ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

GENERAL APPLICATION
Contents
 Maxima and Minima
 Time Rates  SHORTEST LADDER:

2 2 2
𝑧3 = 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

CRITICAL POINTS:

1. At maximum point:  SHORTEST LINE TANGENT TO AN ELLIPSE:

𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
Maximum Point 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = −(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
2. At minimum point: 𝑧 =𝑎+𝑏
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
Point of Inflection 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = +(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
3. At the point of Inflection:
 LONGEST ROD:
𝑦′′ = 0

Minimum Point
2 2 2
A high point is called a maximum 𝑐 3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3
(plural maxima). A low point is called a
HOW TO SOLVE WORD PROBLEMS
minimum (plural minima). The general
in Maxima and Minima:
word for maximum or minimum is
extremum (plural extrema).  MINIMUM LENGTH 0F WIRE:
1. Draw a diagram if
necessary.
2. Write an equation representing the quantity to be maximized or
minimized. This quantity will typically be represented in terms of two 𝑎 𝑥
or more variables. =
𝑎+𝑏 𝐷
3. Use any relationships between the variables to equation obtained
step 2 into a function of single variable.
4. Differentiate and equate the function to zero.

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

𝑉𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
 MINIMUM PERIMETER FOR GIVEN AREA: 𝑉𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
√3

𝑥 = 2𝑦  MAXIMUM VOLUME
𝑃 = 4𝑦 of a right circular cone if lateral area is given or
minimum lateral area if the volume is given:

 GROUND DISTANCE 𝑥 FOR BEST VIEWING ANGLE 𝜃:

ℎ = √2𝑟

 MAXIMUM VOLUME or MAXIMUM AREA

𝑥 = √ℎ ∙ 𝐻 of a right circular cone inscribed in a sphere of radius R.

4
ℎ = 𝑅 → 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 MINIMUM VOLUME 3
5
of a cone circumscribing a sphere of radius r. ℎ = 𝑅 → 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
4

1
sin 𝜃 = 3 ℎ = 4𝑟  MAXIMUM VOLUME of
a. a rectangular box (open at the top) with square base for a
known area A, or minimum surface area for a known
 MAXIMUM VOLUME volume.
of a cylinder of radius r and height h.

𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝐻
ℎ=
3
4 b. a rectangular box (closed) with square base for a given
𝑉𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒
9 surface area:

 MAXIMUM VOLUME 𝑥=𝑦=𝑧

of a cylinder that can be cut from a sphere of radius R.
√6𝑅 2𝑅
𝑟= ℎ=
3 √3

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

 STRONGEST RECTANGULAR BEAM

a. That can be cut from a log of a circular cross section:

𝑦 = 𝑥√3 The purpose of studying Calculus is

𝐷2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 simply to introduce your mind to the scientific
method of analysis.
So let’s chill.

b. That can be cut from a log of an elliptical section:

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 1. Find the slope of the curve y = x+2(x raised to -1) at (2,3)
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ ∶ 𝑥 = 2𝑏√
3 Ans. 0.5
1−𝑡 2
2 2. A body moves according to the equation 𝑥(𝑡) = . What is
3+𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ∶ 𝑦 = 2𝑎√ the velocity of the particle when 𝑡 = 1?
3
1 1
a. 2 c. 3
1 1
b. -2 d. -3
3. What is the allowable error in measuring the edge of the cube
that is intended to hold 8 cu. M. of the error of the computed
volume is not to exceed 0.03 cu. m?
TIME RATES
A. 0.002 B. 0.003 C. 0.0025 D. 0.001

HOW TO SOLVE WORD PROBLEMS 4. If the sum of two numbers is 4, find the minimum value of the
in TIME RATES: sum of their cubes.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 16
1. Draw a diagram if necessary. Label constants with their 5. A statue 3 m high is standing on a base of 4m high. If an
numerical value. observers eye is 1.5 m above the ground how far should he
2. Determine which rates are given and which rate you need to find. stand from the base in order that the angle subtended by the
3. Find an equation relating the variables defined in step 1. statue is a maximum?
4. Differentiate the equation in step 3. Ans. 3.71m
5. Substitute all the given information into the result of step 4 and
find the unknown rate.

