COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)

Electromagnetic Wave 2020-21

Maxwell’s Displacement Current: ∴ Total current across the closed loop = Ic + Id
= Ic + Hence modified
Inconsistency of Ampere’s circuital law:
form of the Ampere’s circuital law is
According to Ampere’s circuital law, the line
integral of the magnetic field along any closed ∮ . = +
"
!
#
loop C is proportional to the current I passing
through the closed loop, i.e. Consistency of modified Ampere’s law:For
loop C1, there is no electric flux, so
∮ . = I ........(1)
∮ . = I ..........(1)
In 1864, Maxwell showed that equation (1) is
logically inconsistent. To prove, consider a For loop C2, conduction current I = 0 but Id ≠ 0.
parallel plate capacitor being charged by a Hence
capacitor as shown in the figure.
∮ . = .............(2)

If Area be A of the capacitor plates and q be the

charge on the plate at instant t during the
charging process, then the electric field in the
gap will be
% %
E= or E.A = or
&' ( &'
%
Flux =
&'

For loop C1, % %

∴ ∮ . = = #=
&'
∮ . = I ........(2)
Or ∮ . = I
But for loop C2, no current flows across it.
This agrees with equation (1), proving the
∮ . =0 ........(3) consistency of Ampere’s modified law.

Imagine the loop C1 and C2 to be infinitesimally Practice Questions:

close to each other as shown in figure. Then
1.A parallel plate capacitor has circular plates
∮ . =∮ . .........(4) each of radius 5.0 cm. It is being charged so
that electric field in the gap between its plate
This relation is logically inconsistent with rises steadily at the rate of 1012 Vm-1s-1. What
equation (2) and (3). is the displacement current?
{Ans. 0.07 A}
So, Ampere’s circuital law is modified my
Maxwell. 2.The voltage between the parallel-plate
capacitor of capacitor 1.0 μF is charging at the
Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s rate of 5 Vs-1. What is the displacement current
circuital law: Displacement Current. is the capacitor? {Ans. 5.0 μ A}

Displacement current is that current which 3.A parallel plate capacitor with plate area A
comes into existence in addition to the and separation d between the plates is charged
conduction current, whenever the electric field by a constant current i. Consider a plane
and hence the electric flux changes with time. surface of area A/4 parallel to the plates and
drawn symmetrically between the plates.
The displacement current is given by Maxwell Calculate the displacement current through this
Id = area. {Ans. i/4}

Where = electric field X area = E.A is the

electric flux across the loop.

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Electromagnetic Wave 2020-21
Maxwell’s Equations:

Four basic/fundamental equations are called

Maxwell’s equations stated as followes:

1.Gauss’s Law of electrostatics. The electric

)
flux through a closed surface S is times the
&'
total charge q enclosed by the surface S.
% 34
i.e. ∮ *. + = &'
..............(1) Where k = = propagation constant;
5

34
2.Gauss’s law of magnetism. The magnetic and ω = = angular frequency.
6
flux through any closed surface is always zero.
Clearly, Ex = Ez =0
i.e. ∮ . +=0 ..............(2)
Magnetic field vector can be represented
3.Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic mathematically as follows:
induction. According to this law, the induced
emf setup in a closed circuit C is equal to the = Bz 78 = B0 Sin (kx-ωt) 78
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the
closed circuit. Clearly, Bx = By = 0

i.e. ∮ *. =- ,
=- -∮ . +. .....(3) Here E0 and B0 are the amplitude of the electric
field and magnetic field respectively.
4.Modified Ampere’s Law. This law states
The magnitudes of * and are related as
that the line integral of the magnetic field
around any closed circuit C is equal to times '
=c or =c
the total current (the sum of conduction current 9 9'
and displacement currents) threading the
closed circuit. Maxwell also showed that speed of e. m. Wave
is given by
i.e. ∮ . = [ Ic + Id ] = I0 + # )
C= ;
........(4) :;' &'

Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic Where = 4 π x 10-7 N s2 C-2= Permeability is

waves free space,

A time-varying magnetic field is a source of and = 8.85 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 = Permittivity
changing electric field. of free space.
)
A time-varying electric field is a source of ∴ c= = 3.0 X 108 ms-1.
:<4 = ) >? = @.@A = ) >
changing magnetic field.
Speed of an e.m wave in any medium of
An electromagnetic wave is a wave radiated by
permeability μ and permittivity ε will be
an accelerated charge and which propagates
through space as coupled electric and magnetic ) ) E
C= = =
fields, oscillating perpendicular to each other √;& :C &' ;D ;' :C ;D

and to the direction of propagation of the wave.

