directly from their profiles.
  The homepage of the system offers the latest information on new
arrivals, due dates, and library events, ensuring users stay informed about
the most current resources.

 The navigation is intuitive, enabling users to swiftly move between

sections through headers and footers, which makes accessing information
easy without the need for excessive scrolling.

 If any user notices unauthorized access or misuse of the system, they can
quickly report it to the admin without any obstacles.

 Users have the option to report any inaccurate information or

inappropriate content concerning book reviews or comments directly to
the admin for prompt resolution.

4.4 Application:

This application integrates the features of the Windows Phone system and the
Windows Store system. These systems are linked to the website's database via
an internet application that operates online.

4.5 Data flow Diagram (DFD):

The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) provides a visual representation of an

application, illustrating how input data objects enter the system, are processed,
and then output as transformed data objects. In this diagram, data objects are
represented by circles, processes are depicted as squares, and data stores are
shown as cylinders. The flow of data is indicated by categorized arrows.

 Operator request for login on login page.

 Verification process.

 Authentication process from database.

 Admin login to admin panel.

 Operator access.
4.6 Data flow diagram

Librarian

Figure: 4.6 DFD 1

4.7 Performance requirement:

To run this system some actions and performance are required which
are described as following.

 On Postgresql the Database has been created.

 The system is highly efficient in maintaining historical records

and boasts a significant capacity for storage, all while being
remarkably sophisticated.

4.8 4.8 Security Requirement:

The student portal system incorporates a highly secure process that is

nearly impossible to compromise. It employs a strong password made
up of a mix of numbers, letters, and symbols, making it exceptionally
challenging to break.

4.9 Qualities of System

This system is very easy to understand and very friendly to use.

This system is authentic and reliable.

The system is fully safe and secure.

The system is fully organized and well matched.

4.10 External interface:

This consists three interfaces

which are following. :

 Software interface

 Hardware interface

 User interface

4.11 Software Interface

 This interface is combination of both sides, server and as well as client side.
 Web server software is used Vercel.
 Database tool Postgresql is used in this portal system.
 As this system is based on window 7 and window 8 therefore
it is well matched and well organized.

 Web browser support is based on PHP as it is a web browser

supporting system and it is possible to coding in a proper
way.

4.12 Hardware Interface

 This interface is also operating sides, client and server.

 It recommends the all software needed to operate this portal system.
 Communication hardware is to use for clients to serve them.
  In this system the hardware is used recommended by the
respected client operating system and as well as web browser.
 Communication hardware also used in the system to communicate.

4.13 User Interface

 In user interface it is very easy for a user after making an

account to access the features of the portal system.

 If any student who is a new user can access the system by

making an account and by signing up.

 By log in user can use the system and can access any information needed.

 If something is incorrect or wrong in the portal system, any

user can report regarding this issue.

 Any new user can follow previous users.

4.14 Software requirement:

 Operating system: 7,8,0

32/64 bit operating system.
 Front End: visual studio, Tailwind CSS, Bootstrap, JavaScript
 Back End: Postgresql PHP.
 Web Server: vercel

4.15 Hardware requirement

 Processor: Pentium 4 or higher

 RAM: 4GB or higher

4.16 Waterfall Model

Waterfall model is operated by following 6 stages.

4.17 Requirement Analysis

This phase involves the exact understanding about the equipment’s of

the user and to document it.
4.18 Design

The basic aim of this phase is to transform the entire requirements and
structures which are suitable for implementation and to make it user
friendly.

4.19 Coding

In this phase the entire design is translated into machine coding.

4.20 Testing

In this stage the entire system which is combination of different

models, all of them integrated and then all of them tested together.

4.21 Implementation

This step involves the entire process for implementing the overall
project in the proper and systematic way to be operated.

4.22 Maintenance

This is the a phase where the release of software is and at the same
time the life cycle phase of the operation, the order of this phase
always maintain in a way that there would be no overlap in the
operation.
4.23 Figure .6 Waterfall model

Requirement

Designing

Coding

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance
The entire system has been completed, encompassing database design, user
interface design, and full implementation. It is now ready for functional testing.
The system requires validation and performance testing. A variety of tests will be
conducted to assess the overall functionality and operation of the system. These
steps are necessary to ensure that all identified requirements are met. This chapter
outlines the testing of the developed system using various strategies to verify its
functions and ensure its correctness.

Testing involves running a program to identify errors within the system. An

effective test case is one that has a high likelihood of revealing an undetected
error. An ideal and efficient test is one that uncovers a previously unknown type
of error.

4.24 Types of Testing

The following are the various types of testing involved to test the
entire system and its functions.

