BY ABHISHEK KUMAR: 7654332122

GENERATION
What is computer - A computer is a device that accepts data (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for
some result based on a program.
FIRST GENERATION (1946-55)
 Major Innovation - Vacuum Tubes
 Main Memory - Punched Cards
 Input Output Devices - Punched cards and papers
 Languages - Low level machine language
 Operating System - No operating system, human operators to set switches
 Size - Main frame for example ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC

SECOND GENERATION (1955-65)

 Major Innovation - Transistors as main component.
 Main Memory - RAM and ROM.
 External Storage - Magnetic tapes and Magnetic Disk.
 Input Output Devices - Magnetic tapes and Magnetic Disk.
 Languages - Assembly language, some high level languages for Example BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN.
 Operating System - Human handles punched card.
 Size - Main frame for example IBM-1401, NCR-300, IBM-600 etc

THIRD GENERATION (1965-75)

 Major Innovation - Integrated circuit (ICs) as basic electronic component.
 Main Memory - PROM and DRAM.
 External Storage - Improve disk (Floppy Disk)
 Input and Output Devices - Keyboard for input, monitor for output.
 Languages - More high level languages.
 Operating System - Complete operating systems were introduced.
 Size - Mini, for example: IBM SYSTEM / 360, ICH-360, HONEY WELL-316 etc.

FOURTH GENERATION (1975-90)

 Major Innovation - LSIC and VLSIC (Micro Processor)
 Main Memory - EPROM and SRAM.
 External Storage - Floppy Disk and Hard Disk.
 Input and Output Devices - Monitor for output.
 Languages - Languages and application softwares
 Operating System - MS-DOS and PC-DOS
 Size - Micro computer e.g. IBM-PC, Apple Macintosh etc.
FIFTH GENERATION (1990-CONTINUE)
 Major Innovations - ULSIC (Ultra large scale integrated circuit)
 Main Memory - EEPROM, SIMM and DIMM.
 External Storage - Modified magnetic and Optical disks.
 Input/output Devices - Keyboard, Pointing Device, and Scanner as input and Monitor as main output.
 Languages - AI (Artificial Intelligence) Expert systems.
 Operating System - GUI based e.g. Windows 95, Windows NT.
 Size - Very small in size example: Laptop, Note book, Digital Diary, Palm top and Pocket PC.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 Abacus - An abacus is a manual device to calculating that  Christopher Latham Sholes was an American
consists of beads or disks. It is first calculating device of inventor who invented the first practical typewriter and
world developed in china. the QWERTY keyboard still in use today. (1873)
 Pascal calculator - Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm  Douglas Carl Engelbart was an American engineer and
Schickard was one of two inventors of the mechanical inventor of mouse, 1964.
calculator in the early 17th century. Pascal made his  The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the
invention in 1642. German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also
 Charles Babbage - Charles Babbage was considered to be known as the Braun tube.
the father of computing after his invention and concept  WWW introduced by Tim Berners Lee.
of Difference engine in 1822 and the Analytical  Microsoft established by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
Engine in 1837. The Analytical Engine contained  PARAM - is considered India's first supercomputer. It was
an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and indigenously built in 1990 by (C-DAC) designed and
integrated memory. assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced
 Henry Edward Roberts - Introduced the term "personal Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India.
computer" and was considered to be their father after  Cray 1, released in 1975, is considered to be the first real
he released of the Altair 8800 on December 19, 1974. supercomputer.
 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator  Prithvi (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology), Pune,
(ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University’s staff. has a machine with a theoretical peak of 790.7
 Howard Aiken (1900-73) a Harvard professor with the teraflop/s, called Prithvi, which is used for climate
backing of IBM built the Harvard Mark I computer (51ft research and operational forecasting.
long) in 1944.  Aditya, The supercomputer at the Indian Institute of
 The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first Tropical Meteorology (IITM) is ranked 36th while Param
automatic electronic digital computer but not Yuva II at the Centre for Development of Advanced
programmable. computing (C-DAC) has 69th rank.
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And  Vacuum tube introduced by John Ambrose Fleming.
Computer) was conceived and designed by John  Transistor developed by American physicists John
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in 1947.
Pennsylvania.  Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce separately invented
 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic the IC (integrated circuit) at the same time.
Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers.  Intel publicly introduced the world's first single
Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather chip microprocessor, the Intel invented by Intel
than decimal, and was a stored program machine. engineers Federico Faggin.
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)  Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs released the Apple I
was an early British computer. The machine, having been computer and started Apple Computers in 1976.
inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a  First Laptop released in 1981, was the Epson HX-20, a
Report on the EDVAC, was constructed by Maurice battery powered portable computer, with a 20-character
Wilkes. by 4 line LCD display and a built-in printer.
 UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was the  1988, Compaq Computer introduces its first laptop PC
second commercial computer produced in the United with VGA graphics – the Compaq SLT/286.
States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert  Rmax – The highest score measured using the LINPACK
and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. benchmark suite. This is the number that is used to rank
 LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) was the first the computers. Measured in quadrillions of floating
computer used for commercial business applications. point operations per second, i.e. petaflops.
 Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace (10 Dec 1815 – 27  Rpeak – This is the theoretical peak performance of the
Nov 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron and now commonly system. Measured in Pflops.
known as Ada Augusta Lovelace, the world's first  Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer – Hollerith
computer programmerand “mother of computer”.  First Computer Programming Languages- FORTRAN, LISP
and COBOL
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 BY ABHISHEK KUMAR: 7654332122