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

6. The sum of the base and altitude of an isosceles triangle is

36cm. Find the altitude of the triangle if its area is to be a
maximum. EVALUATION
Ans. 18
1. Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed
7. Find the radius of curvature of y = x^3 at x =1 in a cone of radius 3cm and altitude of 9 cm.
a. 10𝜋 c. 15𝜋
8. What is the minimum possible perimeter for rectangle whose b. 12𝜋 d. 20𝜋
area is 100 sq. in?
Ans. 40 in 2. The altitude of a cylinder of maximum volume which can be
inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 𝑟 and height ℎ is
9. Determine a point of inflection for the graph of y = x^3 + 6x^2 _________.
ℎ 3ℎ
Ans. (-2, 16) a. 3 c. 3
2ℎ ℎ
b. d. 4
10. Fencing is limited to 20 ft length. What is the maximum 3
rectangular area that can be fenced in using two perpendicular
corner sides of existing wall. 3. A boy, 1.2 𝑚 tall is walking directly away from a lamp post at
𝑚
Ans. 100 ft. the rate of 0.9 . If the lamp is 6 𝑚 above the ground, find
𝑠
the rate at which his shadow is lengthening.
𝑚 𝑚
11. A balloon is rising vertically over a point A on the ground at the a. 0.225 c. 0.282
𝑠 𝑠
rate of 15 fps. A point B on the ground level and 30 ft. from A. 𝑚 𝑚
b. 0.125 d. 0.204
when the balloon is 40 ft. from A, at what rate is its distance from 𝑠 𝑠
B is changing?
Ans. 12 fps 4. Find the minimum distance from the point (6,0) to the
parabola y 2 − 8x.
12. Water is running out of a conical tunnel at the rate of 1 cu. a. 5.656 c. 3.232
in/sec. If the radius of the base of the tunnel is 4 in and the b. 4.342 d. 4.522
altitude is 8 in, find the rate at which the water level is dropping
when it is 2 in from the top. 5. Find the height of a right circular cylinder of maximum
A. -1/9pi in/sec volume, which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 10 cm.
B. -1/2pi in/sec a. 14.12 𝑐𝑚 c. 12.81 𝑐𝑚
C. 1/2pi in/sec b. 15.11 𝑐𝑚 d. 11.55 𝑐𝑚
D. 1/9pi in/sec
6. If the sum of two numbers is 4, find the minimum value of
the sum of their cubes.
a. 16 c. 18
b. 10 d. 32

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

SITUATION 1: A Ferris wheel with radius of 10 m has its center 12 m above

1−𝑡 2 the ground. The seats of the wheel have vertical speeds of 2.52 m/s when
7. A body moves according to the equation 𝑥(𝑡) = 3+𝑡
. What
it is 17 m above the ground.
is the velocity of the particle when 𝑡 = 1?
1 1 13. (1) How fast is the wheel rotating in revolutions per minute?
c. 2 c. 3 a. 2.78 c. 2.47
1 1
d. - d. - b. 3.21 d. 4.57
2 3
14. (2) How fast is the seat moving horizontally when it is 17 m
8. The motion of a particle moving along a straight line is given above the ground?
by the equation 𝑆 = 4𝑡3 − 14. What is the maximum a. 1.89 m/s c. 2.14 m/s
b. 1.46 m/s d. 0.87 m/s
displacement of the particle during the interval −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4.
a. 16 c. 36
15. (3) What force is exerted on the seat of a 75-kg man when he
b. 27 d. 42 is on the topmost?
9. A body moves along a straight line according to the equation a. 711 N c. 672 N
−x(t) = 4t 5 − 20t 4 . At what value of " t " when the b. 618 N d. 524 N
particle reverses its motion? 16. Water flows at the rate of 16 m3 per min in a conical tank 12
a. 1 c. 4 meters in diameter on top and 24 meters deep. How fast is
b. 3 d. 2 the water surface rising when the water is 18 m deep in the
10. The motion of a body along a straight line is defined by the tank, in meters per minute?
following equation: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 8𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 – 5. At what a. 0.32 c. 0.21
range of " 𝑡 " is the distance increasing? b. 0.18 d. 0.25
2
a. − 3 < 𝑡 > 6 c. 𝑡 > 6 only
17. Water flows into a tank having the form of a frustum of a
2 2
b. 6 < 𝑡 > − 3 d. 6 < 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < − 3 right circular cone. The tank is 4 m tall with upper radius of
cm 1.5 m and the lower radius of 1 m. When the water in the
11. The side of a square decreases at a rate of 4 min . What is the
tank is 2 m deep, the surface rises at the rate of 0.015 m/s.
change in area?
Calculate the discharge of water flowing into the tank in
a. -2𝑃 c. - 𝑃
m3/s.
b. -4𝑃 d. - 6𝑃
a. 0.08976 c. 0.07362
12. A stone dropped into a calm lake causes a series of circular
b. 0.05267 d. 0.06541
ripples. The radius of the outer one increases at 3 m/sec.
How rapidly is the disturbed area changing at the end of 3
18. Water from the filtering facility is pouring into a swimming
seconds, in m2/sec?
a. 170 c. 160 pool. After 𝑛 hours, there are 𝑛 + √𝑛 gallons in the pool. At
b. 180 d. 150 what rate is the water pouring into the pool when 𝑛 = 18
hours.
a. 1.212 𝑔𝑝ℎ c. 1.172 𝑔𝑝ℎ
b. 1.118 𝑔𝑝ℎ d. 1.023 𝑔𝑝ℎ

