IOT Important Questions

1. Microcontrollers are called as the heart of Arduino board. Why?

Ans) The microcontroller is called the heart of an Arduino board because it's the brain of the
project and is responsible for executing program instructions and controlling the board's inputs
and outputs. The microcontroller is a chip that contains all the necessary parts, such as a
microprocessor, RAM, and flash memory, in a single chip.

2. Describe the role of MQTT protocol used in IoT.

Ans) MQTT is a standards-based messaging protocol, or set of rules, used for machine-
to-machine communication. Smart sensors, wearables, and other Internet of Things (IoT)
devices typically have to transmit and receive data over a resource-constrained network
with limited bandwidth.

3. Which IoT devices use MQTT? (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

Ans) Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a messaging protocol that connects IoT
devices and industrial IoT (IIoT) devices over the internet. It's used for data exchange and
messaging between devices like sensors, embedded devices, and industrial PLCs

4. Mention the essential components of IoT.

Ans) The main components of the Internet of Things (IoT) are:

 Sensors and actuators: The sensory organs of IoT, which collect real-time data from the
environment. Examples include temperature sensors, motion detectors, and humidity sensors.

 Connectivity: The ability to connect devices and transmit data seamlessly.

 Data processing: The process of processing and analyzing collected data to extract
meaningful insights.

 User interface: The ability to remotely control and manage IoT devices.

 Cloud-based platforms: A sophisticated, high-performance network of servers that performs

high-speed data processing, traffic management, and delivers accurate analytics.

 Analytics and visualization: The process of converting analog data from interconnected smart
devices and sensors into usable insights.

 Security: An essential component of IoT.

5. State the components of AVR microcontrollers.

Ans) AVR microcontrollers are made up of several components, including:

 CPU: The central processing unit, which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers,
stack pointer, program counter, and accumulator register

 RAM: Random access memory, which holds data and variables used during operation

 ROM: Read-only memory

 EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, which is similar to a hard

disk and provides permanent storage

 SRAM: Data SRAM, which is similar to the RAM in computers

 I/O lines: Registers that act as switches or controls for different AVR features

 32X8 GPR: 32 registers, each with 8 bits, that provide general storage space for data

 Flash: On-chip in-system reprogrammable flash memory, which stores programs

OR
The AVRs have 32 single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. Flash,
EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single chip, removing the need for
external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option
to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped devices.

6. Outline the role of oscillators in Arduino Uno board.

Ans) The Arduino Uno board has a crystal oscillator that helps the microcontroller calculate
time. The microcontroller can make quick decisions based on the oscillator frequency. The
Arduino crystal generally has a frequency of 16 MHz.
The Arduino Uno board also has a ceramic resonator that is used as a clock for the 328P. The
ceramic resonator is cheaper than a crystal and is used for this reason.
The Arduino Uno board can still run using the Internal 8Mhz Crystal, but with less accuracy over
time.
OR

If you are talking about an Arduino Uno Board the External 16Mhz Crystal Oscillator
is used as a clock for the Micro Processor (in the UNO case is an ATmega328) without
the 16Mhz Crystal the Arduino can still run using the Internal 8Mhz Crystal, but with less
accuracy over time

7. Delay function is called as “Blocking Code”. Why?

Ans) Once a delay has been called the Arduino can do nothing until this delay has been
finished. This is often called blocking code and getting round this can be quite baffling for
a beginner

OR
 A delay function is called blocking code because it prevents the Arduino from doing anything else
until the delay has finished. This means that none of the code after the delay can run until the
delay is over

8. Write the applications of Raspberry Pi boards.

Ans) Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized computer that can be used for a variety of applications. It
is a popular choice for hobbyists, educators, and businesses alike. Here are some of the most
common applications of Raspberry Pi boards:

 Desktop computer:
Raspberry Pi can be used as a desktop computer by connecting it to a monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. It can run a variety of operating systems, including Linux, Windows, and macOS.

 Media center:
Raspberry Pi can be used as a media center to stream movies, TV shows, and music. It can also
be used to play games.

 Home automation:
Raspberry Pi can be used to control home automation devices, such as lights, thermostats, and
security systems.

 Robotics:
Raspberry Pi can be used to build robots. It can be used to control the robot's motors, sensors,
and other components.

 Education:
Raspberry Pi is a popular choice for educational projects. It can be used to teach students about
programming, electronics, and computer science.

 Business:
Raspberry Pi can be used for a variety of business applications, such as web hosting, file
sharing, and data analysis.
In addition to these common applications, Raspberry Pi can also be used for a variety of other
purposes, such as:

 Building a weather station

 Creating a home security system

 Setting up a retro gaming console

 Hosting a website

 Running a Minecraft server

 Building a robot

 Learning to code
Raspberry Pi is a versatile and powerful device that can be used for a variety of applications. It is
a great choice for hobbyists, educators, and businesses alike.
9. Draw and label the block diagram of the AVR Microcontroller.

Ans) Here is a block diagram of the AVR Microcontroller:

The AVR Microcontroller is a small, low-power, 8-bit microcontroller that is ideal for a wide
range of applications. It has a Harvard architecture, which means that it has separate program and
data memory spaces. This allows for faster execution of instructions. The AVR Microcontroller
also has a number of built-in peripherals, such as timers, counters, and UARTs. This makes it
ideal for use in embedded systems.

The block diagram of the AVR Microcontroller shows the following components:

 CPU: The CPU is the central processing unit of the microcontroller. It is responsible for
executing instructions.

 Program Memory: The program memory stores the instructions that the CPU executes.

 Data Memory: The data memory stores the data that the CPU operates on.

 I/O Ports: The I/O ports allow the microcontroller to communicate with the outside world.

 Peripherals: The peripherals are the built-in features of the microcontroller, such as timers,
counters, and UARTs.
The AVR Microcontroller is a versatile and powerful microcontroller that is ideal for a wide
range of applications
 10. In how many ways the power supply can be given to Arduino Board?

Ans) Arduino boards have five options in which they can be powered:
 Powering via USB connector.
 Powering via the onboard barrel jack connector (if available on the board)
 Powering via the onboard battery connector (if available on the board)
 Powering via the VIN (Voltage In) pin.
 Powering via the 3V3/5V pin*
OR

There are five ways in which the power supply can be given to Arduino Board.

1. 1. Powering via USB connector:

 This is the most common way to power an Arduino board. The USB port provides 5V DC
voltage and can be sourced from a PC, wall socket adapter, or portable power bank.

2. 2. Powering via the onboard barrel jack connector:

Some Arduino boards, like the UNO, MEGA, and DUE, have an AC socket. This socket
requires a power supply adapter that provides 7 to 12V of DC. The adapter is plugged into the
wall socket and the other end goes directly onto the board's AC socket.

3. 3. Powering via the onboard battery connector:

If available on the board, this connector can be used to power the Arduino board using a
battery. The battery voltage should be within the recommended range of 7 to 12 volts.

4. 4. Powering via the VIN (Voltage In) pin:

This pin can be used to power the Arduino board using an unregulated 7 to 12-volt power
source. Like a 9V battery or a wall adapter that is in the range of 7 to 12 volts.

5. 5. Powering via the 3V3/5V pin:

This pin can be used to power the Arduino board using an external regulated 5V power supply.
It is important to note that the power supply voltage should be within the recommended range for
the specific Arduino board being used. Using a power supply voltage that is too high can damage
the board
11. Differentiate between sensors and actuators and their functions.

Ans) Sensors convert the physical characteristics from their environment to electrical
signals for the system. Actuators convert the electrical signals from the system to various
physical characteristics for their environments

OR

Sensors are electrical instruments that monitor and measure physical aspects of an environment,
while actuators take electrical signals from control modules and turn them into physical outputs

12. How PWM pins are different from digital pins of Arduino UNO board?

Ans) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pins are a type of digital output pins on Arduino
microcontrollers that allow you to simulate analog output by varying the duty cycle of the
signal. The output signal is a square wave, where the ratio between the high and low
times determines the average voltage level.

13. Arduino pins can be used in Input and Output mode both. Write the function used to define
the mode of pins with its syntax and example.

Ans) pinMode() pinMode() configures the specified pin to behave either as an input (with
or without an internal weak pull-up or pull-down resistor), or an output. pinMode() takes
two arguments: pin : the pin you want to set the mode of (A0, A1, D0, D1, TX, RX, etc.).
 14. Distinguish between digitalWrite and analogWrite functions used in Arduino programming
with examples.

Ans) DigitalWrite() will set the output to one of two states , LOW or HIGH.It can be used
to turn on a LED, switch a relay etc. AnalogWrite() writes an analog value 0–255 to a pin.
It can be used to light a LED at varying brightness or drive a motor at various speeds.

15. Brief the applications of digital pins used in Arduino UNO.

Ans) The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board that can be used to create interactive electronic
objects. It has 14 digital pins that can be used for input or output. These pins can be used to control
motors, turn on and off LEDs, and read signals from sensors.

Here are some examples of how digital pins can be used:

 Reading sensors:
Digital pins can be used to read signals from sensors, such as temperature sensors, light sensors,
and motion sensors. This data can then be used to control other devices or to create interactive
projects.

 Controlling motors:
Digital pins can be used to control motors, such as DC motors and servo motors. This allows
you to create robots, animatronics, and other projects that move.

 Turning on and off LEDs:

Digital pins can be used to turn on and off LEDs. This allows you to create light displays, signs,
and other projects that use light.

 Serial communication:
Digital pins 0 and 1 can be used for serial communication. This allows you to connect the
Arduino to a computer or other device and send and receive data.
Digital pins can also be used to create more complex projects, such as musical instruments, robots,
and home automation systems. With a little creativity, you can use digital pins to create just about
anything you can imagine.

Here are some applications of the Arduino UNO:

 Weighing machines

 Traffic light count down timer

 Parking lot counter

 Embedded systems

 Home automation

 Industrial automation

 Medical instrument

 Emergency light for railways

  Security and defense

 Digital electronics and robotics

16. Highlight the applications of PWM pins in Arduino UNO.

Ans) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pins are a type of digital output pins on Arduino
microcontrollers that allow you to simulate analog output by varying the duty cycle of the signal. The
output signal is a square wave, where the ratio between the high and low times determines the average
voltage level.

The common use of PWM pins includes controlling LEDs and DC Motors. The PWM in LED
controls the frequency of the light. It means the LED will be ON/OFF at a frequency detectable by our
eyes. The PWM in DC Motors acts like a pulse train of a DC. We can control the effective voltage of
the DC motor in Arduino by regulating the PWM duty cycle.

Here are some other applications of PWM pins in Arduino UNO:

 Providing an analog output

 Generating audio signals

 Generating a modulated signal, for example to drive an infrared LED for a remote control

 Voltage regulation

 Speed control of servo motors

You can use the analogWrite() function to generate a PWM signal in Arduino.
PWM has several uses:
 Dimming an LED.
 Providing an analog output; if the digital output is filtered, it will provide an analog
voltage between 0% and 100%.
 Generating audio signals.
 Providing variable speed control for motors.
 Generating a modulated signal, for example to drive an infrared LED for a remote
control.
17. Brief the use of the Atmega16u2 controller installed on the Arduino Uno Board.

Ans) The Atmega16u2 controller is a microcontroller chip that is installed on the Arduino Uno
board. It acts as a bridge between the computer's USB port and the main processor's serial port. This
allows the Arduino Uno board to communicate with the computer over USB. The Atmega16u2
controller also runs software called firmware, which can be updated through a special USB protocol
called DFU (Device Firmware Update).
The Atmega16u2 controller is a very important part of the Arduino Uno board, as it allows the board
to communicate with the computer. Without the Atmega16u2 controller, the Arduino Uno board
would not be able to be programmed or used.
Here are some of the key features of the Atmega16u2 controller:

 It is a 8-bit microcontroller with a 16MHz clock speed.

 It has 512KB of flash memory and 1KB of RAM.

 It has 23 I/O pins.

 It has a built-in USB-to-serial converter.

 It runs the Arduino bootloader, which allows the board to be programmed over USB.
The Atmega16u2 controller is a very versatile chip that can be used for a variety of
applications. It is commonly used in Arduino boards, but it can also be used in other projects,
such as robots, CNC machines, and 3D printers
18. Distinguish the traditional devices from smart devices with suitable example.

Ans) For example, a smart lighting system can automatically adjust the brightness based
on the time of day or the presence of individuals in the room. Traditional devices require
manual operation and do not have automated control capabilities.

19. Write the features of the Arduino Board that make it beneficial for embedded systems and
IoT.

Ans) The Arduino board is a microcontroller board that is based on the Atmel AVR
microcontroller. It is an open-source platform that is easy to use and affordable. This makes it
ideal for embedded systems and IoT applications.

Here are some of the features of the Arduino board that make it beneficial for embedded systems
and IoT:

 Easy to use:
The Arduino board is easy to use, even for beginners. The Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) is a simple and intuitive software application that allows users to
write and upload code to the board.

 Affordable:
The Arduino board is very affordable, making it a great option for budget-minded projects.

 Open source:
The Arduino board is an open-source platform. This means that the hardware and software are
freely available for anyone to use and modify. This makes it a great platform for collaboration
and innovation.

 Wide range of sensors and actuators:

There is a wide range of sensors and actuators that are compatible with the Arduino board. This
makes it possible to create a wide variety of projects, from simple robots to complex home
automation systems.

 Large community:
 The Arduino board has a large and active community. This means that there are a wealth of
resources available to help users get started and troubleshoot problems.
Overall, the Arduino board is a great platform for embedded systems and IoT applications. It is
easy to use, affordable, open source, and has a wide range of sensors and actuators available. It
also has a large and active community that can provide support and assistance.

Here are some specific examples of how the Arduino board has been used in embedded systems
and IoT applications:

 Home automation:
The Arduino board can be used to create a variety of home automation projects, such as smart
thermostats, lights, and security systems.

 Robotics:
The Arduino board can be used to create robots of all shapes and sizes, from simple line-
following robots to complex humanoid robots.

 Industrial automation:
The Arduino board can be used to automate industrial processes, such as controlling conveyor
belts and assembly lines.

 Wearables:
The Arduino board can be used to create wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and
smartwatches.

 IoT devices:
The Arduino board can be used to create a variety of IoT devices, such as weather stations, air
quality monitors, and smart meters.
These are just a few examples of how the Arduino board can be used in embedded systems and
IoT applications. The possibilities are endless!

20. Embedded systems are different from IoT. Why?

Ans) Embedded systems are different from the Internet of Things (IoT) in a few ways, including
connectivity, data handling, and complexity:

 Connectivity
Embedded systems work independently and don't need an internet connection, while IoT devices
rely on internet connectivity to communicate, share data, and be controlled globally.

 Data handling
Embedded systems handle data locally, which is important for tasks with low latency, like a
car's airbag system. IoT devices collect data and send it to central servers or the cloud for
analysis and processing.

