CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electricity is pivotal to the development of any nation. Its use is directly

correlated with healthy economic growth. Nigeria is one of the most populated

countries in Africa but only about 40% of the people are connected to the

energy grid. The people who actually have power experience difficulties around

90% of the time, these blackouts cripple the industrial sector. For example,

outages in this area of the world also have implications for the mining industry.

When power fails, workers may be trapped in the mines, so as soon as there is a

risk of failure the operations are shut down, which leads to economic

difficulties. Lack of electricity also causes problems for agriculture. Most

irrigation lines are run by electricity, so when the power is cut off then the crop

yield decreases.

Nigeria’s energy grid is arguably in crisis due to lack of development. The key

to making a more reliable energy sector is to find and use a renewable energy

source, rather than simply relying on the country’s non-renewable sources. The

crisis of energy is a complex problem stemming from a variety of issues. This

paper will cover the role of an inverter in bridging the gap between power
outages to effectively control and minimize wastages in production plants and

life of machineries.

1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY

The adequate research into and the production of locally manufactured

inverters in their very minute forms are long overdue for use for small, medium

enterprises (SME’s) in Nigeria. This would earnestly build a sustained growth

in the economy of any nation.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

AIM: To train technicians who can avail themselves to the societal and

industrial problems/challenges of alternative power procurement in the current

Nigeria technological age. The objectives of this project are;

i. To produce an inverter that can sustainably carry very minute load as

a prototype.

ii. To increase work efficiency with the provision of steady power

supply.

iii. To effectively use, and translate working schematic diagram into

actual working inverter circuit.

iv. To implement the use of a 12v inverter as a stop gap in the prevention

of total power outage in a production process.

3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research work is targeted at finding a sustainable alternative form of

energy for use in Nigeria. There’s no one form of energy that can sustain a

nation, let alone a high demanding and growing nation like Nigeria.

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an

isolated system remains constant it is said to be conserved over time. Energy

can be neither created nor be destroyed, but it transforms from one form to

another.

On this premise all electrical energies which are stored in a chemical form in

the batteries - DC form is converted back to its AC form using inverters. Once

such a technology is understood and can be effectively produced locally in

Nigeria all alternative sources of energy can be harnessed, converted (DC

form), stored (in batteries), and further inverted to its AC form and used.

To assist in reducing the problem normally encountered especially in

manufacturing processes e.g. printing industry, laboratories, server machines in

ICT worlds, and general comfort for homes and business premises.

i. Providing better, upgraded and quality lifestyle among the Nigerian

people. ii. To reduce the pressure and total energy demand on the Nigerian

government.

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1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research project was limited to the local manufacture of a 300w inverter, it

does not include;

i. Battery charging system,

ii. Battery level meter

iii. Automated power consumption units

iv. Auto-switching etc.

This limitation is owed to huge financing on the part of the researcher such as;

i. High cost of components,

ii. Farther distance to market and

iii. Scarcity of components, since most electronic component retailers

only sell widely used or demanded materials for the repair of radio,

televisions etc.

This resulted in the use of alternative electronic components, hence making

research a lot complicated and interesting since this is owed to the fact that the

best part of this write up are based on practically experienced results from

electronic behaviors in the lab.

5
1.6 GAINS OF THE STUDY

This research work has demystified the workings of a 100w inverter, from the

input of 12v DC to 12v AC and the stepping up of same 12v AC to 220 / 230v

AC for appliances requiring such voltage levels.

i. This study will begin the drastic shift of student mindset into further

development of locally manufactured inverters in Nigeria for its local

consumption.

ii. To ameliorate problems of incessant power outages especially in use

by the minute power consumers such as the SME’s like the tyre

vulcanizing, hairdressers, welders, barbers, restaurants and viewing

centers all over the country, as well as street lightings and security

lamps and cameras.

Once informal sectors grows to steady power supply the economy of such a

nation will be on a booming advantage. Development in a larger scale for

the Nigerian community if properly harnessed and built upon by the school

system for the Nigerian people.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

i. AC - Alternating current

ii. AH – Ampere per hour

iii. Battery – A device that stores electrical energy in a chemical form.

