Here are some class notes on The Cell: Structure and Functions:
The Cell: Structure and Functions
Introduction
The cell is the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. Cells can
be prokaryotic (without a nucleus) or eukaryotic (with a nucleus).
1. Structure of a Cell
Cell Membrane:
o A semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of
the cell.
o Provides shape and protection.
Cytoplasm:
o A jelly-like substance that contains cell organelles and is the site of various metabolic
activities.
Nucleus:
o Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
o Controls cell activities and reproduction.
2. Key Organelles and Their Functions
1. Mitochondria
o Known as the "powerhouse of the cell."
o Generates energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
2. Ribosomes
o Sites of protein synthesis.
o Can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
o Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
4. Golgi Apparatus
o Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
5. Lysosomes
o Contains enzymes for breaking down waste and cellular debris.
o Referred to as the "suicidal bags" of the cell.
6. Chloroplasts (Plant Cells Only)
o Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
o Converts light energy into chemical energy.
7. Cell Wall (Plant Cells Only)
o A rigid layer that provides structural support and protection.
8. Vacuoles
o Storage sacs for water, nutrients, and waste.
o Larger in plant cells than in animal cells.
3. Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells:
o No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
o Example: Bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells:
o Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
o Examples: Animal and plant cells.
4. Importance of Cells
Fundamental unit of life.
Carries out all biological processes necessary for survival.
Specialized cells perform unique functions (e.g., red blood cells carry oxygen).
Fun Fact: Human cells are outnumbered by bacteria in the body by a ratio of about 1:10!
Would you like another topic? 😊