 Complexity
IoT is more complex than embedded systems because it has access to the internet, cloud
resources, and big data

21. Outline the functions of voltage regulator use in an Arduino UNO board

Ans) Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by
connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2). The function of the voltage regulator is to control the
voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor
and other elements

22. The protection diode is an important element for Arduino UNO. Why?

Ans) The protection diode on an Arduino UNO protects the board and connected
components from damage caused by voltage spikes and back electromotive force (EMF)
generated by inductive loads like motors or relays. It's crucial for ensuring the board's
reliability and longevity, especially in diverse electrical environments, and it's a cost-

effective way to add an extra layer of protection to your projects.

23. Recognize the use of ADC channels in Arduino UNO board.

Ans) The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog to digital converter (ADC)
channels. These channels can be used to read analog signals in the range of 0-
5V. The ADC converts the analog voltage into a digital value. This digital value
can then be used by the microcontroller to control other devices or to perform
calculations.
The ADC channels are located on pins A0-A5. To use an ADC channel, you
first need to connect the analog signal to the corresponding pin. You then need
to use the analogRead() function to read the digital value from the pin. The
analogRead() function returns a value between 0 and 1023, where 0 represents
0V and 1023 represents 5V.
The ADC channels can be used for a variety of purposes, such as reading the
value of a potentiometer, reading the voltage from a sensor, or reading the
temperature from a thermistor.
Here are some examples of how the ADC channels can be used:

 To read the voltage from a sensor, you would connect the sensor to pin A1. You
would then use the analogRead() function to read the digital value from the pin. The
digital value would represent the voltage from the sensor.
 The ADC channels are a versatile tool that can be used for a variety of
purposes. By understanding how to use the ADC channels, you can create more
complex and sophisticated projects with your Arduino UNO board.
24. Brief the essential components of an embedded system.

Ans) An embedded system has three main components: hardware, software, and a real-time
operating system (RTOS):

 Hardware
Includes the power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports,
output/output circuits, and system application specific circuits. The processor can be a
microcontroller or microprocessor. Microcontrollers have peripheral interfaces and integrated
memory, while microprocessors use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals.

 Software
Includes application software to perform tasks, and software that considers the availability of
system memory, processor speed, and power dissipation.

 RTOS
Supervises the application software and allows the processor to run processes as per scheduling
and switch between processes.
OR

Embedded systems consist of a processor, memory, and input/output units and have a
specific function within a larger system. An embedded system is defined as a device
consisting of a processor, memory, and input/output units and having a specific function
within a larger system

1. Create a detailed block diagram for a generic embedded system using the ATmega328P.

Ans) Here is a detailed block diagram for a generic embedded system using the ATmega328P:
[Block Diagram of a Generic Embedded System Using the ATmega328P]
The ATmega328P is a microcontroller that is part of the megaAVR family. It has a modified
Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core. The ATmega328P is a popular choice for
embedded systems because it is relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and has a wide range of
features.

The block diagram shows the main components of a generic embedded system using the
ATmega328P. The main components are:

 Microcontroller:
The microcontroller is the central processing unit (CPU) of the embedded system. It is
responsible for executing the program that controls the system.

 Memory:
 The memory stores the program and data that the microcontroller needs to operate. The
ATmega328P has 32KB of flash memory, 2KB of SRAM, and 1KB of EEPROM.

 Input/Output (I/O) peripherals:

The I/O peripherals allow the microcontroller to interact with the outside world. The
ATmega328P has a variety of I/O peripherals, including digital pins, analog pins, and serial
ports.

 Power supply:
The power supply provides the voltage and current that the microcontroller and other
components need to operate.
The block diagram also shows the connections between the different components. The
microcontroller is connected to the memory and I/O peripherals through a bus. The power supply
is connected to the microcontroller and other components through power lines.

2. Compare and highlight the key differences between microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
Write some specific applications where each is more suitable.

Ans) Here are some key differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers:

Feature Microprocessor Microcontroller

Definition A microprocessor is a general-purpose A microcontroller is a specialized

computer chip that can be programmed to computer chip that is designed to perform
perform a wide variety of tasks. a specific task or set of tasks.

Complexity Microprocessors are typically more Microcontrollers are typically less

complex than microcontrollers. complex than microprocessors.
Power Microprocessors typically consume more Microcontrollers typically consume less
consumption power than microcontrollers. power than microprocessors.

Cost Microprocessors are typically more Microcontrollers are typically less

expensive than microcontrollers. expensive than microprocessors.

Applications Microprocessors are typically used in Microcontrollers are typically used in

personal computers, servers, and other embedded systems, such as cars,
high-performance computing devices. appliances, and industrial control systems.

Here are some specific applications where each is more suitable:

 Microprocessors:
Personal computers, servers, workstations, high-performance computing devices, gaming
consoles, smartphones, tablets, and other devices that require high-performance computing
capabilities.

 Microcontrollers:
Embedded systems, such as cars, appliances, industrial control systems, medical devices, and
other devices that require low-power, low-cost, and specialized computing capabilities.
In general, microprocessors are better suited for applications that require high-performance
computing capabilities, while microcontrollers are better suited for applications that require low-
power, low-cost, and specialized computing capabilities.
3. Arduino and Raspberry pi both are used in embedded system and IoT. What makes them both
different for different application. Distinguish between Arduino boards and Raspberry Pi
boards.

Ans) Arduino and Raspberry Pi are both used in embedded systems and IoT, but they have
different capabilities and are better suited for different applications:

 Arduino
An electronic board with a microcontroller that's ideal for small-scale electronic devices and
real-time processing. Arduino boards have limited memory and processing power, but they have
a smaller learning curve and can be extended with additional hardware modules. Arduino boards
work with simple instructions from an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and don't
support the internet.

 Raspberry Pi
A single-board computer (SBC) with a microprocessor that's more suitable for complex
processing and multimedia capabilities. Raspberry Pi boards have their own operating system,
such as Linux, Android, or Windows 10, and can perform complex operations like robot control
and weather monitoring. Raspberry Pi boards are more expensive than Arduino boards and
provide a higher degree of flexibility for advanced computing tasks
OR
 Both of them have a CPU which executes the instructions, timers, memory and I/O pins. The
key distinction between the two is that Arduino tends to have a strong I/O capability which
drives external hardware directly. Whereas Raspberry Pi has a weak I/O which requires
transistors to drive the hardware.
Let’s see the difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi :-

S
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi

In the year 2005, the classrooms of the

In the year 2012, Eben Upton first introduced the
1. Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy,
Raspberry Pi device in February.
first introduced the Arduino board.

Control unit of the Arduino is from the The control unit of Raspberry Pi is from the
2.
Atmega family. ARM family.

While Raspberry Pi is based on a

3. Arduino is based on a microcontroller.
microprocessor.

It is designed to control the electrical While Raspberry Pi computes data and produces
4. components connected to the circuit valuable outputs, and controls components in a
board in a system. system based on the outcome of its computation.

Arduino boards have a simple hardware While Raspberry Pi boards have a complex
5.
and software structure. architecture of hardware and software.

6. CPU architecture: 8 bit. CPU architecture: 64 bit.

7. It uses very little RAM, 2 kB. While Raspberry Pi requires more RAM, 1 GB.

While Raspberry Pi clocks a processing speed of

8. It clocks a processing speed of 16 MHz.
1.4 GHz.

9. It is cheaper in cost. While Raspberry Pi is expensive.

While Raspberry Pi has a lower I/O current drive

10. It has a higher I/O current drive strength.
strength.

11. It consumes about 200 MW of power. While it consumes about 700 MW of power.

12. Its logic level is 5V. Its logic level is 3V.

13. It does not have internet support. It has inbuilt Ethernet port and WiFi support.
 S
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi

14. It has higher current drive strength. It has lower current drive strength.

Some of the applications of Arduino are Some of the applications of Raspberry Pi are
15. traffic light countdown timer , Weighing Stop motion cameras , Robot Controllers , Game
machines , etc. Servers.

Operating systems are required in

16. Operating System is required in Raspberry Pi.
Arduino.

17. Two tiny cores Arduino with 32 Mhz Single core and 700 MHz

4. Compare and contrast the pin configurations of the Atmega328P microcontroller and explain
the functions of each pin. Describe the application of this microcontroller in the field of IoT.

Ans) The ATmega328P microcontroller has multiple pins that serve various functions. The
ATmega328P is available in 28-pin SPDIP, 28-pin VQFN, 32-pin TQFP, and 32-pin VQFN
packages.

Here are some of the pins and their functions:

 PC6/ ~RESET: Can be used as an I/O pin if the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed

 Port D: An 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

 Port B: Pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated

 PB6: Can be used as input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit

 PB7: Can be used as output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

The ATmega328P microcontroller can be used in IoT-based home automation projects to control
and monitor the status of electrical devices and simple components. It can also be used to control
lights, appliances, and other devices in a home automation system. Its low power consumption
makes it suitable for battery-operated sensors in a smart home setup.

5. Design and create a detailed sketch of the pin diagram for the Raspberry Pi microcontroller,
labelling each pin and providing a brief description of its function

Ans) The Raspberry Pi microcontroller has 40 pins, 26 of which are GPIO pins and the rest of
which are power or ground pins. The GPIO pins can be used for a variety of purposes, such
as: Turning on an LED, Driving a motor, and Sending data to another device.
 The numbering of the GPIO pins is not in numerical order, but instead relates to the numbering on
the CPU of the Raspberry Pi. The voltage of a pin is labeled on the reference guide.

Here are some of the pins on the Raspberry Pi and their functions:

 SDA
Serial Data Line Transmits data between the Raspberry Pi and the I2C device

 SCL
Serial Clock Line Provides the clock signal that synchronizes the communication between the
Raspberry Pi and the I2C device
You can use a RasPiO pin label to help identify what each pin is used for. Make sure your pin
label is placed with the keyring hole facing the USB ports, pointed outwards.
GPIO is an acronym for General Purpose Input/Output. A Raspberry Pi has 26 GPIO
pins. These allow you to send and receive on/off signals to and from electronic
components such as LEDs, motors, and buttons.

6. List three key characteristics of a smart city in terms of its utilization of the Internet of Things
(IoT).

Ans) Here are three key characteristics of a smart city in terms of its utilization of the Internet of
Things (IoT):

1. 1. Smart infrastructure:
IoT sensors are used to collect data about the city's infrastructure, such as traffic flow, energy
consumption, and waste management. This data is then used to improve the efficiency and
sustainability of the city. For example, smart lighting systems can adjust the brightness of
streetlights based on the amount of traffic, which can save energy and reduce light pollution.

2. 2. Smart transportation:
IoT sensors are used to collect data about the city's transportation system, such as traffic patterns
and parking availability. This data is then used to improve the efficiency and safety of the
transportation system. For example, smart parking systems can guide drivers to open parking
spaces, which can reduce congestion and emissions.
3. 3. Smart environment:
IoT sensors are used to collect data about the city's environment, such as air quality, noise
levels, and water quality. This data is then used to improve the health and well-being of the
city's residents. For example, air quality sensors can be used to identify areas with high levels of
pollution, and this information can be used to alert residents to avoid those areas or to take steps
to reduce their exposure to pollution.

7. Analyze the Importance of TWI (Two wire Interface) communication in Arduino UNO.
Elaborate with Example.

Ans) TWI (Two-Wire Interface) or I2C communication in Arduino UNO is crucial for

simplified wiring, addressing multiple devices using unique addresses, efficient data
transfer, and enabling connectivity with various sensors, displays, and memory modules
using just two wires (SDA and SCL). It reduces complexity, saves I/O pins, and facilitates

seamless communication between multiple components in Arduino projects.

OR

The Two-Wire Interface (TWI) or I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication protocol is

crucial in Arduino UNO for several reasons, primarily because it allows multiple devices to
communicate with the Arduino using just two wires, reducing the complexity of wiring
and enabling efficient communication in a variety of applications. Here's an analysis of its
importance along with an example:

1. Simplicity and Efficiency: TWI/I2C uses only two wires (SDA for data and SCL for
clock) to communicate between multiple devices, such as sensors, displays, and other
microcontrollers. This simplicity reduces the number of wires required for
connections, making the setup cleaner and easier to manage. It also saves I/O pins on
the Arduino board, allowing more devices to be connected.
2. Addressing Multiple Devices: One of the key features of TWI/I2C is its ability to
address multiple devices on the same bus. Each device has a unique address, allowing
the Arduino to communicate with specific devices individually, even if multiple
devices are connected to the same TWI/I2C bus.
3. Efficient Data Transfer: TWI/I2C is designed for relatively low-speed communication
compared to other protocols like SPI or UART. However, for many applications,
especially those involving sensors or peripheral devices that don't require high data
rates, TWI/I2C offers a good balance of speed and simplicity.
4. Example: Let's say you're working on a project that involves multiple sensors, an LCD
display, and an external EEPROM for data storage. Using TWI/I2C, you can connect all
these devices to your Arduino UNO with just two wires (SDA and SCL).
 Connect the sensors, LCD display, and EEPROM to the SDA and SCL pins of
the Arduino UNO.
  Each device will have a unique address. For example, the sensors might have
addresses 0x50, 0x51, and 0x52, the LCD display could be at address 0x27,
and the EEPROM might be at address 0x50.
 With TWI/I2C, you can easily read sensor data, display information on the
LCD, and store data in the EEPROM, all using the same two-wire
communication bus.

#include <Wire.h> // Include the Wire library for TWI/I2C communication

void setup() {

Wire.begin(); // Initialize TWI/I2C

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication for debugging

void loop() {

// Read data from sensor at address 0x50

Wire.beginTransmission(0x50);

Wire.write(0x00); // Send command to read data

Wire.endTransmission();

Wire.requestFrom(0x50, 2); // Request 2 bytes of data from sensor

int sensorData = Wire.read() << 8 | Wire.read();

// Display sensor data on LCD at address 0x27

Wire.beginTransmission(0x27);

// Send commands to display sensorData on LCD

Wire.endTransmission();

// Store sensor data in EEPROM at address 0x50

Wire.beginTransmission(0x50);

// Send commands to store sensorData in EEPROM

Wire.endTransmission();
 delay(1000); // Delay for 1 second before repeating

In this example, TWI/I2C communication simplifies the connectivity and data exchange
between multiple devices, showcasing its importance in Arduino UNO projects with diverse
components.