Practice Questions:
Mathematical representation of e.m. wave.
1.[NCERT]A plane electromagnetic wave of
Consider a plane electromagnetic wave is frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along
travelling along X-axis. the x-direction. At a particular point in space
and time, * = 6.3 1̂ Vm-1.What is at this
Electric field vector can be represented point? {Ans. 2.18 X 10-8 78 T}
mathematically as follows:
2.[NCERT] The magnetic field in a plane
* = Ey 1̂ = E0 Sin (kx-ωt) 1̂ electromagnetic wave is given by

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Electromagnetic Wave 2020-21
-7 3 11
By = 2 X 10 Sin (0.5 X 10 x + 1.5 X 10 t) T Prove that energy of em wave is equally
divided in electric field vector and
(a)What is the wavelength and frequency of the magnetic field vector
wave?
) )
UE = *3 = c2 B2 PJ = Q
(b) Write an expression for the electric field. 3 3 9

{Ans. 1.26 cm., 23.9 GHz, Ez = 60 ) ) )

Sin(0.5 X 103 x + 1.5 X 1011 t) Vm-1.} = B2 FJ = K
3 ;' &' :;' &'

Energy Density of Electromagnetic wave 9

= = UB
3 ;'
(i)Average Energy Density of both the
fields Intensity of Electromagnetic wave

Energy density of both the fields, Intensity of electromagnetic wave is defined as

) 9
u= * + 3 the energy crossing per unit area perpendicular
3 3 ;' to the direction of propagation of the
) ) electromagnetic wave.
u= [* 3 Sin2(kx – ωt)]+ [ 3
Sin2(kx – ωt)]
3 3 ;'
Consider an electromagnetic wave propagating
Average energy density is given by along x-axis with the speed c. Imagine a
cylinder of length c ∆W and cross-sectional area
) 9'
uav.= * 3 <Sin2(kx – ωt)>+ <Sin2(kx – ωt)> A such that the wave crosses the cylinder
3 3 ;'
normally.
) ) 9' ) ) 9'
uav.= *3 #+ #= *3 + U = uav.[A c ∆W]
3 3 3 ;' 3 < < ;'

X
(ii)Average Energy Density of both the = uav. C
(∆
Field in terms of Electric Field.
Or Intensity,
) 9' ) )
uav.= * +
3
= * + 3 '
)
< < ;' < < ;' E
I= *3 . c = *MNO
3
c
3
)
= *3 + '
9' ) 3
< < ;'
Again; I = .c= c
3 ;' ;' MNO

)
F∴ = '
HI J= K
E :;' &' Momentum of E.M. wave.
) ) )
= *3 + *3 = *3 If em wave transfers a total energy U to a
< < 3
surface in time t, then total linear momentum
In terms of rms value of electric field to delivered to the surface is
X
)
uav.= (√2 Erms)2 = *MNO
3
P∴ *MNO = '
Q P=
E
3 √3

If the wave is totally reflected, the momentum

(iii)Average energy density of both the
delivered will be
field in terms of magnetic field:
3X
) 9' P=
uav.= * +
3 E
< < ;'

)
Pressure exerted by an e.m. wave: When an
But E0 = B0 c = B0 electromagnetic wave falls on a surface, it
:;' &'
exerts pressure on the surface on the surface.
) 9' 9' 9' 9' 9'
#+
This pressure is called radiation pressure. The
uav.= = + =
< ;' &' < ;' < ;' < ;' 3 ;' radiation pressure for an electromagnetic wave
if intensity I is given by
In terms of rms value
Y
Pr =
R√3 9DST U 9DST E
uav. = =
3 ;' ;'
**Properties of Electromagnetic waves:

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COSMOS ACADEMY Prepared By: Arvind Kashyap (Kashyap Sir)
Electromagnetic Wave 2020-21
1.The E.M. wave are produced by accelerated 2.Micowaves. Frequency Range: 109 Hz to
charges and do not require any material 1012 Hz. Properties: Refletion, refraction,
medium. diffraction and polarization. Uses:1. In radar
system for aircraft navigation. 2. In long
2.Electric field vector and magnetic field vector distance communication system via
are perpendicular to each other as well as geostationary satellites. 3.In microwave ovens.
perpendicular to the propagation of wave also.
3.Infrared wave: Frequency Range: 1011 Hz
i.e. E.M. wave is transverse in nature. to 5 X 1014 Hz. Properties: Heating effect,
reflection, refraction, diffraction and
3.All E. M. Wave travel in free space with the propagation through fog. Uses: 1. In the
speed, remote control, T.V., VCR etc.2. In green house
) to keep plants warm. 3. In haze photography
C= = 3 X 108 ms-1.
:;' &' because infrared waves are less scattered than
visible light by atmospheric particles. 4.In
In material medium, the electromagnetic reading the secret writing on the ancient walls.
wave travel with the speed, 5.In the treatment of muscular complaints.6. In
) E E
the knowledge of molecular structure.
V= = =
√;& √;D &D Z
4. Visible light: Frequency Range: 4 X1014
Where n is the refractive index of the medium. Hz to 7 X 1014 Hz. Properties: Reflection,
refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization,
4.The amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic photoelectric effect, photographic action,
)
fields is ' = c = sensation of light. Uses: 1. It provides us the
9' :;' &'
information of the world around us. 2. It can
cause chemical ereaction.
5.The average energy density of e.m. wave is

) 9' 5. Ultraviolet light: Frequency Range: 1016

u = uE + uB = P * + 3
Q Hz to 1017 Hz. Properties: Effect on
3 ;'
photographic plate, fluorescence, ionisation,
6. Electromagnetic wave transport linear highly energetic tanning of the human skin.
momentum as they travel through space: Uses: 1. In food preservation. 2. In the study
X
of invisible writings, forged documents and
P= finger prints. 3. In the study of molecular
E
structure.
7. Electromagnetic wave are not deflected by
electric and magnetic fields. 6. X-Rays: Frequency range: 1018 Hz to 1020
Hz. Properties: Effect on photographic plate,
8. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave ionisation of gases, photoelectric effect,
is responsible for its optical effects, because * fluorescence, more energetic than U.V. rays.
>> . Uses: 1. In Medical diagnosis (to see fractured
bones) 2. In the study of crystal structure. 3. In
Practice Question: engineering for detecting faults, cracks, flaws
and holes in the finished metal products. 4. In
1.[NCERT] Calculate the electric fields produced detective department to detect explosives,
by the radiation coming from a 100 watt bulb at diamond, gold etc. 5. In radiotherapy to cure
a distance of 3 m. Assume that the efficiency of untracable skin diseases and malignant
the bulb is 2.5 % and it is a point source. growths.
{Ans. Erms=2.9 Vm-1; E0= 4.1 Vm-1; Brms
= 9.6 X 10-8 T; B0 = 1.4 X 10-7 T} 7. Gamma Rays: Frequency Range: 1018 Hz
to 1022 Hz. Properties: Effect on photographic
**Electromagnetic spectrum: plate, fluorescence, ionisation, diffraction, high
penetrating power. Uses: 1. In radiotherapy. 2.
1.Radio waves. Frequency Range: 500 kHz
In the manufacture of polythene from ethylene.
to 1000 MHz. Properties: Reflection, diffraction
3. To initiate some nuclear reactions. 4. To
Uses: 1. In radio and television communication
preserve food stuffs for a long time. 5. To study
systems. 2.In radio-astronomy.
the structure of atomic nuclei.

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