6
iv. Bread board – Is a construction base for prototyping of electronics.

v. Casing - A cover or shell that protects or encloses something.

vi. Capacitor – A device that stores charges and filters noise in a circuit.

vii. Current (I) - Is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge

is often carried by moving electrons in a wire.

vii DC – Is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

viii. Diode – It is a device that allows the flow of current only in one

direction in a circuit.

ix. EMF – Electromotive Force

x. File – An electrical tool for cleaning and filing soldering irons.

xi Heat Sink – This is a metal of special alloy which absorbs the heat

produced by the transistors which is screwed to it.

xii. Hz (Hertz) – The unit of frequency

xiii. LED – Light Emitting Diode

xiv. Masking Tape - Also known as sticky tape is a type of pressure-sensitive

tape made of a thin and easy-to-tear paper, and an easily released

pressuresensitive.

xv. Multi-meter – Also known as a multi-tester is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit.

xvi. MOSFET – Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor.

xvii. Nail Cutter – A variety of nail clippers; the clipper on the left is in the

pliers’ style, the centre and right clippers are in the compound lever style

7
xviii. IC (Integrated Circuit) – An electronic circuit formed on a small piece

of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger

circuit made from discrete components.

xix. IC Socket – It is used in devices that contain an integrated circuit as a

placeholder for IC chips and used in order to allow safe removal and

insertion of IC chips because IC chips may become damaged from heat

due to soldering.

xx. ICT – Information Communication Technology

xxi. KCL –Kirchhoff’s Current Law

xxii. KVL –Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

xxiii. PCB – Printed Circuit Board

xxiv. Resistor – Is used to limit the flow of current in a current carrying

conductor Screws (or bolts) - Are types of fastener characterized by a helical

ridge.

xxv. Screw Driver - Is a tool, manual or powered, for turning (driving or

removing) screws.

xxvi. Soldering Iron – is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt

solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces.

xxvii. Soldering Lead (or solder) – Is a fusible metal alloy used to join

together metal work pieces and having a melting point below that of the

work piece(s).

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xxviii. SME – Small Medium Enterprise

xxix. Transformer – 12v / 220v AC transformer is used to step up the initial

voltage of 12v to 220v AC for use.

xxx. Transistor – A three terminal component which is used for switching

and determining the frequency of current flow.

xxxi. Vero board – This PCB is used for the attachment of components and its

interconnectivity.

xxxii. Voltage (V) - also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression

of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical

field.

xxxiii. W (watt) – A derived unit of power

xxxiv. Wires - A length of such material, consisting either of a single

filament or of several filaments woven or twisted together and usually

insulated with a dielectric material, used as a conductor of electricity.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The absence of a mains power outlet is often keenly felt on camping sites, with

car repairs in the middle of nowhere and with picnic or party events in the

countryside. In some cases, mains power can only be brought to a remote site

by running a very long cable — which is dangerous, impossible or not

available. Whatever the occasion, planned or unexpected, it is great to have a

power inverter available capable of converting the 12V car battery voltage into

230 volts AC.

2.2 PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN THE PROJECT

The general principle is the use of an inverter circuit to change the electrical

form its DC form to a more useable or rather widely used AC form and then

stepped up to an appreciable level by the use of power transformers.

The inverters circuitry draws up its power from a 12v DC source (battery) and

then it is filtered to eliminate noise, the IC turns ON and OFF the voltage going

to the transistors, which is amplified and then stepped up by the transformer for

use by AC loads / appliances.

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2.3 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

This research project is mainly focused strictly on the local manufacture /

production of inverter, which inputs DC voltage of 12volts and outputs

220volts AC.

This unit has its input power from the battery to the switch, an indicator, the

capacitor and resistor (determines the frequency), the IC (serving as a timer)

which determines the switching ON and OFF of the MOSFET GATEs, the

transistors (MOSFETS) amplifies the currents flowing through the component

and lastly being stepped up by the transformer.