8. State the principle on which ultrasonic sensor works and write a code to interface an Arduino
with ultrasonic sensor.

Ans) Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a frequency too high for humans to
hear. They then wait for the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the time
required. This is similar to how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to return after
hitting an object.
Here is a code to interface an Arduino with ultrasonic sensor:

// Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04

// Trigger pin 7

// Echo pin 6

void setup() {

pinMode(7, OUTPUT);

pinMode(6, INPUT);

void loop() {

// Send a pulse to the trigger pin

digitalWrite(7, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(7, LOW);

// Measure the time it takes for the echo to return

long duration = pulseIn(6, HIGH);

 // Calculate the distance in centimeters

float distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

// Print the distance to the serial monitor

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.println(distance);

// Wait 1 second before repeating the loop

delay(1000);

This code will send a pulse to the trigger pin of the ultrasonic sensor. The sensor will then emit a
burst of ultrasonic waves. When the waves hit an object, they will be reflected back to the
sensor. The sensor will then measure the time it takes for the echo to return. This time can be used
to calculate the distance to the object.
The distance is calculated by multiplying the time by the speed of sound in air. The speed of sound
in air is approximately 340 meters per second. The code then divides the distance by 2 to get the
distance in centimeters.
The code then prints the distance to the serial monitor. The serial monitor is a tool that can be used
to view the output of the Arduino.
The code will wait 1 second before repeating the loop. This means that the distance will be
measured every second.
OR

The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40 kHz,
which travels through the air, and if there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to
the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can be
calculated

9. Sensors are an essential element in embedded systems. Distinguish between analog sensors
and digital sensors with an example.

Ans) Analog and digital sensors are both used to convert physical quantities into
electrical signals. The main difference between them is their output resolution:
 Analog sensors
Provide a continuous range of values, resulting in infinite resolution. They produce analog signals
that vary with the physical quantity being measured. Analog signals are more susceptible to noise
interference because they are continuous and can be affected by external factors such as
 electromagnetic interference. Common types of analog sensors include sound sensors, light sensors,
temperature sensors, and pressure sensors.

 Digital sensors
Have a finite resolution determined by the number of bits used to represent the signal. They produce
digital signals that are either on or off, high or low, 1 or 0. Digital sensors digitize the analog signal
inside the chip and deliver digital data out.
Here are some examples of analog and digital sensors:

 Radar sensor: Transmits short microwave signals that travel at the speed of light and
is used to measure liquid levels. The output is an analog current (4-20 mA) that is
converted to voltage by placing a resistor and read by the ADC of a microcontroller.
 Pressure sensor: Measures the amount of pressure applied to a sensor and produces an
analog output signal that is proportional to the amount of applied pressure.
 Infrared sensor: Detects emitted infrared energy and infers temperature based on
intensity.
 Thermocouple: Indicates temperature by measuring a change in voltage.
 Semiconductor: Detects temperature based on the conductivity of a semiconductor.
OR

Analog sensors create analog signals from the quantity that is sensed. In
comparison, digital sensors produce digital signals when performing a measurement.
As mentioned previously, the most common types of analog sensors include sound
sensors, light sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure sensors.

10. LCD can be operated in 4-bit mode and 8-bit mode. Which mode is better to use and why?
Differentiate between both modes.

Ans) 8-bit mode is generally faster and simpler than 4-bit mode for LCDs, but 4-bit mode is
commonly used because it saves microcontroller pins.

Here are some differences between 4-bit and 8-bit modes:

 Speed: 8-bit mode is faster because it only requires one 8-bit transfer for each instruction and
character sent to the display, while 4-bit data transfers take twice as long. However, the speed
difference is not significant because LCDs are slow speed devices.

 Data lines: 8-bit mode requires 8 parallel data lines to write data and commands to the LCD
module, while 4-bit data transfers use 4 I/O lines less than 8-bit data transfers.

 Pins: 4-bit mode saves microcontroller pins.

 Pulse signal: 8-bit mode only requires one pulse signal to display a character on LCD.

 Clocking in a command: 4-bit mode requires an extra 1us to clock in a command.

OR
 cd 4bit and 8bit mode – Major differenceThe major difference in 4 bit and 8 bit mode lies
in data pins used and lcd initializing commands. Since character lcd's has 8 data pins so
they accept only 8-bit data. Character datatype is 8-bit wide. So character values can
easily be send to lcd.

11. MQTT protocol is used in IoT. Describe it features that make it suitable for communication
among IoT devices.

Ans) The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is a messaging protocol
designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). It's a good choice for IoT because it's simple, effective,
and well-suited for large-scale IoT applications.

Here are some features of MQTT that make it suitable for IoT communication:

 Bi-directional communication
MQTT allows clients to both produce and consume data by publishing messages and subscribing
to topics. This means that IoT devices can send sensor data and receive configuration
information and control commands at the same time.

 Lightweight
MQTT is a lightweight protocol that's quick to create and allows for efficient data transport.

 Low bandwidth consumption

MQTT uses minimal data packet usage, resulting in low network usage.

 Efficient use of resources

MQTT's publish-subscribe pattern allows it to scale effectively, as it decouples sender and
receiver, reducing network traffic and resource usage.

 Minimizes power consumption

MQTT minimizes power consumption, which is beneficial for the linked devices, and
maximizes network capacity.
MQTT is also a machine-to-machine protocol that uses a publish/subscribe system to exchange
information between the client and the server. It doesn't require that both the client and the server
establish a connection at the same time.

12. Distinguish between the loop function and setup function of Arduino Uno board with
examples.

Ans) The setup function of an Arduino Uno board is called once at startup, while the loop
function is called repeatedly until the power is turned off. The setup function is a good place to
initialize input and output pins, while the loop function is where most of the main code is placed.
Here's an example of the setup and loop functions:

int buttonPin = 3;
void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);

void loop() {

// ...

In this example, everything above the loop function is executed only once, including the
initialization of local variables. Once the setup function returns, the loop function is called
repeatedly until the power is turned off

1. Derive the role of PWM pins in Arduino. Write a program and design circuit to control the
variation of intensity of LED using Arduino board.

Ans) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pins are a type of digital output pins on Arduino
microcontrollers that allow you to simulate analog output by varying the duty cycle of the
signal. The output signal is a square wave, where the ratio between the high and low
times determines the average voltage level

Here is a program and circuit design to control the variation of intensity of LED using Arduino
board:

int ledPin = 9; // LED is connected to digital pin 9

int potPin = A0; // Potentiometer is connected to analog pin A0

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

void loop() {

int potValue = analogRead(potPin); // Read the value of the potentiometer

int brightness = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255); // Map the potentiometer value to a brightness
value (0-255)

analogWrite(ledPin, brightness); // Set the brightness of the LED

}
This program will read the value of the potentiometer and map it to a brightness value (0-
255). The brightness value is then used to set the brightness of the LED. The higher the
potentiometer value, the brighter the LED will be.
To use this program, simply connect the LED to digital pin 9 and the potentiometer to analog pin
A0. Then, upload the program to your Arduino board. Once the program is uploaded, you can
adjust the brightness of the LED by turning the knob on the potentiometer.

2. Sketch and explain the architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Ans) The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is the structural foundation that allows devices and
data to communicate and collaborate in the IoT ecosystem. It's made up of devices, network
structure, and cloud technology, and is generally divided into layers that allow administrators to
monitor and maintain the system's integrity.

A basic IoT architecture consists of three layers:

 Perception: The sensors, gadgets, and other devices that provide the data

 Network: The connectivity between devices

 Application: The layer the user interacts with

A popular alternative to the three-layer architecture is the five-layer architecture, which
includes: Transport, Processing, Business, Perception, and Application.

The IoT architecture enables data flow from physical sources through networks into storage in the
cloud. The four-step process of data flow is:

1. Devices connected to sensors

2. Through a network

3. Through the cloud for processing, analysis, and storage

3. Interface an ultrasonic sensor with Arduino to calculate the distance and follow certain
conditions. A) When an object is closed the Speaker will turn on. B) When an object is far
from the object Speaker will remain off and Green Led will remain on. Take distance from
any random value and use the speaker and led for justification of the answer.

Ans) Sure, I can help with that! To interface an ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino and
achieve the functionality you described, you'll need the following components:

1. Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)

2. Ultrasonic sensor (e.g., HC-SR04)
3. Speaker
4. Green LED
5. Resistors (220 ohms for the LED and a suitable resistor for the speaker)

Here's how you can set up the circuit and write the code:
Circuit Connection:
Connect the components as follows:

 Ultrasonic Sensor:
 VCC to Arduino 5V
 GND to Arduino GND
 Trig to Arduino digital pin 9
 Echo to Arduino digital pin 10
 Speaker:
 Connect one terminal of the speaker to a digital pin (e.g., pin 8)
 Connect the other terminal through a resistor to GND
 Green LED:
 Connect the longer leg (anode) of the LED to a current-limiting resistor (e.g.,
220 ohms), then to Arduino digital pin 7
 Connect the shorter leg (cathode) of the LED directly to GND
Arduino Code:
#define trigPin 9

#define echoPin 10

#define speakerPin 8

#define ledPin 7

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(speakerPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(speakerPin, LOW); // Initially, speaker is off

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Initially, LED is on

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {
 long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1; // Convert the time into distance (cm)

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

if (distance < 10) { // Object is close

digitalWrite(speakerPin, HIGH); // Turn on the speaker

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off the LED

} else { // Object is far

digitalWrite(speakerPin, LOW); // Turn off the speaker

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

delay(1000); // Delay for stability

Explanation:
 The code sets up the pins for the ultrasonic sensor (trigger and echo), speaker, and
LED.
  In the loop function, it measures the distance using the ultrasonic sensor and
calculates it in centimeters.
 If the distance is less than 10 cm, it turns on the speaker and turns off the LED,
indicating an object is close.
 If the distance is 10 cm or more, it turns off the speaker and turns on the LED,
indicating the object is far away.

Upload this code to your Arduino board, and you should see the behavior you described
based on the object's distance from the sensor.
OR

Certainly! Here's a concise version:

Circuit:
 Connect Ultrasonic Sensor's VCC and GND to Arduino's 5V and GND respectively.
 Connect Ultrasonic Sensor's Trig pin to Arduino digital pin 9 and Echo pin to digital
pin 10.
 Connect one terminal of the Speaker to Arduino digital pin 8 through a resistor, and
the other terminal to GND.
 Connect the longer leg (anode) of the Green LED to a 220-ohm resistor and then to
Arduino digital pin 7. Connect the shorter leg (cathode) of the LED directly to GND.
Code:
#define trigPin 9

#define echoPin 10

#define speakerPin 8

#define ledPin 7

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(speakerPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

long duration, distance;

 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1; // Convert time to distance (cm)

if (distance < 10) {

digitalWrite(speakerPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

} else {

digitalWrite(speakerPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

delay(1000);

This code sets up the pins, measures distance using the ultrasonic sensor, and controls the
speaker and LED based on the object's distance from the sensor.

4. Provide a complete description of components installed on Arduino UNO board with diagram

Ans) Sure, here's a brief description of the components on an Arduino Uno board along
with a simplified diagram:

Components on Arduino Uno Board:

1. Microcontroller (ATmega328P): Main processing unit.
2. Crystal Oscillator: Provides timing signals.
3. Reset Button: Resets the microcontroller.
4. Power Jack: External power input.
5. USB Connector: Programming and power from computer.
6. Digital Pins (0-13): Input/output for digital signals.
7. Analog Pins (A0-A5): Input for analog sensors.
8. TX/RX Pins: Serial communication.
9. LEDs (Power, TX, RX): Status indicators.
10. Voltage Regulator (7805): Regulates voltage to 5V.
11. ICSP Header: In-Circuit Serial Programmer.
12. ATmega16U2 Chip: USB communication bridge.
Simplified Arduino Uno Board Diagram:
+-------------------+

| |

| |

AREF| A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 |- 5V

GND | 0 1 2 3 4 5 |

+-------------------+

| 6 7 8 9 10 11 |

| |

| 12 13 |

| |

+-------------------+

RESET 3.3V GND

This diagram represents the layout of the pins on the Arduino Uno board, including
digital pins, analog pins, power pins, communication pins, and essential components like

the microcontroller and voltage regulator.

5. Design a circuit to interface the pushbutton using a pull-up resistor and led with Arduino.
Write a program to Turn on the Led when the pushbutton is pressed and Led will turn off
when the pushbutton is released.

Ans) Sure, let's design the circuit and write the Arduino program for interfacing a
pushbutton with a pull-up resistor and an LED. Here's how you can do it:

Circuit Diagram:
+5V
 |

/ 10kΩ

| +------- Arduino Digital Pin (e.g., 2)

| |

Pushbutton |----------|

| |

| |

\ /

/ \

\ 330Ω / LED

| |

| |

GND GND

Circuit Explanation:
 Connect one terminal of the pushbutton to +5V (VCC).
 Connect the other terminal of the pushbutton to one end of a 10kΩ pull-up resistor
and a digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 2).
 Connect the other end of the pull-up resistor to GND.
 Connect the anode (+) of the LED to the same digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 2)
through a current-limiting resistor (e.g., 330Ω).
 Connect the cathode (-) of the LED to GND.
Arduino Code:
const int buttonPin = 2; // Pin connected to the pushbutton

const int ledPin = 13; // Pin connected to the LED

void setup() {

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // Set the pushbutton pin as input with internal pull-up
resistor
 pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the LED pin as output

void loop() {

int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // Read the state of the pushbutton

if (buttonState == LOW) { // If pushbutton is pressed (active LOW)

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off the LED

Code Explanation:
 We define two constants: buttonPin for the pushbutton pin and ledPin for the LED
pin.
 In the setup() function, we set the buttonPin as INPUT_PULLUP, which enables the
internal pull-up resistor on that pin. This configuration ensures that the pin is at a
HIGH state (5V) when the button is not pressed and LOW (0V) when pressed.
 We set the ledPin as an OUTPUT.
 In the loop() function, we read the state of the pushbutton using
digitalRead(buttonPin) and store it in buttonState.
 If buttonState is LOW, it means the button is pressed, so we turn on the LED
(digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH)).
 If buttonState is HIGH, the button is not pressed, so we turn off the LED
(digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW)).

Upload this code to your Arduino board, and the LED should turn on when the
pushbutton is pressed and turn off when released.

6. Design the circuit and write a program to Interface the four LEDs with Arduino and design
three random different patterns.

Ans) Sure, let's design the circuit and write a program to interface four LEDs with an
Arduino Uno board and create three different random patterns. Here's how you can do it:
Circuit Diagram:
+5V

/ 220Ω

\ +------- Arduino Digital Pin 2

| |

LED1 LED2

| |

\ 220Ω /

/ \

\ / LED3

| |

LED4 LED5

| |

GND GND

Circuit Explanation:
 Connect the anode (+) of each LED to a digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pins 2, 3, 4,
and 5) through a current-limiting resistor (e.g., 220Ω).
 Connect the cathode (-) of all LEDs to GND.
Arduino Code for Random LED Patterns:
// Define the LED pins

const int led1Pin = 2;

const int led2Pin = 3;

const int led3Pin = 4;

const int led4Pin = 5;

void setup() {
 // Set LED pins as output

pinMode(led1Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led2Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led3Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led4Pin, OUTPUT);

// Initialize random seed

randomSeed(analogRead(0));

void loop() {

// Generate a random number between 1 and 3

int pattern = random(1, 4);

// Execute the corresponding pattern

if (pattern == 1) {

pattern1();

} else if (pattern == 2) {

pattern2();

} else if (pattern == 3) {

pattern3();

// Delay between patterns

delay(1000);

}
void pattern1() {

digitalWrite(led1Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(led1Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, HIGH);

delay(500);

void pattern2() {

digitalWrite(led1Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, HIGH);

delay(300);

digitalWrite(led1Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, LOW);

delay(300);

}
void pattern3() {

digitalWrite(led1Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, LOW);

delay(200);

digitalWrite(led1Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led2Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led3Pin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led4Pin, HIGH);

delay(200);

Code Explanation:
 The code defines the pins for the LEDs (led1Pin to led4Pin) and sets them as OUTPUT
in the setup() function.
 It uses the randomSeed() function to initialize a random seed based on analog input
(you can use any analog pin for this purpose).
 In the loop() function, a random number between 1 and 3 is generated, and based
on this number, one of the three patterns (pattern1(), pattern2(), pattern3()) is
executed.
 Each pattern turns on and off the LEDs in a specific sequence with different delays to
create distinct visual effects.
 The delay(1000) between patterns ensures that each pattern is displayed for one
second before moving to the next one.

