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Torsion

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Saad Abbasi
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51 views42 pages

Torsion

ddd

Uploaded by

Saad Abbasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of beams for torsion

Engr. Muhammad Hamza Sabir


[email protected]
Torsional Stresses
• A moment acting about the longitudinal axis of a member is called a twisting
moment, a torque, or a torsional moment, T.
• The shear stress induced due to applied torque on a member is called as torsional
shear stress or torsional stress.
Torsional Stresses
• Circular Solid Members
• Torsional stresses in solid circular members can be computed as:

• Where;
• T = applied torque,
• ρ = radial distance,
• J = polar moment of inertia.
Torsional Stresses
• Rectangular Members
• Torsional stress variation in rectangular members is relatively complicated.
• Torsional stress close to the faces of the rectangular member is much greater than that of interior
section.
Torsional Stresses
• Rectangular Members
• The largest stress occurs at the middle of the wide face . The stress at the corners is zero.
• Stress distribution at any other location is less than that at the middle and greater than zero.
Torsional Stresses
• Rectangular Members
• As can be observed in the figure, Torsional stresses are concentrated in a thin
outer skin of the solid cross section.
• This leads to the concept of thin-walled tube analogy.
Torsional Stresses
• Thin-Walled Tube Analogy (ACI R22.7)
• A beam subjected to torsion is idealized as a thin-walled tube with the core concrete cross section
in a solid beam neglected. The strength is assumed to be provided by the outer skin of the cross
section roughly centered on the closed stirrups.
• The product of the shear stress τ and the wall thickness t at any point in the perimeter is known
as the shear flow (q), which remains constant within the thin walls of the tube.
Torsional Stresses
•Torsional strength of concrete
• In case of torsion induced shear stresses (torsional stresses), ACI 22.7.5 states
that “cracking is assumed when tensile stresses reach

• The torsional stresses in thin-walled tube is

• Equating eq. (a) and (b), we get


Torsional Stresses
•Torsional strength of concrete
• According to ACI R22.7.5;

• Where; Acp= xy, Pcp= 2(x+y) (full section of the member)


• Substituting values of Ao and t, the equation (b) becomes;
Torsional Stresses
•Torsional strength of concrete
• The total design torsional capacity of an RC member is given by

• Where;

• ACI Code (R22.7) requires that the concrete contribution to torsional strength shall be ignored.
Therefore,
Torsional Stresses
•Transverse steel reinforcement At
• For no failure, torsional capacity of the member shall be greater than or equal to torsional
demand i.e.

• For the equality in the above equation (for a single legged stirrup);

• So, for a two-legged stirrup


Torsional Stresses
• Longitudinal Reinforcement A𝒍
• This expression can be used to find longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion.

• Note: (A𝒍 and At are derived using the space truss analogy, for more information on how to derive it, refer to
https://drqaisarali.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Color-Version-Lecture-04_Design-of-RC-Members-for-Shear-and-
Torsion.pdf)
Torsional Stresses
• Longitudinal Reinforcement A𝒍
• In the calculation of Tn, all the torque is assumed to be resisted by stirrups and longitudinal steel with Tc = 0.
• At the same time, the shear resisted by concrete Vc is assumed to be unchanged by the presence of torsion.
Torsional Stresses
• Definition of special parameters

• In the calculation of Tn, all the torque is assumed to be resisted by stirrups and longitudinal steel with Tc = 0.
• At the same time, the shear resisted by concrete Vc is assumed to be unchanged by the presence of torsion.
Torsional Stresses
• Definition of Aoh.
ACI Code Provisions for Torsion
• Cracking torsion Tcr shall be calculated in accordance with ACI Table 22.7.5.1. For
non-prestressed members, we have

• Nu is positive for compression


• The threshold torsion is defined as one-fourth of the cracking torsional moment
Tcr (ACI R22.7.4).
ACI Code Provisions for Torsion
• gfgfgjghj
Cross sectional Limits (ACI 22.7.7)

• Cross section shall be selected such that (a) or (b) is satisfied


• a) Solid Sections

• b) Hollow Sections Why Size Limits?


As per ACI R22.7.7.1 The size of a cross
section is limited for two reasons:
1. To reduce unsightly cracking

2. To prevent crushing of the surface

concrete due to inclined compressive


stresses due to shear and torsion.
Reinforcement Limits (ACI 22.7.7)

• a) Minimum Transverse Reinforcement (ACI 9.6.4.2,9.7.6.3.3)

• Calculated spacing shall not exceed smax

• b) Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement (ACI 9.6.4.3)


Reinforcement Detailing (ACI 9.7.5)

• Transverse torsional reinforcement shall be detailed in the same manner as shear


reinforcement.
• Longitudinal torsional bars should be evenly distributed around the perimeter of
the cross-section, with spacing along the depth not exceeding 12 inches.
• The longitudinal reinforcement shall be inside the stirrup or hoop, and at least
one longitudinal bar shall be placed in each corner.
• The diameter of longitudinal bars should be greater of 3/8″ and 0.042s where s is
spacing of stirrups.
• The torsional moment varies from maximum at the face of the support to zero at
span mid-length.
• Bars can be discontinued per the following criteria. however, in practice, bars are
extended over the full length of the beam.
Reinforcement Detailing (ACI 9.7.5)
Summary of Steps for Torsion Design

• Step 1: Determine factored torsion Tu


• Step 2: Determine special section properties
• Step 3: Check need for torsional reinforcement
• Step 4: Check adequacy of cross section for torsion
• Step 5: Determine torsional reinforcement
• Step 6: Apply minimum torsional reinforcement and spacing checks
• Step 7: Perform detailing of reinforcement
Design Example
• A 54-in long RC cantilever beam supports its own dead load plus a concentrated load P which consists of 20-
kip dead and 20-kip live load. The beam also supports an unfactored axial compressive dead load N of 40
kip. Using fc’ = 3 ksi and fy = fyt = 60 ksi, Design the beam for Flexure, Shear and Torsion.
Design Example
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