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

2.4.1 INVERTER

Fig 2.1 Inverter Image

An inverter converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It starts by

receiving DC power from sources like batteries or solar panels. The inverter uses
an oscillator to generate a high-frequency AC signal, which is then switched

11
rapidly by transistors or MOSFETs to create a pulsating DC that mimics an AC
waveform. This pulsating DC may be passed through a transformer to adjust the
voltage level. Filters then smooth the waveform, resulting in a cleaner AC
output. The final AC power can be used to operate various AC appliances and
devices, making inverters essential for applications such as uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS) and renewable energy systems.

2.4.2 BREAD BOARD

Fig 2.2 Bread board image

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it

was literally a bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In

the 1970s the solderless breadboard (aka plug board, a terminal array board)

became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to

refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for "prototype". The solderless

breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use

for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.

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2.4.3 CASING

Fig 2.3 Casing Image

The plastic casing of an inverter serves several critical functions. It provides

physical protection to the internal components, shielding them from dust,

moisture, and mechanical damage. The casing is designed to be electrically

insulating, preventing electrical shocks and short circuits. It also helps in heat

dissipation, often incorporating vents or fans to manage the heat generated by

the inverter's components. Additionally, the casing contributes to the inverter's

aesthetic appeal and ensures user safety by covering all potentially hazardous

parts.

2.4.4 CAPACITOR

Fig 2.4 Capacitor Image

13
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy electro-statically in an electric field.

The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two

electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The

conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive

electrolyte, etc. The non conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's

charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuums,

paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical

circuits in many common electrical devices. A capacitor stores energy in the

form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its

capacitance. Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge Q on

each conductor to the potential difference V between them. The SI unit of

capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V).

Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10 −12 F) to about 1 mF

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct

current while allowing alternating current to pass.

i. In analogue filter networks, they smooth the output of power

supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular

frequencies.

14
 ii. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and

power flow.

iii. Polarized capacitor – Are used in the parts of the circuit where

polarity of the given voltage flowing through is important, while

iv. Non-polarized capacitor – used to store and filter noise in a circuit.

2.4.5 LED

Fig 2.5 Diode Led Image

A light-emitting diode (LED) is often small in area (less than 1 mm 2),

integrated optical and a two-terminal semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is

applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within

the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called

electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of

the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and

task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources

15
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical

robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now

used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,

advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes.

2.4.6 SCREWS

Fig 2.6 Screw Image

A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as

a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. Some

screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as a

female thread (internal thread), often in the form of a nut or an object that has

the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a

helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common

uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position objects.

A screw will almost always have a head on one end which contains a specially

formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools

for driving screws include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually

16
larger than the body of the screw, which keeps the screw from being driven

deeper than the length of the screw and to provide a bearing surface.

2.4.7 SOLDERING LEAD

Fig. 2.7 Soldering Lead Image

Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to join together metal work pieces and

having a melting point below that of the work piece(s). Soft solder is typically

thought of when solder or soldering is mentioned, with a typical melting range

of 90 to 450 °C (190 to 840 °F). It is commonly used in electronics, plumbing,

and assembly of sheet metal parts. Manual soldering uses a soldering iron or

soldering gun. Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F) are

the most commonly used. Soldering performed using alloys with a melting

point above 450 °C (840 °F) is called 'hard soldering', 'silver soldering', or

brazing.

17
2.4.8 TRANSFORMER

Fig. 2.8 Transformer Image

2.4.9 CASING

Fig. 2.9 Casing Image

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more

circuits through electromagnetic induction. Commonly, transformers are used

to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power

18
applications. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a

varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field

impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field

at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or

voltage in the secondary winding. A wide range of transformer designs is

encountered in electronic and electric power applications.

2.4.10 TRANSISTOR

Fig. 2.10 Transistor Image

This is a semiconductor devices used to amplify and switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least

three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current

applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through

another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher

than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today,

some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded

in integrated circuits.

The MOSFET is a type of transistor used for amplifying or switching

electronic signals.

19
2.4.11 WIRES

Fig. 2.11 Wires connection

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are

used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals.

Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw

plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a

gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of

such strands, as in 'multi-stranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire

rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity. Wire comes in solid core, stranded,

or braided forms. Although usually circular in cross-section, wire can be made

in square, hexagonal, flattened, rectangular or other cross-sections, either for

20
decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice

coils in loudspeakers etc.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The design and actual construction of the 300watts mini power system was

carried out in the electrical/electronic Engineering workshop in polytechnic.

All components where tested to meet its stated ratings, and also equivalent

components were also used in the event of scarcity.

3.2 PROJECT HYPOTHESIS

The proposed outcomes of this research work are as follows;

i. That the availability of more inverters for use will bridge the gaps

created and sufficiently provide for small energy demands for homes,

offices and leisure venues (parties, camping etc).

ii. Inverters convert all DC forms of energy to its equivalent AC form.

iii. That as long as the batteries are connected and supplying current, the

inverter will in turn keep producing an output voltage.

21
iv. That locally made inverters will be tailor made / customized to user

demands.

v. That locally made inverters will be cheaper to construct, more affordable

for end users. Create job for manufacturers, marketers and above all

available service centers.

vi. That studying its performance from customers’ response will help to

improve newer models.

vii. That the local production of inverters will increase knowledge transfer

and better discoveries of a more suitable components importation and

drastically reduce the importation of finished inverter products, hence

less capital flights.

3.3 PROJECT ALGORITHM

This is the conceptualization of the project and the actual performance of the

project in an orderly manner;

i. Start

ii. The burden to solve a problem

iii. Identifying the problem

iv. Defining the problem

v. Proffering a solution

vi. Solution design state

vii. Segmenting of the various solutions into units

22
 viii. Identification of the various components

ix. Designing the various units

x. Testing

xi. Documentation

xii. End

3.4 PROJECT CONCEPT

The design and construction of 100w inverter is based on some scientific laws

and formula that govern the features of the project.

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction - This law states that whenever a

magnetic flux linkage is being cut by metallic conductor EMF is said to be

induced.

3.5 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

The schematic diagram of 300w square wave inverter was redrawn to a more

readable format and first transposed into the bread board.

Fig. 3.0 Dataflow Diagram Image

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the design of the inverter circuit, determination of the

parameters and quantities, the various considerations made to select the

components used in this research work.

This power bank is equipped the Grade A - 81,000 mAh battery which is enough

juice to power many of your home gadgets. It has a universal plug which makes

it convenient for all kinds of gadgets. It comes with a charger and user manual.

It can also be charged using a 100w solar panel. (Please note that you are only

buying the power station. The solar panel is sold separately.

Advice, please charge fully before use. Also ensure you charge the battery

regularly to have an enjoyable experience with the battery capacity.

It is mostly suitable for

1. Content creators who needs lights, microphone and a few other gadgets.

2. Those that want to power just TV and decoders.

3. TikTok live broadcasters in light out situations.

4. Video editors, graphic designers and script writers etc

5. Any workstation that wants to work during electricity downtime.

24
It serves as a big power bank and can power: ring light, RGB and Led lights,

cake mixer, sowing machine, television.

Some of the tests we did with it showed that:

--> It charges laptops 2 or 3 times

--> 32" television (3 - 5hrs),

--> Normal fans (5 - 9hrs),

--> rechargeable fans (15 -24 hours)

Key features are as follows

1. Battery Capacity: 81000 mAh (299wh)

2. AC inverter output: 110v-60Hz 220v-50Hz

3. DC output: 12V / 10A

4. Type C PD: 65W

5. Working temperature: -20oC - 60oC

Key Features of 300w power station

What’s in the box

Power Station

Adapter/Charger

Specifications

SKU: GE779MP3EOJOZNAFAMZ

Product Line: Products

Model: 300w Portable power station

25
Weight (kg): 3.5

4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

In the design of this project, certain presumptions were made in other to

determine the project outcome, these are;

i. Voltage from battery – 12volts DC

ii. Voltage from inverter circuit (transformer primary) – 12volts AC

iii. Secondary voltage from transformer – 45volts AC

iv. Transformer power rating 100watts

4.3 DESIGN OF THE INVERTER CIRCUIT

The actual design of the inverter the schematic diagram was redrawn to be

understood and transferred easily on the vero board after testing on breadboard.