1. Illustrate a method to vary the contrast of LCD while interfacing with Arduino.

Ans) To vary the contrast of an LCD while interfacing with an Arduino, you can use a variable
resistor, such as a potentiometer. The potentiometer's output is connected to the LCD's contrast
pin. By rotating the potentiometer knob, you can adjust the contrast of the LCD.

Here is a step-by-step guide on how to vary the contrast of an LCD while interfacing with an
Arduino:

1. Connect the LCD's contrast pin to the Arduino's analog pin A0.
 2. Connect the LCD's VSS pin to the Arduino's ground pin.

3. Connect the LCD's VDD pin to the Arduino's 5V pin.

4. Connect the LCD's RS pin to the Arduino's digital pin 12.

5. Connect the LCD's E pin to the Arduino's digital pin 11.

6. Connect the LCD's D4 pin to the Arduino's digital pin 5.

7. Connect the LCD's D5 pin to the Arduino's digital pin 4.

8. Connect the LCD's D6 pin to the Arduino's digital pin 3.

9. Connect the LCD's D7 pin to the Arduino's digital pin 2.

Once the LCD is connected to the Arduino, you can use the following code to vary the contrast of
the LCD:

int contrast = 0;

void setup() {

// Set the contrast pin as an output.

pinMode(A0, OUTPUT);

// Set the initial contrast level.

analogWrite(A0, contrast);

void loop() {

// Increase the contrast level.

contrast++;

// Write the new contrast level to the LCD.

analogWrite(A0, contrast);

// Delay for 100 milliseconds.

delay(100);

}
This code will gradually increase the contrast of the LCD until it reaches its maximum level. You
can adjust the delay time to change the speed at which the contrast increases. You can also use a
button to control the contrast level. For example, you could connect a button to the Arduino's digital
pin 2 and use the following code to increase the contrast level when the button is pressed:

void setup() {

// Set the contrast pin as an output.

pinMode(A0, OUTPUT);

// Set the initial contrast level.

analogWrite(A0, contrast);

// Set the button pin as an input.

pinMode(2, INPUT);

void loop() {

// Check if the button is pressed.

if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {

// Increase the contrast level.

contrast++;

// Write the new contrast level to the LCD.

analogWrite(A0, contrast);

// Delay for 100 milliseconds.

delay(100);

This code will increase the contrast level of the LCD every time the button is pressed. You can
adjust the delay time to change the speed at which the contrast increases.
2. Ohm’s law is not applicable to semiconductors. Justify the answer.

Ans) Ohm's law is applicable only for those electric or electronic devices which obey the
linear relationship between voltage and current. Semiconductors follow non linear
variation between applied voltage and resulting current. That's why Ohm's law is no
longer valid for them.

OR

But semiconductors do not obey Ohm's law because I-V characteristics is a curved line
instead of straight line.

3. Describe the importance of the voltage divider rule in circuits.

Ans) The voltage divider rule is a fundamental circuit in electronics that allows for fractional
control of a voltage supply. It's important because it can be used for a wide range of applications,
including:

 Voltage regulation: Providing a stable voltage output from a varying input voltage

 Biasing transistors: Providing the specific voltage bias that transistors need to operate
properly

 Sensor circuits: Providing a proportional voltage output based on the input from a sensor

 Reference voltages: Creating reference voltages for comparison in analog circuits

 Adjusting power supply voltage: Adjusting a power supply voltage

 Adjusting car radio volume: Adjusting the volume of a car radio

The voltage divider rule follows directly from Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. The output voltage is
a fraction of the input voltage, and is calculated by dividing the bottom resistor by the sum of
the resistors.
A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage
applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between
them

4. Brief the importance of the current divider rule in circuits.

Ans) The current divider rule is a technique for calculating the current flowing through each
branch of a parallel circuit. It's important because it helps engineers understand how current is
distributed in a circuit, which is useful for designing and troubleshooting electrical systems. The
rule is also essential in applications where power dissipation needs to be carefully managed.

The current divider rule is used in many applications, including:

 LEDs: To determine the limiting current required in each branch for the filament to glow

 Charging and discharging batteries: To control the current flow to each battery

 Electronic circuits: To divide the signal into multiple channels along the communication
pathway
The current divider rule allows you to calculate the current flowing through each parallel resistive
branch as a percentage of the total current. Each branch current is inversely proportional to its
resistance, meaning that the smaller resistance will have the larger current.
OR

The easiest to understand, and most basic form of a passive current divider network is
that of two resistors connected together in parallel. The Current Divider Rule allows us to
calculate the current flowing through each parallel resistive branch as a percentage of
the total current. Consider the circuit below.

5. Current limiting resistors plays an important role in circuits. Express with examples.

Ans) The current limiting resistor is used to reduce the current at the load end. For
example, adding a current limiting resistor at one end of the LED can reduce the current
flowing through the LED and prevent damage to the LED lamp.

OR

Current limiting resistors plays an important role in circuits. Express with examples.

ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Absolutely, current-limiting resistors are crucial components in electronic circuits,

especially when dealing with LEDs or interfacing microcontrollers with external devices.
They help control the amount of current flowing through a circuit, preventing
components from drawing too much current and potentially getting damaged. Here are
a few examples to illustrate their importance:
1. LEDs:
LEDs have a specific forward voltage (VF) and current rating (IF) at which they operate
optimally and safely. If you connect an LED directly to a voltage source without a current-
limiting resistor, the LED will likely draw excessive current and burn out.

Example: Let's say you have an LED with a forward voltage of 2.0V and a recommended
current of 20mA. If you use a 5V power supply without a current-limiting resistor, the LED
will draw approximately (5V - 2.0V) / 20mA = 150mA, which is way beyond its safe
operating range.

By using an appropriate current-limiting resistor in series with the LED, you can ensure
that the current flowing through the LED is within its rated limits.

2. Interfacing with Microcontrollers:

When interfacing external devices like sensors, buttons, or relays with a microcontroller
(e.g., Arduino), it's essential to use current-limiting resistors to protect the
microcontroller's pins.

Example: Suppose you want to connect a pushbutton to an Arduino. If you connect the
pushbutton directly between a digital pin and ground without a current-limiting resistor,
pressing the button will short the pin to ground, allowing excessive current to flow
through the pin.

By adding a current-limiting resistor (often in the range of 1kΩ to 10kΩ) in series with the
pushbutton, you ensure that the current flowing through the pin remains safe,
preventing potential damage to the microcontroller.

3. Transistors and Relays:

When using transistors or relays to control higher current or voltage loads (such as
motors, lights, or appliances), current-limiting resistors are used to protect the control
circuitry.

Example: In a simple transistor switch circuit, where a transistor is used to control a

motor, a current-limiting resistor is often placed between the microcontroller's output
pin and the transistor's base. This resistor limits the base current, preventing excessive
current from flowing through the microcontroller's pin.

Similarly, when using a relay to control high-power devices, a current-limiting resistor

may be used to protect the relay's coil and the driving circuit.

In all these examples, current-limiting resistors are essential for ensuring the safe and
proper operation of electronic circuits, protecting components from damage due to
excessive current flow.

6. State the use of capacitors in electronics circuits.

Ans) The three applications of capacitors in circuits are: Capacitors are used for energy
storage. Capacitors are used for power conditioning. Capacitors are used for signal
processing.

OR

Capacitors are versatile components used in electronic circuits for various purposes due
to their ability to store and release electrical energy. Here are some common uses of
capacitors in electronics circuits:

1. Filtering and Smoothing: Capacitors are often used in power supply circuits to filter
out AC ripple or noise from DC power sources. They smooth the output voltage,
making it more stable and suitable for powering electronic devices.
2. Timing and Oscillation: Capacitors, in conjunction with resistors, are key
components in timing circuits. They determine the frequency of oscillation in
oscillators and the timing intervals in timer circuits, such as 555 timer-based circuits.
3. Decoupling and Bypassing: Capacitors are used for decoupling and bypassing in
integrated circuits (ICs) and digital circuits. They help reduce noise, stabilize power
supply voltages, and provide a stable reference voltage for sensitive components.
4. Energy Storage: Capacitors store electrical energy and release it when needed, such
as in flash units of cameras or in pulse circuits where a sudden burst of energy is
required.
5. Coupling and Signal Processing: Capacitors are used for AC coupling in audio and
signal processing circuits. They block DC components while allowing AC signals to
pass, enabling the transmission of audio or data signals.
6. Motor Start and Run Capacitors: In electric motors, capacitors are used for starting
(start capacitors) and running (run capacitors). They provide the initial phase shift to
start the motor and help maintain the motor's operating efficiency.
7. Tuning and Frequency Response: In radio frequency (RF) circuits and tuned circuits,
capacitors are used for tuning and adjusting the frequency response. They can be
part of resonant circuits in radio receivers or transmitters.

Overall, capacitors play a crucial role in electronics by storing and manipulating electrical
energy, filtering signals, providing timing functions, stabilizing power supplies, and
facilitating various electronic processes and functions.

7. Differentiate between active and passive elements in electronics circuits.

Ans) Active components in electronics circuits supply energy to circuits, while passive
components do not. Active components can also control and amplify the flow of electrical current,
while passive components can only receive, dissipate, resist, absorb, or store energy.
Active components require an external source of energy, typically in the form of direct current, to
operate in a circuit. They produce energy in the form of voltage or current, and provide active
functions such as amplifying, rectifying, or converting supplied electric energy. Examples of
active components include diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
Passive components do not require any external power supply to operate in a circuit. They store or
maintain energy in the form of voltage or current, and provide passive functions such as
consuming, storing, or releasing supplied electric energy. Examples of passive components
include capacitors, inductors/magnetics, resistors, substrates & interconnects, energy and high
frequency components.

8. Explain how PWM pins are different from digital pins.

Ans) Digital pins on an Arduino board have two states, high or low, and are used to read data
from sensors and write data to actuators. PWM pins are a type of digital output pin that can
simulate analog output by varying the duty cycle of a signal. PWM pins have extra hardware that
allows for Pulse Width Modulation, which switches a signal on and off rapidly in a range between
0–65535 (16 bits). The output signal is a square wave, where the ratio between the high and low
times determines the average voltage level.
PWM pins are more reliable, consume less power, and allow for larger frequencies than software
emulation. They are also more accurate because hardware PWM is a divider on the MCU's
operating frequency, while software PWM uses CPU instructions.
PWM pins can be controlled with the "analogWrite" command, which creates a fast pulsed output
with a duty cycle controlled by the value passed to the command. PWM pins can be used for
certain types of loads, such as dimming lights and LEDs, and speed control of motors

9. Discuss why LEDs are called unidirectional device in nature.

Ans) LEDs are called unidirectional devices because they only allow current to flow in one
direction. This is due to the way that LEDs are constructed. An LED is made up of two layers of
semiconductor material, one with a positive charge and one with a negative charge. When a
voltage is applied to the LED, the electrons in the negative layer are able to cross over to the
positive layer, but the electrons in the positive layer are not able to cross over to the negative
layer. This allows current to flow in one direction, but not in the other.
The unidirectional nature of LEDs makes them ideal for a variety of applications. For example,
LEDs are used in traffic lights, where they need to be able to emit light in one direction
only. LEDs are also used in computer displays, where they need to be able to produce a clear and
bright image.
Here are some other examples of unidirectional devices:
Diodes, Transistors, Thyristors, TRIACs, GTOs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs.
These devices are all used in a variety of electronic circuits, and their unidirectional nature is
essential for their proper operation.
In conclusion, LEDs are called unidirectional devices because they only allow current to flow in
one direction. This is due to the way that LEDs are constructed, and it makes them ideal for a
variety of applications.

10. Distinguish between Unidirectional and Bidirectional devices.

Ans) Unidirectional devices allow current to flow in one direction, while bidirectional devices
allow current to flow in both directions.

Here are some examples of unidirectional and bidirectional devices:

 Unidirectional pressure transducers: Measure between zero and positive pressure, and
produce a positive voltage or milliamp output. They are used in HVAC applications like
monitoring static duct pressure.

 Bidirectional pressure transducers: Can move in two directions, enabling the sensor to
measure both positive and negative pressure. They are often used in room pressurization
applications.

 Unidirectional buses: Data or power only flows one way. For example, a multiway mains
adapter could be called a unidirectional multi drop bus.

 Bidirectional buses: Motors or generators are all connected to the same outgoing overhead
lines. For example, the power lines to a pumped storage system could be called a bidirectional
bus.

 Unidirectional TVS products: Protect signal or DC power nodes with unidirectional signal
swings.

 Bidirectional TVS products: Protect signal or AC power nodes with bidirectional signal
swings.
OR

Unidirectional devices are the semiconductor devices that allow current to flow only
in one direction whereas bidirectional devices allow the flow of current in both the
directions.

11. Draw the pin diagram of seven segment display in common cathode configuration.
 Ans)
Sure, here's the pin diagram of a seven-segment display in common cathode

configuration:

--a--

| |

f| |b

| g |

--g--

| |

e| |c

| |

--d—

The pins are labeled as follows:

 'a' to 'g' represent the segments of the seven-segment display (a-g).

 Common Cathode (-) pin is often labeled as 'CC'.

So, the complete pin diagram for a common cathode seven-segment display would look like
this:

--a--

CC | |c

f| |b

| g |

--g--

e| |d

| |

--d—
 Each segment (a-g) is usually controlled by a separate pin, while the common cathode
pin (CC) is connected to ground (GND) to complete the circuit for lighting up specific

segments.

12. A resistor has a resistance of 100 ohms. If a current of 2 amperes flows through it, what is the
voltage across the resistor?

Ans) A resistor has a resistance of 100 ohms. If a current of 2 amperes flows through it, what is
the voltage across the resistor?
Solve For Known
1 Identify knowns & unknowns
This question is asking to find voltage with knowns of current and resistance.
2 Identify the related formula
This is the formula used for problems related to Ohm's law.

𝑉=𝐼𝑅

𝑉 = voltage

𝐼 = current

𝑅 = resistance
3 Input variables, solve and simplify

1. Identify knowns

I=2 A
R=100 Ω

2. Plug-in values

V=2 A⋅100

3. Multiply the numbers

V=200 A⋅

4. Convert units

V=200 V

4 Check unit of measurement

voltage is measured in volts.