 Functionality testing
 Usability testing
 Interface testing
 Compatibility testing
 Performance testing
 Security testing

4.25 Functionality testing:

This step involves all the links of UOMP portal system, connection of
entire database system, the overall forms which are used in the web
submitting pages and by collecting information from the user cookie
testing.

4.26 Check all the links

 The specific domain user under test, tests the all form of outgoing links.

 It tests all the links which are internal.

  The link jumping is also tested on the same pages.

 Test links used to send the email admin or other user from webpages.

 Finally checking the links, check the entire links either they
are broken or above mentioned links.

4.27 Testing forms in all pages

 Every website relies on forms at its core. These forms are

essential for gathering data and information, facilitating
user interaction. Understanding what is being verified
through these forms is crucial.

 An option is there to create a form, to delete it or make any

transformation and modification the forms.

 The first step is checking all the justification on each field.

 Checking for the default values of fields.

 Checking wrong inputs to the field in the forms.

4.28 Web Stress Testing

Web stress testing entails challenging the Online Library Management

System by exceeding its usual operational thresholds to evaluate its durability.
This testing method assesses the system's performance during extreme
scenarios, such as unexpected surges in user activity or data submissions.
Stress testing is crucial for pinpointing vulnerabilities, understanding the
system's behavior under pressure, and measuring its ability to recover.
Important stress tests involve scenarios like numerous users logging in at the
same time, conducting searches, and accessing digital resources, all of which
contribute to assessing the system's strength.

4.29 Cookies testing

These are small files called cookies that are stored on the user's
device. Cookies help manage and maintain all login sessions.
Browsers offer options to check the functionality of cookies, allowing
users to enable or disable them. You can test cookies by following
these steps.

 As the session completed the cookies would expire.

 These are used to check the login sessions.

 The affect would by checked by these cookies.

 These cookies are also used to check the security and by

deleting them too.

4.30 Web Load Testing

The Online Library Management System's performance should be assessed

across various pages to guarantee fast and dependable connections,
particularly during peak usage times. When numerous users access the library
at once, the system must efficiently manage a high volume of requests
without sacrificing speed or functionality. It should be equipped to handle
substantial input data and effectively manage traffic on resource-intensive
pages, such as catalog searches or user account access.

4.31 Security Testing

The following steps should be followed for security testing of the Online
Library Management System

 Access Control: Ensure that users cannot bypass the login process by
directly accessing pages via the URL without proper authentication.
 Session Management: Once logged in with a valid username and
password, ensure that URLs cannot be altered to access unauthorized
data belonging to other users.
 Input Validation: The system must verify all inputs, including login
credentials, to ensure that any incorrect or potentially harmful entries
are identified as invalid.
 Secure Connections: All web pages, especially those handling
sensitive data, should switch seamlessly between no secure `http: //`
and secure `https: //` protocols, ensuring data is transmitted securely.
 File Access Control: Ensure that no files or resources can be accessed
without explicit download permissions granted to the user.
 This version emphasizes the particular needs and challenges of your
Online Library Management System, ensuring it can effectively
manage load, stress, and security concerns.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCULSION

The entire project is developed using PHP, SQL, CSS3, JavaScript, HTML5, and
Bootstrap. PHP serves as the server-side language for backend development, while
SQL is utilized for database management. CSS3 is employed for designing the web
pages on the client side. Both JavaScript and HTML5 are client-side languages that
help in structuring and presenting the content of web pages. Additionally, Bootstrap
is a framework that facilitates the creation of responsive web applications. This
comprehensive portal system incorporates various features and functionalities, all
built upon these technologies.

The entire portal system serves as an administrative control mechanism that

facilitates the uploading of results through DMCs. It updates comprehensive
information and data about the institution via its faculty section, covering aspects
such as employee work details, fee structures, course content, and profiles of both
employees and students. All this information is readily available and accessible
through the portal system.

The portal offers two distinct types: one is the employee portal, which provides
detailed information about employees, while the other is the student portal, which
contains data related to students enrolled in the institution. These web applications
are user-friendly and easily accessible for both students and employees. Users can
effortlessly find the information they need using the search functionality. With just
a single click in the search box, users can access a wealth of information about the
institution.

By examining a user's profile, we can stay informed about their updates and status,
and inquire if they are experiencing any issues while using the portal system.
Additionally, any user of this system can easily report any problems or violations of
the rules and regulations associated with the application. Therefore, this portal
system is highly beneficial and offers a variety of functions. These web applications
are readily accessible to both students and employees, allowing users to obtain any
necessary information.
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