Object Oriented Programming -I (3140705)

Unit-04
Objects and Classes

Computer Engineering Department

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
9624822202
 Outline
Looping

 Class
 Object
Class
 Class is derived datatype, it combines members of different datatypes into one.
 Defines new datatype (primitive ones are not enough).
 For Example : Car, College, Bus etc..
 This new datatype can be used to create objects.
 A class is a template for an object .
Example :
class Car{
String company;
String model;
double price;
double milage;
………
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 3

Car Class

Class: Car

Properties (Describe)
Company
Model Methods (Functions)
Color Start
Mfg. Year Drive
Price Park
Fuel Type On_break
Mileage On_lock
Gear Type On_turn
Power Steering
Anti-Lock braking system
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 4
Object
 An object is an instance of a class.
 An object has a state and behavior.
Example: A dog has
states - color, name, breed as well as
behaviors – wagging the tail, barking, eating.
 The state of an object is stored in fields (variables), while methods (functions) display the
object's behavior.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 5

Objects of Class Bird

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 6

Objects of a class Car

Honda City Hyundai i20 Sumo Grand

Mercedes E class Swift Dzire

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 7

Rectangle Class
 Properties in rectangle Class
 length
 width
 borderColor
 backgroundColor

length = 3
length = 5 length = 5
width = 3
width = 2 width = 2
borderColor=red
borderColor=black borderColor=none
backgroundColor=
backgroundColor=white length = 2 backgroundColor=yellow
white
width = 5
borderColor=black
backgroundColor=
white

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 8

Creating Object & Accessing members
 new keyword creates new object
 Syntax:
ClassName objName = new ClassName();
Example :
SmartPhone iPhone = new SmartPhone();
 Object variables and methods can be accessed using the dot (.) operator
 Example:
iPhone.storage = 8000;

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 9

class Box {
double length;
length = 10
length
double breadth;
double height; myBox1
} breadth = 20
breadth
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) { height = 30
height
Box myBox1 = new Box();
Box myBox2 = new Box();
double vol;
length= 3
length
myBox1.length = 10;
myBox1.breadth = 20; myBox2 breadth
breadth
=6
myBox1.height = 30;
height
height= 9
myBox2.length = 3;
myBox2.breadth = 6;
myBox2.height = 9;

vol = myBox1.length * myBox1.breadth * myBox1.height;

System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
vol = myBox2.length * myBox2.breadth * myBox2.height;
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
}
}
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 10
Introducing methods
 Methods represents the behavior of a class.
 Remember : a Method is always invoked relative to an object. (except ….)
 Syntax:
access_specifier return_type method_name(argument_list)
{
// code
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 11

Example (method)
public class SmartPhone {
String manufacturer;
String model;
double storage;
double screenSize;
public String getManufacturer(){
return manufacturer;
}
public void setManufacturer(String a){
manufacturer = a;
}
}
public class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
SmartPhone sp = new SmartPhone();
sp.setManufacturer("Samsung");
String name = sp.getManufacturer();
System.out.println(name);
}
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 12

Constructor
 A constructor is a “special” member method which initializes the objects of class.

Properties of constructor:
 Constructor is invoked automatically whenever an object of class is created.
 Constructor name must be same as class name.
 Constructors do not have return types and they cannot return values, not even void.
 All classes have constructors by default: if you do not create a class constructor yourself, Java
creates one for you. However, then you are not able to set initial values for object attributes.
 Types of Constructor
1. Default Constructor
2. Parameterized Constructor

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 13

Default Constructor
 Default constructor is the one which invokes by default when object of the class is created.
 It is generally used to initialize the default value of the data members.
 It is also called no argument constructor.
class Rect{ public class RectDemo{
int len; public static void main(String[] args) {
int wid; Rect r1 = new Rect();
boolean isFilled; System.out.println(r1.len);
}
public Rect(){ }
len = 6;
wid = 6;
isFilled = false;
}
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 14

Parameterized Constructor
 Constructors that can take arguments are called parameterized constructors.
 Sometimes it is necessary to initialize the various data elements of different objects with
different values when they are created.
 We can achieve this objective by passing arguments to the constructor when the objects are
created.
class Rect{ public class RectDemo{
int len; public static void main(String[] args) {
int wid; Rect r1 = new Rect(6,6,false);
boolean isFilled; System.out.println(r1.len);
}
public Rect(int l, int w, boolean isF){ }
len = l;
wid = w;
isFilled = isF;
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 15

this keyword
 this is a reference variable that refers to the current object.
 this can be used to invoke current object's method.
 this() can be used to invoke current class constructor
 this can be passed as a parameter to constructor and method call.
 this can be used to return the current object from the method.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 16

class Box {
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
Box(double
Box(double length, l, double b, breadth,
double double h) double{ height) {
System.out.println("Constructing Box");
this.length
length
length l;= length;
== length; length is instance variable as well
this.breadth =
breadth == breadth;breadth; Creates ambiguity for compiler
breadth b; as length is formal parameter of
this.height
height =
height = h; =
height;height; method
}
void volume() {
double volume = length * breadth * height;
System.out.println("Volume is " + volume);
}
}
class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box myBox1 = new Box(10,20,30);
Box myBox2 = new Box(3,6,9);
myBox1.volume();
myBox2.volume();
}
} Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 17
Understanding the Scope of Variable