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

19. Starting from a certain point "A", a man walks eastward at SITUATION 2: One ship is sailing south at a rate of 5 knots, and the other is
the rate of 3 𝑘𝑝ℎ. Twenty minutes later, a second man sailing east at the rate of 10 knots. At 2 P.M., the second ship was at the
starting from "B" situated 3 km south and 20 km east of "A" place occupied by the first ship one hour before.
walks westward at the rate of 4 kph. Determine the rate the 24. (1) How far apart are the ships at 12 noon in nautical miles?
two men are approaching one another 2.5 hours after the a. 18.63 c. 20.62
second man has left point "B" westward bound. b. 21.45 d. 22.32
a. 2.11 𝑘𝑝ℎ c. 2.46 𝑘𝑝ℎ
b. 1.52 𝑘𝑝ℎ d. 3.21 𝑘𝑝ℎ 25. (2) At what time will the two ships nearest each other?
a. 1:18 pm c. 1.57 pm
20. Two railroad tracks are perpendicular to each other. At 12:00 b. 1:32 pm d. 1:48 pm
P.M. there is a train at each track approaching crossing at 50
kph, one being 100 km, the other 150 km away from the 26. (3) How fast are the ships separating at 3 pm, in knots?
crossing. How fast in kph is the distance between the two a. 13.68 c. 10.61
trains changing at 3:30 P.M.? b. 11.25 d. 12.32
a. 62.21 c. 63.25
b. 54.89 d. 67.78 27. A man o the wharf is pulling a small rope tied at the end of a
cable, use in mooring a boat alongside a wharf, at the rate of
21. The radius of an expanding sphere changes at the rate of 2 60 cm/s. If the hands of the man pulling the rope are 4.2 m
cm per minute. How fast is the surface area of the sphere above the level of the water, how fast (in m/s) is the cable
changing when the radius is 25 cm, in cm2/min? approaching the wharf when there is 6.5 m of rope out?
a. 1256.64 c. 1856.32 a. 0.563 c. 0.786
b. 628.32 d. 963.21 b. 0.635 d. 0.876

22. The volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 21 cc/min. 28. Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a
At what rate is its surface area increasing when the side is 80 semicircle of radius 5 inches if its base lies along the diameter
cm long? of the semicircle.
a. 1.86 cm2/min c. 1.05 cm2/min a. 15 sq. m. c. 25 sq. m.
2
b. 2.14 cm /min d. 1.32 cm2/min b. 10 sq. m. d. 18 sq. m.

29. A statue 3.2 m high stands on a pedestal such that its foot is
23. A rectangular parallelepiped with an altitude of 10 cm have 0.4 m above an observer's eye level. How far from the statue
its width decreasing by 2 cm/min and length increasing 8 must the observer stand in order that the angle subtended
cm/min. How fast is the total surface area changing when its by the statue will be maximum?
width is 16 cm and length is 22 cm? a. 1.1 m c. 1.4 m
a. +224 cm2/min c. -224 cm2/min b. 1.2 m d. 1.5 m
2
b. -312 cm /min d. +288cm2/min

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Topic: Differential Calculus 1

“The study of
mathematics, like the
Nile, begins in
minuteness but ends in
magnificence.”

– Charles Caleb Colton