Solution
V = 200V
13. Brief the role of delay function in the embedded programming.
 Ans) The purpose of the delay function is to introduce a pause or delay in program
execution for a specified amount of time. You can use a combination of loops and
system-specific functions to implement a delay function in C.

OR

The delay() function in embedded programming, such as Arduino programming, plays a

crucial role in controlling timing and creating time delays within the program. Here's a
brief overview of its role:

1. Time Delays: The primary purpose of the delay() function is to introduce a delay or
pause in the execution of the program for a specified duration. This delay is typically
measured in milliseconds (ms) and is used to create timing intervals between actions
or events in the program.
2. Timing Control: By using the delay() function, you can control the timing of actions
within your embedded program. For example, you might use it to wait for a specific
period before reading sensor data, controlling outputs, or performing other
operations.
3. Synchronization: In applications where timing synchronization is critical, such as in
real-time systems or precise timing tasks, the delay() function helps ensure that
actions occur at the desired intervals, allowing for synchronized operation of different
parts of the program.
4. Debouncing: In input handling, particularly with mechanical switches or buttons, the
delay() function is often used for debouncing. Debouncing involves adding a short
delay after a button press to eliminate any bouncing or multiple readings caused by
mechanical contacts.
5. Visual Feedback: The delay() function is also commonly used to create visual
feedback, such as flashing LEDs at specific intervals or creating animations by
controlling the timing of LED sequences.
6. Energy Management: In low-power applications or battery-powered devices, using
delay() strategically can help manage energy consumption by putting the
microcontroller into sleep mode or reducing power usage during idle periods.

However, it's important to note that the delay() function is a blocking function, meaning
that while the delay is active, the microcontroller is essentially paused and cannot
perform other tasks. In more complex applications or when multitasking is required, non-
blocking delay techniques using timers or interrupts are often preferred to maintain
responsiveness and efficiency.

14. Distinguish between LM36 sensor and DHT 11 sensor.

Ans) The LM36 is a temperature sensor, while the DHT11 is a combination of a thermistor and a
humidity sensor:

 LM36
 A 36 mm diameter cylinder inductive sensor that uses electromagnetic waves to detect metal
objects near its surface. It has a low output voltage that's linearly proportional to Celsius
temperature, and doesn't require manual adjustments or adaptation to electrical wiring
parameters. The manufacturer manages all calibration, and in laboratory conditions with an
environment temperature of +25°C, the LM36's measurement error is 1°C.

 DHT11
A combination of a thermistor and a humidity sensor that transforms analog signals from the
surrounding environment into digital ones. It has a dedicated temperature NTC and an 8-bit
microcontroller that outputs temperature and humidity values as serial data. The DHT11 is
factory calibrated, making it simple to connect to other microcontrollers. It has a temperature
range of 0 to 50°C and is the slowest reading device (2 seconds).
When choosing between sensors, you can consider cost, external circuitry requirements,
temperature range, and accuracy

15. Can you state how photoresistors work and how they respond to changes in light intensity?

Ans) A photoresistor, also known as a light-dependent resistor (LDR), is a passive component that
changes its resistance when light hits its surface. The resistance decreases as the light intensity
increases, and can range from several megaohms in the dark to a few hundred ohms in the light.
Photoresistors work on the principle of photoconductivity, where light hitting a semiconductor
material controls the current flow through it. When light hits the surface of a photoresistor,
photons are absorbed by the semiconductor, giving bound electrons enough energy to jump into
the conduction band. The resulting free electrons conduct electricity, lowering the resistance.
Photoresistors are often used to indicate the presence or absence of light, or to measure the light
intensity. They are widely used in circuits that need to respond to changes in light conditions,
such as light-sensitive detector circuits and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.
The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can vary substantially among different
devices. For example, light below a certain cutoff frequency, no matter how intense, will not
cause any electrons to be emitted. Light above the cutoff frequency, even if it's not very intense,
will always cause electrons to be emitted

16. Illustrate the use of the DHT11 sensor.

Ans) This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and
temperature values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations
also use these sensors to predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a
preventive measure in homes where people are affected by humidity.

17. Write the formula to convert the temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to
Fahrenheit with an example.

Ans) The formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is:

C = (F - 32) * (5 / 9)
For example, to convert 77 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, you would use the following formula:

C = (77 - 32) * (5 / 9) = 25 degrees Celsius

The formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is:

F = (C * 9 / 5) + 32

For example, to convert 25 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, you would use the following formula:

F = (25 * 9 / 5) + 32 = 77 degrees Fahrenheit

OR

The relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius is expressed with the formula, °C = (°F
- 32) × 5/9; where C represents the value in Celsius and F represents the value in
Fahrenheit.

18. ISM bands are used for free communication like Bluetooth technology. Why?

Ans) ISM bands are used for free communication like Bluetooth technology because they are a
part of the radio spectrum that can be used for any purpose without a license in most
countries. ISM stands for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical.
Bluetooth technology uses the 2.4 GHz ISM spectrum band (2400 to 2483.5 MHz). This band is
available worldwide, making it a standard for low-power wireless connectivity. The 2.4 GHz ISM
band also enables radio links between mobile devices or between mobile and stationary
transmitters.
ISM bands are commonly used for low-power and short range telecommunications, such as WiFi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, wireless telephones, RFID, and NFC.
19. Motor-driven IC is used to run the DC motor while interfacing Arduino with the motor.
Explain with reason.

Ans) A motor-driven IC, like the L293D, is used to run a DC motor while interfacing Arduino
with the motor because the microcontroller on the Arduino board might be damaged by the high
current required by the motor to operate. The motor driver IC acts as a traffic controller for the
motor, deciding whether it should move forward, backward, or stop by changing the way
electricity flows to the motor.
The L293D is a 16-pin IC that receives signals from the microprocessor on the Arduino board and
transmits them to the motor. It has two voltage pins, one of which draws current for its own
operation and the other provides voltage to the DC motor. The L293D switches its output signal
based on the input it receives from the microprocessor. For example, if the microprocessor sends
a 1 (digital high) to the L293D's input pin, then the L293D transmits a 1 (digital high) to the
motor from its output pin.
The L293D motor driver IC uses an H-bridge topology, which is the most common DC motor
drive circuit topology. The H-shaped topology gives it its name.
20. Calculate the value of resistor(R) in a circuit if the voltage across the conductor is 7V and a
current is 20mA.
Ans) Calculate the value of resistor(R) in a circuit if the voltage across the conductor is 7V
and a current is 20mA.
Solve For Known
1 Identify knowns & unknowns
This question is asking to find resistance with knowns of voltage and current.

2Identify the related formula

This is the formula used for problems related to Ohm's law.

V=IR

𝑉 = voltage

𝐼 = current

𝑅 = resistance

3 Input variables, solve and simplify

a. Identify knowns

𝑉=7 V

𝐼=20 mA

b. Convert units
𝐼=20 mA⋅0.001 A/1 mA
𝐼=0.02 A
c. Plug-in values

7 V=0.02 A⋅𝑅

d. Divide both sides by the same factor

7 V/𝟎.𝟎𝟐 A=0.02 A⋅𝑅/𝟎.𝟎𝟐 A

e. Simplify

𝑅=350 V/A

f. Convert units

𝑅=350 Ω

4 Check unit of measurement

resistance is measured in ohms.

Solution
R = 350 Ω
21. Brief the pinout of Bluetooth (HC-05) with a diagram.

Ans) The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a wireless serial communication device that can be used to
connect two devices together. It has six pins: VCC, GND, TX, RX, STATE, and EN.
The VCC pin is used to power the module. The GND pin is used to ground the module. The TX
pin is used to transmit data from the module. The RX pin is used to receive data from the
module. The STATE pin is used to indicate the state of the module. The EN pin is used to enable
the module.
Here is a diagram of the HC-05 Bluetooth module pinout:
The HC-05 Bluetooth module can be used in a variety of applications, such as:
Connecting two computers together, Connecting a computer to a smartphone, Connecting a
smartphone to a microcontroller, and Connecting a microcontroller to a sensor.
The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use device that can be used
to add wireless connectivity to a variety of projects.

22. Arduino uno board have inbuilt pull up resistor. Which pin is connected to this pull up resistor
and write a function to access this resistor.

Ans) Yes, Arduino Uno has built-in pull-up resistors that can be activated for certain pins,
specifically digital pins 2 to 13 and analog pins A0 to A5.

To access the built-in pull-up resistor on a specific pin using Arduino code, you can use
the pinMode() and digitalWrite() functions. Here's an example function to enable the
pull-up resistor on a digital pin:

void enablePullUp(int pinNumber) {

pinMode(pinNumber, INPUT_PULLUP);

}
 You can call this function with the pin number as an argument to activate the pull-up
resistor. For instance, if you want to enable the pull-up resistor on digital pin 2, you

would call:

enablePullUp(2);

This will set pin 2 as an input with the pull-up resistor enabled.

23. Distinguish between the functions pinMode(12,INPUT) and pinMode(12,INPUT_PULLUP).

Ans) In Arduino, the pinMode(12,INPUT) function sets a pin to input mode and disables the
internal pull-up resistor, while the pinMode(12,INPUT_PULLUP) function sets a pin to input
mode and enables the internal pull-up resistor. The pinMode() function takes two parameters:
the pin number and the mode. The mode can be INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP.

The INPUT mode is the default setting for all pins at startup. The INPUT_PULLUP mode
connects a high value resistor internally connected to Vcc (5 volts on the Uno) to an ordinarily
floating input. This "forces" the default state (button not pushed) to be close to HIGH or LOW,
which makes it more stable. When the button is pressed, the state will change to the opposite of
the default state.

24. Calculate the current (I) flowing from a conductor for a resistor value of 5.67 ohms and
voltage of 3.3 Volts.

Ans) Calculate the current (I) flowing from a conductor for a resistor value of 5.67 ohms
and voltage of 3.3 Volts.
Solve For Known
1 Identify knowns & unknowns
This question is asking to find current with knowns of voltage and resistance.

2 Identify the related formula

This is the formula used for problems related to Ohm's law.

𝑉=𝐼𝑅

𝑉 = voltage
𝐼= current
𝑅 = resistance

3 Input variables, solve and simplify

1. Identify knowns

𝑉=3.3 V
𝑅=5.67 Ω
 2. Plug-in values

3.3 V=𝐼⋅5.67 Ω

3. Re-order terms so that constants are on the left

3.3 V=𝟓.𝟔𝟕 Ω⋅𝐼

4. Divide both sides by the same factor

3.3 V/𝟓.𝟔𝟕 Ω=5.67 Ω⋅𝐼/𝟓.𝟔𝟕 Ω

5. Simplify

𝐼=0.58201058201 V/Ω

6. Convert units

𝐼=0.58201058201 A

4 Check unit of measurement

current is measured in amperes.

Solution
I = 0.58201058201 A

25. Design a method to remove the bouncing problem of a pushbutton.

Ans) To remove the bouncing problem of a pushbutton, you can use a technique called
"debouncing." Debouncing ensures that when a button is pressed or released, it is
considered a single, stable event despite any electrical noise or mechanical bouncing that
may occur. One common way to implement debouncing is by using software delay or
state-based debouncing. Here's an example of a debounce function using a software
delay:

const int buttonPin = 2; // Assuming the pushbutton is connected to digital pin 2

bool buttonState = LOW; // Current state of the button

bool lastButtonState = LOW; // Previous state of the button

unsigned long lastDebounceTime = 0; // Time stamp of the last button state change

unsigned long debounceDelay = 50; // Debounce delay time in milliseconds

void setup() {
 pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enable internal pull-up resistor for the button

void loop() {

int buttonValue = digitalRead(buttonPin); // Read the button state

if (buttonValue != lastButtonState) { // If the button state has changed

lastDebounceTime = millis(); // Update the debounce time stamp

if ((millis() - lastDebounceTime) > debounceDelay) { // If debounce delay has passed

if (buttonValue != buttonState) { // If the button state is different from the current state

buttonState = buttonValue; // Update the button state

if (buttonState == HIGH) { // If the button is pressed

// Perform your desired action here

// For example, toggle an LED

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, !digitalRead(LED_BUILTIN));

lastButtonState = buttonValue; // Update the last button state for the next iteration

In this code:

 buttonPin is the pin to which the pushbutton is connected.

 buttonState and lastButtonState are variables to store the current and previous
button states, respectively.
 lastDebounceTime stores the time stamp of the last button state change.
 debounceDelay is the debounce delay time, set to 50 milliseconds in this example.
 setup() sets up the pin mode for the pushbutton as INPUT_PULLUP to enable the
internal pull-up resistor.
 loop() continuously checks for button state changes and implements debouncing.

Adjust the debounceDelay variable as needed to fine-tune the debounce behavior. This
code ensures that button presses are registered only once, eliminating the bouncing
problem.

26. Distinguish the concept of pull-down and pull-up resistors while interfacing of pushbutton
with Arduino.

Ans) With a pull-up resistor and with the button unpressed you make a logic state ON
and with the button pressed you make a logic OFF. With a pull - down resistor and a
pressed button you make an ON-logic state and OFF logic state when its unpressed OR

Pull-up and pull-down resistors are used when interfacing pushbuttons (or any other
digital input device) with microcontrollers like Arduino to ensure reliable and predictable
behavior.

1. Pull-Up Resistor:
 Usage: A pull-up resistor is connected between the input pin and the power
supply voltage (typically 5V for Arduino) such that the input is normally HIGH
when the button is not pressed.
 Interfacing with Pushbutton: Connect one end of the pushbutton to the
input pin and the other end to ground. The pull-up resistor is connected
between the input pin and the 5V supply.
 Behavior: When the button is not pressed, the input pin reads HIGH due to
the pull-up resistor. Pressing the button connects the input pin to ground,
causing it to read LOW.
 Arduino Code: Use pinMode(pin, INPUT_PULLUP) to enable the internal pull-
up resistor on the specified pin.
2. Pull-Down Resistor:
 Usage: A pull-down resistor is connected between the input pin and ground,
making the input normally LOW when the button is not pressed.
 Interfacing with Pushbutton: Connect one end of the pushbutton to the
input pin and the other end to the 5V supply. The pull-down resistor is
connected between the input pin and ground.
 Behavior: When the button is not pressed, the input pin reads LOW due to
the pull-down resistor. Pressing the button connects the input pin to 5V,
causing it to read HIGH.
 Arduino Code: Use pinMode(pin, INPUT) to configure the pin as an input
without enabling the internal pull-up resistor.

Which One to Choose:

  Pull-Up Resistor: This is the more common choice for pushbutton interfacing
because it avoids a floating state (unstable reading) when the button is not pressed.
It's often simpler and more robust in noisy environments.
 Pull-Down Resistor: Sometimes used in specific cases where pull-up resistors aren't
practical or when the application logic prefers a normally LOW state when the button
is not pressed.