Fig. 4.0 Inverter construction

26
4.4 PROJECT ASSEMBLING

4.4.1 TOOLS AND PROCEDURES APPLIED IN THE PROJECT

ASSEMBLING

This construction finally lied on the PCB with all the connections strictly

followed to the breadboard connection. Necessary procedures were followed to

avoid short circuit, wrong connection and improper fittings of components.

Then, the components were finally soldered in the PCB following the holes

under normal temperature.

The following tools were used in the assembling of this project.

i. Screw driver

ii. Pliers

iii. Soldering iron and sucker

iv. Hacksaw for cutting heat

sink

v. Files for smoothening rough surfaces.

vi. Drilling machine / hand drill vii. Cutting

machine for cutting viii. Hammer

4.4.2 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

A lay out diagram of the various unit of the system and how they are

interconnected in the diagram by conducting paths which thickness depends on

the current flowing through the path. The layout diagram was mirrored and

27
transferred to a copper clad board which had earlier been covered with a

masking tape. The conducting paths were traced and the unwanted parts of the

layout diagram were removed thus exposing the copper cladding beneath them.

The board was immersed into a solution of ferric chloride (Etchant solution) in

order to remove the unwanted parts on the board leaving the conducting paths

which were protected by the etch-resist masking tape. After the etching process,

the washed and cleaned and the point marked out for component leads were

drilled using a drilling machine. The choice of the drill bits used was

determined by the cross sectional area of the marked points and consequently

the cross sectional area of the component leads.

Fig. 4.1 Insertion of Component and Diode

With the aid of the circuit diagram, the components were inserted into their

designed positions and soldered in place.

28
4.4.3 INVERTER CASING

Fig. 4.2 Casing of the Inverter

The entire circuits and transformer were housed in a rectangular plastic box,

length of 10inches, height 5inches and a breath of 5 inches. This box is of a

light weight, which has a switch, an indicator, an input cord of 12 volts DC and

an output socket for 220volts AC.

4.4.4 PRECAUTION

The following precautions were taken in the construction process;

i. The layout diagram was studied carefully to ensure that it conforms with

the schematic diagram before it was transformed to the copper clad board.

ii. The board was not left too long in the enchant solution in order to avoid

damaging.

iii. The printed circuit board was thoroughly inspected after the itching

process with the aid of the layout diagram and multi-meter in order to

locate open or short circuits.

iv. Polarized components were inserted into board correctly.

29
 v. The switching devices (MOSFETS) which are sensitive were handled

by their protective cover when soldering them in place in order to

avoid damage to the device as a result to electrostatic discharges from

the head.

vi. Ohmic tests and visual checks were carried out on the entire circuit in

order to locate open or short circuit faults before applying power to

the circuit so as to avert component damaged.

vii. The appropriate cable sizes were used in connecting the circuit that

made up the entire system in order to avoid over-heating.

4.4.5 PROJECT TESTING AND RESULT.

After the completion of this project, each unit was tested to ensure proper

operation of the device. The expected output voltage, current, power and

frequency were measured using Multi-meter, wattmeter and frequency counter.

The power unit was confirmed functioning normally i.e. and the output is

shown below 39.8volts AC.

Fig. 4.3 Project Testing and Result

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The need to document a research work, drawing up its summary, conclusion

and recommendation cannot be over emphasized; this will bring about a perfect

understanding of the research work and provide a sound platform for the future

and necessary development of the existing study through research findings.

5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

In this research work, my findings are thus;

i. IC’s are very sensitive to heat, small amounts of currents can destroy

them, and they have to be protected with an adequate amount of

resistor to avoid being blown by the transistor.

ii. The current carrying conductor on the battery side has to be large to

accommodate the amount of current flowing through the cable.

iii. That the incorporation of a heat sink is necessary to avoid blowing up

of the transistors due to over-heating.

iv. The transistors are not so high powered to produce required voltage

and power.