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 18

Method Overloading
public class OverloadingMethods {
 Overloading allows different public static void main(String[] ar) {
methods to have same name, int ans1 = sum(5,2); // will return 7
but different signatures. int ans2 = sum(5,2,6); // will return 13
double ans3 = sum(5.8,6.4); // will return 12.2
 Signature can differ by number // print ans1,ans2,ans3 in order to see the result
of input parameters or type of }
input parameters or both. // Overloaded sum(). This sum takes two int parameters
public static int sum(int x, int y) {
 Overloading is related to return (x + y);
compile time (or static) }
polymorphism. // Overloaded sum(). This sum takes three int parameters
public static int sum(int x, int y, int z) {
return (x + y + z);
}
// Overloaded sum(). This sum takes two double
parameters
public static double sum(double x, double y) {
return (x + y);
}
}
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 19
static keyword
 static keyword is mainly used for memory management.
 It can be used with
 Variables
 Methods
 Blocks
 Nested classes
 Basically, static is used for a constant variable or a method that is same for every instance of a
class.
 The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects.
 The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading.
 It makes your program memory efficient.
 Syntax
static type variablename;

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 20

class Student {
int rollNo;
String name;
static String
String collegecollege = "DIET";
= "DIET";
.
.
.
}
class StudentDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Student student1 = new Student();
Student student2 = new Student();
Student student3 = new Student();
.
. student1 student2 student3
.
rollNo
}
}
name

college DIET DIET DIET

college DIET
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 21
static method
 If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.
 A static method belongs to the class rather than the object of a class.
 A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
 A static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.
 Restrictions
1. The static method can not use non static data member or call non-static method directly.
2. this and super cannot be used in static context.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 22

class Student {
int rollno;
String name;
static String college="abc";
static void change() {
college = "DIET"; We can not use non-static
rollno = 10; variables in static methods
}
Student(int r, String n) {
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void display() {
System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);
}
}
class TestStaticMethod {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Student.change();
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Tom");
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Jerry");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
} Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 23
static block
 static block is executed exactly once, when the class is first loaded.
 It is used to initialize static variables of the class.
 It will be executed even before the main method.
 Syntax:
static {
//initialisation of static variables…
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 24

Mutable and Immutable
 The content of mutable object can be changed, while content of immutable objects can not be
changed.
class MutableClass{ class ImmutableClass{
int a; int a;
void add5() { int add5() {
a = a + 5; return ( a + 5 );
} }
} }
public class MutableClassDemo { public class MutableClassDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args) {
MutableClass m1 = new MutableClass(); ImmutableClass m1 = new ImmutableClass();
m1.a = 10; m1.a = 10;
m1.add5(); int ans = m1.add5();
System.out.println(m1.a); System.out.println("A in m1 = " + m1.a);
} System.out.println("returned = " + ans);
} }
}

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 25

Passing Objects as Argument
 In order to class Time{
int hour;
understand how int minute;
and why we need to int second;
pass object as an
public Time(int hour, int minute, int second) {
this.second = second;
argument in this.minute = minute;
methods, lets see this.hour = hour;
}
the below example. void add(Time t) { public class TimeDemo {
this.second += t.second; public static void main(String[] args) {
if(this.second>=60) { Time t1 = new Time(11,59,55);
this.minute++; Time t2 = new Time(0,0,5);
this.second-=60;
} t1.add(t2);
this.minute += t.minute;
if(this.minute>=60) { System.out.println(t1.hour + ":" +
this.hour++; t1.minute + ":" + t1.second);
this.minute-=60; }
} }
this.hour += t.hour;
}
}
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 26
Array of Objects
 We can create an array of object in java.
 Similar to primitive data type array we can also create and use arrays of derived data types
(class).
class Student{ public class ArrayOfObjectDemo {
int rollNo; public static void main(String[] args) {
String name; Student[] stu = new Student[3];

public Student(int rollNo, String name) { stu[0] = new Student(101,"darshan");

this.rollNo = rollNo; stu[1] = new Student(102,"arjun");
this.name = name; stu[2] = new Student(103,"java");
}
stu[0].printStudentDetail();
void printStudentDetail() { stu[1].printStudentDetail();
System.out.println("| "+ stu[2].printStudentDetail();
rollNo }
+" | -- | "+ }
name +" |");
}
}
Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 27
Package (Not part of this Unit)
 A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types providing access protection and name
space management.
 Programmers can define their own packages to bundle group of classes/interfaces, etc.
 Packages are used in Java in order to
1. prevent naming conflicts
2. control access,
3. make searching/locating of classes/interfaces easier.
 It is a good practice to group related classes implemented so that a programmer can easily
determine that the classes, interfaces are related.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 28

Creating a package
 To create a package you need to write package statement followed by the name of the package.
 Syntax : package package_name;
 Example :
package darshan_student;

class Student {
// code
}
 The package statement should be the first line in the source file.
 There can be only one package statement in each source file, and it applies to all types in the file.
 If a package statement is not used then the class/interfaces will be put into an unnamed
package.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 29

Package (Example)
package myPackage;
public class Animal {
public String name;
public void eat(){
System.out.println("Organic Food !!!!");
}
public static void main(String[] args){
Animal a = new Animal();
a.eat();
}
}
.
Represent the current directory
 To compile
javac –d . Animal.java
 To Run the class file
java myPackage.Animal

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 30

Programs
 Write a class named Rectangle to represent a rectangle. It contains following members:
Data: width (double) and height (double) that specify the width and height of the rectangle.
Methods:
1. A no-arg constructor that creates a default rectangle.
2. A constructor that creates a rectangle with the specified width and height.
3. A method named getArea() that returns the area of this rectangle.
4. A method named getPerimeter() that returns the perimeter.
 Write a program to create circle class with area function to find area of circle.
 Define time class with hour and minute. Also define addition method to add two time objects.
 Declare a class called student having following data members:id_no,
no_of_subjects_registered, subject_code, subject_credits,
grade_obtained and spi. Define constructor and calculate_spi methods. Define main
to instantiate an array for objects of class student to process data of n students.

Prof. Arjun V. Bala #3140705 (OOP-I)  Unit 04 – Object and Class 31