In summary, pull-up and pull-down resistors provide stable default states for digital
inputs, preventing ambiguity and ensuring reliable operation in digital circuits, including
Arduino projects.

27. Common cathode (CC) and Common Anode(CA) are different configurations in seven-
segment displays. Explain with example.

Ans) The main difference between common cathode (CC) and common anode (CA) seven-
segment displays is how the LED pins are connected to the common pin:

 Common cathode
All the cathodes of the LEDs are connected to the common pin, which is then connected to the
ground rail. To activate individual LEDs, apply a high pulse or logic 1 signal.

 Common anode
All the anodes of the LEDs are connected to the common pin, which is then linked to the
positive rail. To activate LEDs, apply a low pulse or logic 0 signal.
Here's an example of how to produce a display using the CA model:

1. Wire the COM terminal to logic 1 or a high signal.

2. Wire the individual segments to logic 0 or ground

OR

Common cathode (CC) and common anode (CA) are two different configurations used in
seven-segment displays, which are widely used to display numerical digits and some
alphabetic characters. The difference between CC and CA lies in how the individual
segments of the display are connected internally.

1. Common Cathode (CC):

 In a common cathode seven-segment display, all the cathodes of the LED
segments are connected together and brought out as a common pin.
 The anodes of each segment (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and sometimes DP for decimal
point) are connected to individual pins.
 To illuminate a segment in a CC display, you apply a HIGH (logic 1) signal to
the corresponding anode pin while connecting the common cathode pin to
LOW (ground).
 Example: Let's say you have a CC seven-segment display, and you want to
display the number "3." To light up the segments required for "3" (segments
 A, B, C, D, and G), you would set the anode pins for those segments to HIGH
(while keeping all other anodes LOW), and connect the common cathode pin
to ground.
2. Common Anode (CA):
 In a common anode seven-segment display, all the anodes of the LED
segments are connected together and brought out as a common pin.
 The cathodes of each segment (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and sometimes DP for
decimal point) are connected to individual pins.
 To illuminate a segment in a CA display, you apply a LOW (ground) signal to
the corresponding cathode pin while connecting the common anode pin to
HIGH (logic 1).
 Example: Using the same "3" example, but with a CA seven-segment display,
you would set the cathode pins for segments A, B, C, D, and G to LOW (while
keeping all other cathodes HIGH), and connect the common anode pin to a
positive voltage source.

Here's a simplified comparison:

 Common Cathode (CC):

 Anodes: Individually controlled (HIGH to light up)
 Cathode: Commonly connected to ground (LOW to light up)
 Example: Arduino typically uses CC displays for simplicity in interfacing.
 Common Anode (CA):
 Anodes: Commonly connected to a positive voltage (HIGH to light up)
 Cathode: Individually controlled (LOW to light up)
 Example: Less common in simple Arduino projects but can be used with
appropriate driver circuitry.

Both CC and CA configurations have their advantages and are chosen based on factors
like ease of interfacing, available components, and specific project requirements.

28. Describe the methodology used for interfacing relay (SPDT) with Arduino Uno. Design
circuits and write its code.

Ans) To interface a Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) relay with an Arduino Uno, you will need
the following components:

 1x Arduino Uno

 1x SPDT relay

 1x Jumper wires

 1x Breadboard

 1x LED

 1x 220 ohm resistor

 Once you have gathered your components, follow these steps to connect the circuit:

1. Connect the VCC pin of the relay to the 5V pin on the Arduino.

2. Connect the GND pin of the relay to the GND pin on the Arduino.

3. Connect the IN pin of the relay to any digital pin on the Arduino, such as pin 12.

4. Connect the LED to the Arduino in series with a 220 ohm resistor. The positive lead of the
LED should go to pin 13, and the negative lead should go to GND.
Once the circuit is connected, you can upload the following code to the Arduino:

int relayPin = 7;

void setup() {

pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);

delay(1000);

This code will turn the relay on for 1 second, then off for 1 second, and repeat. You can change the
delay times to suit your needs.
When the relay is turned on, the COM pin will be connected to the NO pin. When the relay is
turned off, the COM pin will be connected to the NC pin. You can use this to control a variety of
devices, such as motors, lights, and fans.
Here is a diagram of the circuit:
+5V +5V
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
 | |
+---+ +---+
| | | |
| +------+---+---+--+ |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| +--+-+ | | |
| |LED | | | |
| +--+-+ | | |
| | ||| |
| | ||| |
+----------+---+-+ +------+
| |
| |
+---+
| |
| |
| |
+---+
| |
| |
| |
+---+
||
+--+ +----+
| |
| Arduino |
| Uno |
+---------+
GND
The SPDT relay has three terminals: COM, NO, and NC. COM stands for common, NO
stands for normally open, and NC stands for normally closed. When the relay is not
energized, the COM terminal is connected to the NC terminal. When the relay is energized,
the COM terminal is connected to the NO terminal.
 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board that can be used to control a variety of devices. It
has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog input pins, and a USB port. The Arduino Uno can be
programmed using the Arduino IDE, which is a free software development environment.
The code above is a simple example of how to control an SPDT relay with an Arduino Uno. You
can modify the code to suit your needs, such as changing the delay times or adding additional
sensors and actuators.

29. Interface an LED with Arduino UNO to generate the dimming effect or vary the intensity of
the LED. Design a circuit and write its code

Ans) To create a dimming effect or vary the intensity of an LED using an Arduino Uno,
you can use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWM rapidly switches the LED on and off,

creating the illusion of varying brightness levels by adjusting the duty cycle of the signal.
Here's how you can design the circuit and write the code:

Circuit Design:
Connect an LED and a current-limiting resistor to Arduino Uno PWM pin 9 as shown
below:

Arduino Uno

+-----------+

| |

| 9 |-----+

| | |

+-----------+ \

\ Current-Limiting Resistor

LED
 |

GND

Arduino Code:
const int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to PWM pin 9

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

void loop() {

for (int brightness = 0; brightness <= 255; brightness++) {

analogWrite(ledPin, brightness); // Vary LED intensity

delay(10); // Smooth transition delay

delay(1000); // Wait at maximum brightness

for (int brightness = 255; brightness >= 0; brightness--) {

analogWrite(ledPin, brightness); // Vary LED intensity

delay(10); // Smooth transition delay

delay(1000); // Wait at minimum brightness

}
In this code:

 ledPin is the PWM pin (pin 9) connected to the LED.

 brightness is a variable that represents the PWM duty cycle, ranging from 0 (off) to
255 (full brightness).
 The setup() function initializes the LED pin as an output.
 The loop() function gradually increases and decreases the brightness of the LED
using PWM with a small delay for smooth transitions.

Adjust the delay values and the PWM range (0-255) based on your preference for the
dimming effect's speed and intensity levels.

30. Outline the interfacing of the Gas sensor with Arduino uno with its code and layout diagram.

Ans) Interfacing a gas sensor with an Arduino Uno involves connecting the sensor to one
of the analog input pins of the Arduino and reading the sensor's analog output to detect
the gas concentration. Below is an outline along with a code example and a layout
diagram:

Gas Sensor Interfacing Outline:

1. Choose the Gas Sensor:
 Select a gas sensor compatible with Arduino Uno, such as an MQ series gas
sensor (e.g., MQ-2, MQ-3, etc.), depending on the specific gas you want to
detect (e.g., LPG, CO, smoke, etc.).
2. Connect the Gas Sensor:
 Connect the sensor's VCC (power), GND (ground), and analog output pins to
the Arduino Uno.
 Use a current-limiting resistor if necessary to protect the analog input pin.
3. Read Sensor Data:
 Read the analog output of the gas sensor using the analogRead() function in
Arduino.
 Convert the analog reading to gas concentration units based on the sensor's
calibration.
4. Display or Process Data:
 Display the gas concentration data on an LCD, serial monitor, or send it to a
cloud platform for further processing or monitoring.
Circuit Layout Diagram:
Arduino Uno

+-----------+

| |

| A0 |-----+

| | |
 | | |

| +-----(Gas Sensor Analog Output)

| | |

+-----------+ |

GND

Arduino Code:
const int gasSensorPin = A0; // Analog pin connected to gas sensor

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication

void loop() {

int sensorValue = analogRead(gasSensorPin);

float gasConcentration = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 100);

Serial.print("Gas Concentration: ");

Serial.print(gasConcentration);

Serial.println(" %");

delay(1000);

This code reads the analog output from the gas sensor connected to pin A0, maps the analog
reading to a gas concentration percentage, and prints the result to the serial monitor every second.
Adjust the mapping and calibration based on your specific gas sensor's characteristics.

31. Implement and design a traffic light system with Arduino Uno with random conditions.

Ans) Here is a design for a traffic light system with Arduino Uno with random conditions:
Hardware:

 Arduino Uno

 Breadboard

 Jumper wires

 3 LEDs (red, yellow, and green)

 3 220 Ohm resistors

 1 push button
Software:
Arduino IDE.

Circuit Diagram:

Connect the components as shown in the diagram:

 Red LED: Pin 8

 Yellow LED: Pin 9
 Green LED: Pin 10
Arduino Code:
// Define the pins for the LEDs

const int redLED = 9;

const int yellowLED = 10;

const int greenLED = 11;

// Define the pin for the push button

const int buttonPin = 2;

// Define the states of the traffic light

enum TrafficLightState {

RED,

YELLOW,

GREEN

};
// Define the current state of the traffic light

TrafficLightState currentState = RED;

void setup() {

// Set the LED pins as outputs

pinMode(redLED, OUTPUT);

pinMode(yellowLED, OUTPUT);

pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT);

// Set the push button pin as an input

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);

// Turn off all the LEDs

digitalWrite(redLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(yellowLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);

void loop() {

// Check if the push button is pressed

if (digitalRead(buttonPin) == HIGH) {

// Change the state of the traffic light

currentState = (TrafficLightState)((currentState + 1) % 3);

}
 // Update the traffic lights based on the current state

switch (currentState) {

case RED:

digitalWrite(redLED, HIGH);

digitalWrite(yellowLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);

break;

case YELLOW:

digitalWrite(redLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(yellowLED, HIGH);

digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);

break;

case GREEN:

digitalWrite(redLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(yellowLED, LOW);

digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH);

break;

// Add a random delay to the traffic light

delay(random(1000, 5000));

This code will create a traffic light system that will change states randomly between red, yellow,
and green. The push button can be used to manually change the state of the traffic light. The
random delay will add an element of randomness to the system, which can help to improve traffic
flow.

32. Illustrate the pinout of servo motor (SG-90) with a diagram and its interfacing with Arduino.
 Ans) Certainly! The SG90 servo motor is a popular and widely used small-sized servo
motor. It's commonly used in robotics and automation projects. Here's a pinout diagram
for the SG90 servo motor and an example of how to interface it with an Arduino Uno:

SG90 Servo Motor Pinout Diagram:

 Orange Wire (Signal): Connects to an Arduino PWM pin for controlling the servo's
position.
 Red Wire (Power): Connects to the Arduino's 5V pin for power supply.
 Brown Wire (Ground): Connects to the Arduino's GND pin for ground connection.
Interfacing SG90 Servo Motor with Arduino Uno:
Connect the SG90 servo motor to your Arduino Uno using the following connections:

 Orange Wire (Signal): Connects to digital pin 9 on the Arduino.

 Red Wire (Power): Connects to the Arduino's 5V pin.
 Brown Wire (Ground): Connects to any of the Arduino's GND pins.
Arduino Code for Controlling SG90 Servo Motor:
Here's an example Arduino code to control the SG90 servo motor. This code will make the
servo motor sweep back and forth between two angles:

#include <Servo.h>

// Create a servo object

Servo servoMotor;

// Define the servo pin

const int servoPin = 9;

void setup() {

// Attach the servo to the pin

servoMotor.attach(servoPin);

void loop() {

// Sweep the servo from 0 to 180 degrees

 for (int angle = 0; angle <= 180; angle++) {

servoMotor.write(angle);

delay(15); // Delay for smoother motion

// Sweep the servo back from 180 to 0 degrees

for (int angle = 180; angle >= 0; angle--) {

servoMotor.write(angle);

delay(15); // Delay for smoother motion

Explanation:
1. Include the Servo library to control the servo motor.
2. Create a servo object named servoMotor.
3. Define the servo pin (servoPin) as pin 9.
4. In the setup() function, attach the servo motor to the specified pin.
5. In the loop() function, sweep the servo motor back and forth from 0 to 180 degrees
and then from 180 to 0 degrees, with a delay of 15 milliseconds between each step
for smoother motion.

Upload this code to your Arduino Uno while making sure the servo motor is connected as
described, and you should see the servo motor sweeping back and forth. Adjust the delay
values or angles as needed for your specific application.

33. Evaluate the following function and explain with definition and their syntax:

a) digitalWrite()

b) analogRead()

c) lcd.noblink()

d) lcd.setCursor()

e) Serial.println()

Ans)
Sure, let's evaluate each function and explain their definitions and syntax:
a) digitalWrite(pin, value):

 Definition: This function is used to write a digital value (HIGH or LOW) to a specific
digital pin on the Arduino board. When you write HIGH, the pin will output 5 volts,
and when you write LOW, the pin will output 0 volts (or ground).
 Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, value)
 pin: The digital pin number you want to write to.
 value: Either HIGH or LOW (represented as 1 or 0 respectively) to set the pin's
output state.

b) analogRead(pin):

 Definition: This function reads the analog voltage value (0-1023) from an analog pin
on the Arduino board. The Arduino UNO has six analog input pins (A0-A5), which can
read analog voltage levels.
 Syntax: analogRead(pin)
 pin: The analog pin number you want to read from (e.g., A0, A1, etc.).

c) lcd.noBlink():

 Definition: This function is used with an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) to disable the
blinking cursor on the screen. It's typically used in conjunction with an LCD library
(e.g., LiquidCrystal library for Arduino).
 Syntax: lcd.noBlink()
 lcd: An instance of the LiquidCrystal library representing the LCD display.

d) lcd.setCursor(col, row):

 Definition: This function sets the position of the cursor on an LCD display (typically
used with an LCD library like LiquidCrystal). It specifies the column and row where
subsequent text or characters will be displayed.
 Syntax: lcd.setCursor(col, row)
 lcd: An instance of the LiquidCrystal library representing the LCD display.
 col: The column number (0-based indexing) where you want to position the
cursor.
 row: The row number (0-based indexing) where you want to position the
cursor.

e) Serial.println(data):

 Definition: This function is used to send data (variables, strings, etc.) to the serial
monitor of the Arduino IDE. It adds a newline character (\n) at the end of the data,
which causes the next data to appear on a new line in the serial monitor.
 Syntax: Serial.println(data)
  data: The data (variable, string, etc.) you want to send to the serial monitor.

1. Describe a method to improve analog measurement precision with a reference voltage.

Ans) Here are some ways to improve analog measurement precision with a reference voltage:

 Use a lower reference voltage

A lower reference voltage can increase precision when reading lower voltages.