31
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

I strongly recommend that in the production of a small inverter unit for small

loads;

i. There should be a steady 12v DC source.

ii. The amperage of the current from the source, such as the battery

should be large so as to obtain higher amperage in its alternate form.

iii. That the MOSFETs be connected in parallel for more output gain.

iv. For further development of this research work, the IC chip CD4047

should be replaced with a 555 IC timer for effective switching ON

and OFF of the transistor GATEs.

v. That a more accurate research work be done on battery chargers,

increasing its charging time without harming the cells of the battery.

vi. That research work be done on the local construction of power

transformers, step up and step down so as to obtain transformers of

specific value.

vii. That a forum be created where students, study, analyze previously

done projects and also encouraged to improve upon the works of their

predecessors.

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5.4 CONCLUSION

There is no one circuit to build a 300watts mini power system different

application of electrical / electronic components in a circuit can determine how

efficient an inverter be, the power stored in the batteries, the capacity of the

transformer in watts.

33
 REFERENCE

TEXTBOOK BASED

1. Emma Ukpor (2012): Fundamental of Electronics for SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING STUDENTS, Published in Nigeria by: G.O.U. Systems

Limited Suite BS 36A, Banex Plaza Wuse II, Abuja.

INTERNET BASED

1. Kaseke, N., Hosking, S. (2013): Sub-Saharan Africa Electricity Supply

Inadequacy: Implications. Eastern Africa Social Science Research

Review

29(2), 113-132. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and

Southern Africa. Retrieved February 21, 2014, from Project MUSE

database.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_energy_supply_crisis

3. Planck, M. (2012/2014): Treatise on Thermodynamics, third English

edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition,

Longmans,

Green & Co., London, page 40

http:answers.com/q/What_is_the_working_principle_of_a_transformer

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34
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_tape

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_clipper

http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/interconnect-connectors/ic-

sockets.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering_iron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff

%27s_circuit_laws http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

35
36
 APPENDIX

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATES

S/N ITEM DESCRIPTION COLOUR / RATING QTY UNIT AM
COMPONENT PRICE OU
CODE (N) NT
(N)
1 Resistor Tubular, coloured Red, Red, 220Ω 2 10 20
component, one Brown
terminal at each
end
2 Resistor Tubular, coloured Orange, Silver, 390Ω 1 10 10
component, one yellow.
terminal at each
end
3 Resistor Tubular, coloured Orange, 330Ω 1 10 10

37
 component, one Orange, Brown
terminal at each
end
4 Resistor Tubular, coloured 1kΩ 1 10 10
component, one
terminal at each
end
5 Rheostat Tubular, coloured 1kΩ 1 10 10
component, one (Substituted)
terminal at each
end
6 IC Dark, CD4047 1 150 150
Rectangular
component with 7
pins(legs) on each
side
7 IC Socket Dark, 1 50 50
Rectangular
socket with 7
pins(legs) on each
side
8 Transistor A three pin IRF540 2 150 300
component, with
metallic base
9 Capacitor Polarized, 2200µf 25v 1 70 70
Tubular,
coloured, two
terminals on one
end
10 Capacitor Polarized, 0.1µf600v 1 70 70
Tubular, (substituted with
coloured, two 3300µf 400v)
terminals on one
end
11 Capacitor Tubular, 0.1µf 400v 1 70 70
coloured, two
terminals on one
end
12 LED Green, two pin 1 10 10
terminal, Polarity
based

13 Diode Tubular, black 1 10 10

component, one
terminal at each
end
14 Switch Three pin 1 100 100

38
 terminal, with
indicator
15 Battery Block type, two 12v7.5AH 1 2200 2200
terminal
16 Transformer Step up 100 – 500W 1 Leased
transformer,
17 Heat Sink Metallic alloy, 2 Scrap from
screwed to the dead
transistors electronic
device
18 Wires Stranded wire, Red, black 0.5mm 1 yard 100 100
single core
19 Vero board Rectangular Brown board, 1 100 100
board, perforated, gold terminals
gold terminals
Default nature,
blank PCB
20 Soldering Soft metallic 1 roll 200 200
lead line, melting on
heating,
solidifying on
cooling,
conducting in
nature
21 Wall Socket 13Amp wall 1 300 300
socket, indicator
present
22 Inverter Plastic box, 1 1200 1200
casing 10x5x5 inches

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