 Avoid using a power supply as the reference voltage

The ideal ADC produces a digital output based on the analog input voltage and the voltage
reference input.

 Eliminate analog-input signal noise

Small but high-frequency signal variations can cause big conversion errors during the sampling
time of ADC.

 Use a known accurate adjustable source

Compare the reading of the unknown to a known accurate adjustable source. This is called a
transfer measurement.

 Use your analog meter as a null detector

Use the precision adjustable source to use your analog meter as a null detector
OR

A lower reference voltage can be used to increase precision while reading even lower
voltages. If the reference voltage is lower then the Arduino output needs to be changed
to represent this new reference voltage using the value range 0 - 1,023 this gives a more
precise measurement.

2. State the FIVE applications of embedded systems with an example of each.

Ans) Embedded systems have many applications, including:

 Smart systems: Smart traffic management systems, smart irrigation systems, smart home
automation systems, and smart health monitoring systems

 Automotive: Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and driverless cars

 Medical devices: Pacemakers, insulin pumps, imaging systems, defibrillators, blood pressure
monitoring devices, and wearable devices

 Fitness trackers: Monitor health and track activities

 Telecommunication: Facilitate communication processes

 Industrial: Robots for installing, painting, and packing

  Other: Central heating systems, GPS systems, ATMs, factory robots, and electric vehicle
charging stations
Here are some examples of embedded systems in these applications:

 Smart traffic management systems: Use embedded systems to develop smart traffic
management system

3. Distinguish between the RFID card on the basis of their classification.

Ans) RFID tag's classification by carrier frequencyThere are two kinds of low-frequency
RF cards: 125kHz and 134.2kHz The frequency of intermediate-frequency RF cards is
13.56MHz, and that of high-frequency RF cards is 433MHz, 915MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8GHz,
etc.

4. Design the circuits and write a program to interface an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
with Arduino UNO.

Ans) Here is a circuit diagram and program for interfacing an RFID with Arduino UNO:

Circuit Diagram:

Program:

#include <SPI.h>

#include <MFRC522.h>

// Define the reset and SS pins

#define RST_PIN 9

#define SS_PIN 10

// Initialize the MFRC522 card

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

void setup() {

// Initialize serial communications

Serial.begin(9600);

// Initialize the SPI bus

 SPI.begin();

// Initialize the MFRC522 card

mfrc522.PCD_Init();

// Print a welcome message

Serial.println("RFID Reader/Writer Example");

void loop() {

// Check if a tag is present

if (mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {

// Get the tag's UID

MFRC522::Uid uid;

mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial();

// Print the tag's UID to the serial monitor

Serial.print("UID:");

for (byte i = 0; i < uid.size; i++) {

Serial.print(uid.uidByte[i], HEX);

Serial.println();

// Wait for the tag to be removed

while (mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {

delay(100);

}
This program will print the UID of any RFID tag that is brought close to the reader. You can use this
program as a starting point for developing your own RFID-based applications.

5. Implement the following using a temperature sensor when the temperature falls below 20
degrees Celsius, a blue LED turns on. When the temperature is between 20 and 26 degrees, a
green LED turns on, and when the temperature is above 26 degrees, a red LED turns on.

Ans) To implement the temperature-based control of LEDs using a temperature sensor and
an Arduino Uno, you'll need the following components:

1. Arduino Uno board

2. Temperature sensor (e.g., LM35 or DS18B20)
3. 3 LEDs (blue, green, red)
4. Resistors (220 ohms recommended for each LED)
5. Breadboard
6. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram:

Connect the components as shown in the diagram:

 Temperature Sensor:
 VCC to Arduino 5V
 OUT to Arduino analog pin A0
 GND to Arduino GND
 Blue LED:
 Anode (long leg) to Arduino digital pin 8 through a resistor
 Cathode (short leg) to Arduino GND
 Green LED:
 Anode (long leg) to Arduino digital pin 9 through a resistor
 Cathode (short leg) to Arduino GND
 Red LED:
 Anode (long leg) to Arduino digital pin 10 through a resistor
 Cathode (short leg) to Arduino GND
Arduino Code:
// Define temperature sensor pin

const int tempSensorPin = A0;

// Define LED pins

const int blueLedPin = 8;

const int greenLedPin = 9;

const int redLedPin = 10;

void setup() {

// Initialize serial communication for debugging

Serial.begin(9600);

// Initialize LED pins as outputs

pinMode(blueLedPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(greenLedPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(redLedPin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

// Read the analog value from the temperature sensor

int sensorValue = analogRead(tempSensorPin);

// Convert sensor value to temperature in Celsius

float temperature = (sensorValue * 5.0 / 1024.0) * 100.0;

// Print temperature to serial monitor

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(temperature);

Serial.println(" °C");

// Check temperature range and control LEDs accordingly

if (temperature < 20) {

 // Turn on blue LED

digitalWrite(blueLedPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(greenLedPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(redLedPin, LOW);

} else if (temperature >= 20 && temperature <= 26) {

// Turn on green LED

digitalWrite(blueLedPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(greenLedPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(redLedPin, LOW);

} else {

// Turn on red LED

digitalWrite(blueLedPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(greenLedPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(redLedPin, HIGH);

// Delay for stability and to reduce sensor reading frequency

delay(1000); // Delay for 1 second

Explanation:
1. We start by defining the pins for the temperature sensor and the three LEDs (blue,
green, red).
2. In the setup() function, we initialize serial communication for debugging and set the
LED pins as outputs.
3. The loop() function reads the analog value from the temperature sensor, converts it
to Celsius, and prints it to the serial monitor.
4. Based on the temperature reading, the code checks the temperature range and
controls the LEDs accordingly:
 If the temperature is below 20 degrees Celsius, the blue LED turns on.
 If the temperature is between 20 and 26 degrees Celsius, the green LED turns
on.
  If the temperature is above 26 degrees Celsius, the red LED turns on.
5. There's a delay of 1 second between each temperature reading to stabilize the sensor
readings and reduce the frequency of readings.

Upload this code to your Arduino Uno, and the LEDs will change their states based on the
temperature readings from the sensor. Adjust the temperature thresholds and LED pins as
needed for your specific setup.

6. Design and write a program for automatic street lights using suitable sensors and elements
required to design circuits.

Ans) Here is a program for automatic street lights using suitable sensors and
elements required to design circuits:

import time

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

# Set up the GPIO pins

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.IN) # LDR sensor

GPIO.setup(23, GPIO.OUT) # Relay

# Define a function to turn on the street light

def turn_on_light():

GPIO.output(23, GPIO.HIGH)

# Define a function to turn off the street light

def turn_off_light():

GPIO.output(23, GPIO.LOW)

# Start a loop to check the LDR sensor and turn on the light if it is dark
 while True:

if GPIO.input(18) == GPIO.LOW:

turn_on_light()

else:

turn_off_light()

# Wait for 1 second

time.sleep(1)

This program uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor to detect the amount
of light present. If the LDR sensor detects that it is dark, the program turns on the
street light. If the LDR sensor detects that it is light, the program turns off the
street light.
The program also uses a relay to turn on and off the street light. The relay is a
switch that is controlled by the GPIO pin. When the GPIO pin is set to HIGH, the
relay turns on the street light. When the GPIO pin is set to LOW, the relay turns off
the street light.
To use this program, you will need to connect the LDR sensor and the relay to the
GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. You can find instructions on how to do this online.
Once you have connected the LDR sensor and the relay, you can run the
program. The program will start a loop to check the LDR sensor and turn on the
light if it is dark.
You can adjust the sensitivity of the LDR sensor by turning the potentiometer on
the sensor. If you turn the potentiometer clockwise, the sensor will become more
sensitive. If you turn the potentiometer counterclockwise, the sensor will become
less sensitive.
You can also adjust the brightness of the street light by adjusting the voltage of the
power supply. If you increase the voltage, the light will become brighter. If you
decrease the voltage, the light will become dimmer.
OR

To design an automatic street light system using suitable sensors (like a light-
dependent resistor or LDR) and the necessary elements, here's what you'll need:

Components Needed:
1. Arduino Uno board
 2. Light-dependent resistor (LDR)
3. 3 LEDs (representing street lights)
4. Resistors (220 ohms recommended for each LED)
5. Breadboard
6. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram:

Connect the components as shown in the diagram:

 Light-dependent resistor (LDR):

 One leg to Arduino analog pin A0
 Other leg to Arduino 5V (with a pull-down resistor to GND for stability)
 LEDs (representing street lights):
 Anode (long leg) of each LED to Arduino digital pins 8, 9, and 10 through
resistors
 Cathode (short leg) of each LED to Arduino GND

Arduino Code:
// Define LDR pin

const int ldrPin = A0;

// Define LED pins

const int streetLight1 = 8;

const int streetLight2 = 9;

const int streetLight3 = 10;

void setup() {

// Initialize LED pins as outputs

pinMode(streetLight1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(streetLight2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(streetLight3, OUTPUT);

void loop() {
 // Read LDR value

int ldrValue = analogRead(ldrPin);

// Check LDR value to determine lighting conditions

if (ldrValue < 200) { // Adjust threshold value as needed

// Low light condition (e.g., evening or night)

digitalWrite(streetLight1, HIGH); // Turn on first street light

digitalWrite(streetLight2, HIGH); // Turn on second street light

digitalWrite(streetLight3, HIGH); // Turn on third street light

} else {

// Bright light condition (e.g., day)

digitalWrite(streetLight1, LOW); // Turn off first street light

digitalWrite(streetLight2, LOW); // Turn off second street light

digitalWrite(streetLight3, LOW); // Turn off third street light

// Add a delay for stability and to reduce sensor reading frequency

delay(1000); // Delay for 1 second

To design an automatic street light system using suitable sensors (like a light-
dependent resistor or LDR) and the necessary elements, here's what you'll need:

Components Needed:
1. Arduino Uno board
2. Light-dependent resistor (LDR)
3. 3 LEDs (representing street lights)
4. Resistors (220 ohms recommended for each LED)
5. Breadboard
6. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram:

Connect the components as shown in the diagram:

 Light-dependent resistor (LDR):

 One leg to Arduino analog pin A0
 Other leg to Arduino 5V (with a pull-down resistor to GND for stability)
 LEDs (representing street lights):
 Anode (long leg) of each LED to Arduino digital pins 8, 9, and 10 through
resistors
 Cathode (short leg) of each LED to Arduino GND

Arduino Code:
// Define LDR pin

const int ldrPin = A0;

// Define LED pins

const int streetLight1 = 8;

const int streetLight2 = 9;

const int streetLight3 = 10;

void setup() {

// Initialize LED pins as outputs

pinMode(streetLight1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(streetLight2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(streetLight3, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

// Read LDR value

int ldrValue = analogRead(ldrPin);

// Check LDR value to determine lighting conditions

if (ldrValue < 200) { // Adjust threshold value as needed

// Low light condition (e.g., evening or night)

 digitalWrite(streetLight1, HIGH); // Turn on first street light

digitalWrite(streetLight2, HIGH); // Turn on second street light

digitalWrite(streetLight3, HIGH); // Turn on third street light

} else {

// Bright light condition (e.g., day)

digitalWrite(streetLight1, LOW); // Turn off first street light

digitalWrite(streetLight2, LOW); // Turn off second street light

digitalWrite(streetLight3, LOW); // Turn off third street light

// Add a delay for stability and to reduce sensor reading frequency

delay(1000); // Delay for 1 second

Explanation:
1. We start by defining the pins for the LDR and the three LEDs representing street
lights.
2. In the setup() function, we set the LED pins as outputs.
3. The loop() function reads the analog value from the LDR, which will vary based on
the ambient light conditions.
4. Based on the LDR reading, the code checks if the light condition is low (e.g., evening
or night) or bright (e.g., day) and controls the street lights accordingly:
 If the light condition is low (LDR reading below a threshold), all three street
lights turn on.
 If the light condition is bright (LDR reading above the threshold), all three
street lights turn off.
5. There's a delay of 1 second between each LDR reading to stabilize the sensor
readings and reduce the frequency of readings.

Upload this code to your Arduino Uno, and the LEDs representing street lights will
automatically turn on when it's dark (LDR reading below the threshold) and turn off
when it's bright (LDR reading above the threshold). Adjust the threshold value ( 200 in
the code) based on your specific lighting conditions.

7. Design a smart home system and control the appliances like Fan, Light, and motor using
Bluetooth (HC-05). Write a program and design a circuit diagram for implementation.

Ans) To design a smart home system using Bluetooth (HC-05) to control appliances like a
fan, light, and motor, you'll need the following components:
Components Needed:
1. Arduino Uno board
2. Bluetooth module (HC-05)
3. Relay modules (for fan, light, and motor control)
4. Fan, light bulb, and motor (appliances to be controlled)
5. Power supply for the motor (if needed)
6. Jumper wires
7. Breadboard
Circuit Diagram:

Connect the components as shown in the diagram:

 Bluetooth module (HC-05):

 VCC to Arduino 5V
 GND to Arduino GND
 RXD to Arduino digital pin 2
 TXD to Arduino digital pin 3
 Relay modules:
 Connect the control pins of the relay modules to Arduino digital pins (e.g., Fan
relay to pin 4, Light relay to pin 5, Motor relay to pin 6)
 Connect the VCC of each relay module to Arduino 5V
 Connect the GND of each relay module to Arduino GND
 Fan, light bulb, and motor:
 Connect the appliances to the relay modules as per their wiring requirements
Arduino Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

// Define Bluetooth module pins

SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // RX, TX

// Define relay control pins

const int fanRelay = 4;

const int lightRelay = 5;

const int motorRelay = 6;

void setup() {

// Initialize serial communication for Bluetooth module

 bluetooth.begin(9600);

// Set relay control pins as outputs

pinMode(fanRelay, OUTPUT);

pinMode(lightRelay, OUTPUT);

pinMode(motorRelay, OUTPUT);

// Turn off all appliances initially

digitalWrite(fanRelay, LOW);

digitalWrite(lightRelay, LOW);

digitalWrite(motorRelay, LOW);

void loop() {

// Check if data is available from Bluetooth

if (bluetooth.available() > 0) {

char command = bluetooth.read(); // Read incoming command

// Process command to control appliances

switch (command) {

case 'F': // Fan control

toggleRelay(fanRelay);

break;

case 'L': // Light control

toggleRelay(lightRelay);

break;
 case 'M': // Motor control

toggleRelay(motorRelay);

break;

default:

break;

// Function to toggle relay state

void toggleRelay(int relayPin) {

if (digitalRead(relayPin) == LOW) {

digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // Turn on appliance

} else {

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW); // Turn off appliance

Explanation:
1. We start by including the SoftwareSerial library to communicate with the Bluetooth
module and defining the pins for the Bluetooth module and relay control.
2. In the setup() function, we initialize serial communication for the Bluetooth module,
set the relay control pins as outputs, and turn off all appliances initially.
3. The loop() function continuously checks if data is available from the Bluetooth
module. If data is available, it reads the incoming command and processes it to
control the appliances using relay modules.
4. When a specific command is received ('F' for fan, 'L' for light, 'M' for motor), the
toggleRelay() function is called to toggle the relay state (turn on or off the
corresponding appliance).
Bluetooth App:
You'll also need a Bluetooth app on your smartphone to send commands to the Arduino
Uno via Bluetooth. You can use any Bluetooth terminal app that allows you to send
characters to the connected Bluetooth module.
 1. Pair your smartphone with the HC-05 Bluetooth module.
2. Open the Bluetooth terminal app and connect to the HC-05 module.
3. Send commands ('F' for fan, 'L' for light, 'M' for motor) to control the respective
appliances.

Upload this code to your Arduino Uno, power up the circuit, and use the Bluetooth app to
control the fan, light, and motor wirelessly. Adjust the relay control pins and commands as
needed for your specific setup.

8. On the basis of technology, application, design and power consumption differentiates between
Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WIFI technology.

Ans) Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wi-Fi differ in terms of technology, application, design, and power
consumption:

 Technology
Bluetooth is a wireless technology used for small data transfers between devices up to 10 meters
apart. Zigbee is a protocol that's less costly, easier to use, and more secure for data
communication than Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is a wireless network protocol that runs on the
2.4GHz/5GHz communication standard and is commonly used for local area networking.

 Application
Bluetooth applications include communication, cars, multimedia, industrial, medical, and
education. Wi-Fi applications include wireless internet, PC, and PDA.

 Design
Bluetooth and Zigbee both emphasize low power consumption, making them perfect for battery-
powered devices. Wi-Fi consumes more power for high bandwidth but has improved for IoT
uses.

 Power consumption
Bluetooth has a power consumption between ZigBee and WiFi, with a rate of 1 Mbps. Wi-Fi has
a power consumption of 10-50mA, with a rate of up to 300 Mbps. Zigbee has a power
consumption of 5mA, with a rate of 250kbps
OR

Power Consumption: Bluetooth and Zigbee both emphasize low power consumption,
making them perfect for battery-powered devices. Energy efficiency is a key design
priority for BLE. Zigbee uses sleeping nodes to conserve power across mesh
networks. WiFi consumes more power for high bandwidth but has improved for IoT uses

9. Write a program and design a circuit using Arduino and two pushbuttons and use them in a
toggle mode.
Ans) Here is an Arduino program and circuit design for two pushbuttons in toggle mode:

Circuit Design:

1. Connect one pushbutton to pin 2 and the other pushbutton to pin 3 of the Arduino.

2. Connect a 10kΩ resistor in series with each pushbutton.

3. Connect the other end of each resistor to ground.

4. Connect an LED to pin 13 of the Arduino.

5. Connect a 220Ω resistor in series with the LED.

6. Connect the other end of the resistor to ground.

Program:
const int button1Pin = 2;

const int button2Pin = 3;

const int ledPin = 13;

int button1State = 0;

int button2State = 0;

void setup() {

pinMode(button1Pin, INPUT);

pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

button1State = digitalRead(button1Pin);

button2State = digitalRead(button2Pin);

if (button1State == HIGH) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
 } else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

if (button2State == HIGH) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

This program will check the state of the two pushbuttons every time the loop() function is called. If
button1 is pressed, the LED will turn on. If button2 is pressed, the LED will turn off. If both buttons
are pressed, the LED will toggle its state.
You can use this program and circuit design to create a variety of projects, such as a simple toggle
switch, a light switch, or even a more complex project like a traffic light controller.
1. State the applications of the ultrasonic sensor (SR-04).

Ans) The ultrasonic sensor (SR04) is a versatile device that can be used in a variety of
applications. Some of the most common applications include:

 Robotics:
SR04 sensors can be used to help robots detect obstacles and navigate their environment. They
can also be used to measure the distance to objects, which can be useful for tasks such as
grasping and manipulation.

 Security:
SR04 sensors can be used to detect movement and intrusion in security systems. They can also
be used to create motion-activated lights and other devices.

 Home automation:
SR04 sensors can be used to automate a variety of tasks in the home, such as turning lights on
and off when someone enters or leaves a room. They can also be used to control appliances,
such as thermostats and coffee makers.

 Automotive:
SR04 sensors can be used in a variety of automotive applications, such as parking assistance
systems and blind spot detection systems. They can also be used to measure the distance to other
vehicles, which can be useful for collision avoidance systems.
 Industrial automation:
SR04 sensors can be used in a variety of industrial automation applications, such as object
detection and distance measurement. They can also be used to control machines and robots.
In addition to these specific applications, SR04 sensors can also be used for a variety of other
purposes, such as measuring the distance to objects in a laboratory or measuring the depth of a
liquid. SR04 sensors are relatively inexpensive and easy to use, making them a popular choice for a
wide range of applications.

2. Summarize the use of analog pins in NodeMCU.

Ans) There is one analog pin on a NodeMCU board. This pin measures the voltage levels present on
the pin as an analog signal. The NodeMCU board's analog pin is connected to the microcontroller's
built-in ADC. The ADC converts analog voltage signals from 0 volts to 3.3 volts into corresponding
digital values. The NodeMCU has a 10-bit ADC, which means it can represent the analog voltage.
Analog pins are used to measure sensors' values. Compared to digital pins, which only provide an
ON/OFF state, analog pins can record a wide range of values. Each analog input pin measured by a
microcontroller is only allowed to be connected and measured from one sensor.
3. Write the importance of an infinite loop in an embedded system programming.

Ans) An infinite loop is a programming construct that causes a program to repeat a set of instructions
indefinitely. Infinite loops are often used in embedded systems because they allow a program to run
continuously without user intervention. This is important for embedded systems because they are
often used in devices that need to run autonomously, such as traffic lights, medical devices, and
industrial controllers.
There are several advantages to using infinite loops in embedded systems. First, they allow a program
to run continuously without user intervention. This is important for embedded systems because they
are often used in devices that need to run autonomously. Second, infinite loops can be used to
implement real-time systems. Real-time systems are systems that must respond to events within a
certain time frame. By using an infinite loop, a program can continuously check for events and
respond to them immediately. Third, infinite loops can be used to implement state machines. State
machines are systems that can be in one of a finite number of states. By using an infinite loop, a
program can continuously check its state and transition to the next state based on the current state and
the input.
Of course, there are also some disadvantages to using infinite loops in embedded systems. First,
infinite loops can be difficult to debug. If a program enters an infinite loop, it will continue to run
indefinitely until it is stopped. This can make it difficult to track down the source of the error. Second,
infinite loops can waste resources. If a program is in an infinite loop, it will continue to use CPU time
and memory even if it is not doing anything useful. This can lead to performance problems and even
system crashes.
Overall, infinite loops are a powerful tool that can be used to implement a variety of features in
embedded systems. However, it is important to be aware of the disadvantages of using infinite loops
and to use them carefully.
OR

The infinite loop is necessary because the embedded software’s job is never done. It
is intended to be run until either the world comes to an end or the board is reset,
 whichever happens first. In addition, most embedded systems run only one piece of
software.

4. State the impact on the accuracy of Arduino if the size of ADC will increase.

Ans) The accuracy of an Arduino is determined by the resolution of its Analog-to-Digital Converter
(ADC). The ADC is responsible for converting analog signals, such as those from sensors, into digital
values that can be processed by the Arduino. The resolution of the ADC is the number of bits it uses
to represent the analog signal. A higher resolution ADC will produce more accurate digital values,
and therefore a more accurate Arduino.
For example, an Arduino with a 10-bit ADC can represent analog signals with 1024 different
values. An Arduino with a 12-bit ADC can represent analog signals with 4096 different values. This
means that the 12-bit ADC will produce more accurate digital values, and therefore a more accurate
Arduino.
The resolution of the ADC is one of the most important factors to consider when choosing an Arduino
for a particular project. If accuracy is important, then it is important to choose an Arduino with a high
resolution ADC.
In addition to the resolution of the ADC, there are other factors that can affect the accuracy of an
Arduino, such as the quality of the analog input circuitry and the noise level in the
environment. However, the resolution of the ADC is the most important factor.

Here are some tips for improving the accuracy of an Arduino:

 Use an Arduino with a high resolution ADC.

 Use high quality analog input circuitry.

 Reduce the noise level in the environment.

 Calibrate the Arduino using a known voltage source.

By following these tips, you can improve the accuracy of your Arduino and get more accurate results
from your projects.

5. Distinguish between LCD and seven segment display.

Ans) Seven-segment displays are simpler than LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) and are easier to
understand, program, and interface with. Seven-segment displays are made up of seven segments that
can display numbers and basic symbols. LCDs use a layer of liquid crystals between two layers of
glass, and when an electric current is applied, the liquid crystals line up to allow light to pass through.

Here are some other differences between seven-segment displays and LCDs:

 Components: Seven-segment displays have fewer components than LCDs.

 Usage: Seven-segment displays are commonly used to display decimal numbers from 0 to 9
and basic characters. LCDs can display arbitrary images, fixed images with low information
content, preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays.

 Current consumption: LCDs consume less current than seven-segment displays.

  Interface: Seven-segment displays are driven directly, while LCDs interface through a 4 bit
data bus with 3 wires for control

6. Predict the behaviour of LEDs in forward and reverse-biased conditions.

Ans)
The behavior of an LED (Light Emitting Diode) in forward and reverse-biased conditions can
be predicted based on its semiconductor properties and the flow of current through its
junction.

Forward-Biased Condition:
1. Voltage Polarity:
 In forward bias, the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the
anode of the LED, and the negative terminal is connected to the cathode.
 This configuration allows the electrons and holes to move towards the
junction, reducing the barrier potential and facilitating current flow.
2. Electron and Hole Movement:
 Electrons from the N-type region move towards the P-type region, while holes
from the P-type region move towards the N-type region.
 At the junction, electrons recombine with holes, releasing energy in the form
of photons (light).
3. Behavior:
 In forward bias, the LED conducts electricity and emits light.
 The intensity of light emitted depends on the forward current flowing through
the LED.
Reverse-Biased Condition:
1. Voltage Polarity:
 In reverse bias, the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the
cathode of the LED, and the negative terminal is connected to the anode.
 This configuration increases the barrier potential at the junction, preventing
significant current flow.
2. Electron and Hole Movement:
 In reverse bias, electrons are repelled from the N-type region, and holes are
repelled from the P-type region.
 The barrier potential prevents the majority charge carriers from crossing the
junction.
3. Behavior:
 In reverse bias, the LED does not conduct electricity effectively.
 There is minimal or negligible light emission because the recombination of
electrons and holes is greatly reduced or prevented altogether.
 However, a small amount of leakage current (called reverse saturation current)
may still flow through the LED due to minority charge carriers.
Summary:
 Forward Bias: LED conducts electricity, emits light, and behaves as an active light
source.
  Reverse Bias: LED does not conduct electricity effectively, emits little to no light, and
behaves as a passive component with very low leakage current.

It's important to note that operating LEDs in reverse bias for extended periods or applying
excessive reverse voltage can damage the LED due to excessive heat dissipation or
breakdown of the semiconductor junction. LEDs are primarily designed and used in forward-
biased conditions for their intended function as light emitters.

7. State the use of GPS module used in IoT or in embedded systems.

Ans) Global Positioning System (GPS) modules can be used in the Internet of Things (IoT) and
embedded systems to provide location, altitude, speed, time, and direction information. GPS modules
can be used for:

 Tracking: GPS-enabled devices can track the location of people or objects in real-time and
send location data to tracking software. This software can display the location on a map and
send alerts if the object or person moves out of a specified area.

 Navigation: GPS modules can be used for autonomous navigation, port management, entry
guidance, route traffic management, and tracking.

 Mapping: GPS systems can be used to create maps of the world.

 Timing: GPS systems can provide precise timing.

GPS modules are also used in embedded systems to help people find their current locations and
destinations. GPS-enabled devices are becoming the most widely used navigation tools for
automobiles, mobile devices, palmtops, and fitness trackers.

8. Distinguish between the DC motor and the Servo motor.

Ans) The main difference between a DC motor and a servo motor is how they are configured. Servo
motors can be programmed to move in precise increments, while DC motors can only move objects in
one direction at a time. Servo motors are ideal for precise tasks, while DC motors are used for driving
mechanical loads.

Here are some other differences between DC motors and servo motors:

 Number of wires
Servo motors have three wires: power, control, and ground, while DC motors have two wires:
power and ground.

 Rotation
Servo motors have a rotation limited to 180°, while DC motors rotate continuously.

 Speed
 DC motors run at high revolutions per minute (RPM) and rotate continuously until you detach
the power, while servo motors receive a control signal that determines the position of the servo
shaft.

 Cost
Servo motors are generally more costly to buy, install, maintain, or replace than DC motors.

 Torque
Servo motors have high torque compared to DC motors.

 Uses
Servo motors are used in positioning systems, while DC motors are used for driving mechanical
loads.

9. Create a function that converts degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit. Write a code for conversion.
10. Create a function that converts degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit. Write a code for conversion.
11. Discuss the importance of SPI communication in interfacing of Arduino UNO.
12. What are the potential challenges and benefits associated with the integration of IoT in
healthcare systems?
13. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using SPDT relays over standard switches in
the context of designing complex electronic systems.
14. Design a circuit and write a program to print any custom character like Heart on the 16*2
LCD using Arduino uno.
15. Explain the concept of a two-wire communication protocol. Describe the use of I2C
communication in interfacing.
16. Differentiate between Arduino uno board and NodeMCU(ESP8266) board.
17. Compare passive elements Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor of circuits.
18. Elaborate the challenges and security issues of Smart home system.
19. Design and implement the interfacing of NodeMCU with 3 different LEDs and generate
random patterns.
20. State the procedure of getting data over cloud using NodeMCU board. Use BLYNK cloud for
justification of answer.
21. State challenges involved in IoT based health monitoring system
22. Design and implement water level controller system using ultrasonic sensor, Leds and buzzer.
This system should follow the certain conditions:

A. When the tanks is full Motor will turn off automatically.

B. When the level is below the critical level then Red light will turn ON and motor will start.

Note: Water level can be used randomly to justify answer.

 1. Predict and explain the hardware requirements for a smart car parking system.
2. Relays play an important role in circuits. Design a circuit consisting of light, fan, bulb and
controlled all the appliances using relays and NodeMCU.

3. Design and implement the gas leakage detection system using gas sensor and Arduino board
and follow the certain conditions:

a) When no gas present then green light will remain ON.

b) When gas is present but concentration is low then only yellow light will remain on, rest will
be in off condition.

c) When concentration of gas is HIGH then buzzer and Red light will turn on and rest light will
be in off conditions.

(Take any random values for gas concentrations).

1. Evaluate the sensors and designed used in IoT based Smart Waste Segregator system.
2. Outline the principles that guide the application of clustering in IoT with suitable examples.
3. State the clustering principles for IOT implementation
4. Internet is an essential element in Internet of things (IoT). Why? Justify your answer.
5. Distinguish between normal switches and SPDT relay.