 Computer Graphics was developed by – William Fetter General purpose Micro Analog
 ARPANET was developed by – DARPA Special purpose Mini Digital
 First Compiler was developed by – Dr. Grace Murray Mainframe Hybrid
Hopper Super
 Father of Computer Animations- John Whitney
 First movie to use Digital Image Processing- West World
in 1973
 Computer Mouse was invented by- Douglas Engel Bart
 Computer Keyboard was invented by- Christopher
Latham Sholes
 Laptop Computer was invented by – Adam Osborne
 First Graphical Computer Game was invented by- A.S.
Douglas
 Computer BIOS was invented by – Gary Kildall
 Inventor of Computer Bug- Dr. Grace Murray Hopper
 Inventors of Computer Chip (IC) – Jack Kilby and Robert
Noyce
 Father of Computer Hard Disk- Reynold Johnson 1. Special Purpose Computers: These are developed
 Inventor of First Data Base – Dr. Edgar Frank Codd with a specific purpose. Some of the areas where these
 Inventor of Ethernet Computer Networking- David computers are being used are - soil testing, medical
Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson in Xerox
scanning, traffic signals, spacecraft, rocket technology etc.
2. General Purpose Computers: These are developed to
PARC
meet the requirements of several areas such as simulation,
 Inventor of Computer Scanner – Ray Kurzweil
solving mathematical equations, payroll and personnel
 Inventor of Computer Speakers- Abinawan Puracchi das database. These computers are available in different sizes
 Inventor of MS-DOS Operating Systems- Microsoft and capabilities and are further classified (based on
 Inventors of first computer Microprocessors – Faggin , memory, speed, and storage).
Hoff &Mazor
 UNIVAC was developed by – John Mauchly and J.
A) Micro Computers: it is a small, relatively
inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as
Presper Eckert
its central processing unit (CPU).It includes a
 Inventor of ABC computer – John Atanasoff & Clifford
microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O)
Berry facilities. A microcomputer is the smallest general
 First Programmable Digital Computer – SEAC (Standards purpose processing system. Micro computers are also
Eastern Automatic Computer) referred as personal computers (PC). These are available
 Father of Internet- Vint Cerf in three models: PC- Desktop, Laptop, palmtop
 Father of modern computer- Alan Turing (mobile, tablet, phablet or fablet).
 Father of E-mail- Ray Tomlinson
B) Mini Computers: Minicomputers introduced in the
Development Of Computing In India mid-1960s and were first developed by IBM
 India bought its first computer in 1956 for a princely Corporation.Minicomputers are generally used as mid-
range servers, where they can operate mid-sized
sum of Rs 10 lakh. It was called HEC-2M and was
software applications and support multiple users
installed at Calcutta's Indian Statistical Institute.
simultaneously. It is a medium sized computer with
 In 1963 IBM 1620 installed at the IIT at Kanpur. First moderate cost and used for large volume applications.
computer with FORTRAN in India. Education using
FORTRAN begins. C)Mainframe Computers: (also referred to as "big
 In India internet is open for public on 15 august 1995. iron") are computers used primarily by corporate and
governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk
 First ISP of India was VSNL. data processing such as, industry and consumer statistics,
enterprise resource planning and transaction processing.
TYPES OF COMPUTER They also have large storage and high computing speed
PURPOSE SIZE APPLICATION (but relatively lower than the super computers). They

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support a large number of terminals for use by a variety

of users simultaneously, but are expensive. It is mainly Data: It is the collection of raw facts, figures & symbols.
used as servers. Ex: Names of students and their marks in different
subjects listed in random order.
D)Super Computers: These have extremely large Information: It is the data that is processed & presented
storage capacities and computing speeds. These are used in an organized manner.
for large scale numerical problems in scientific and Ex: When the names of students are arranged in
engineering disciplines such as electronics, weather alphabetical order, total and average marks are
forecasting etc. calculated & presented in a tabular form, it is
The first super computer Cray-1 was developed in U.S.A information.
by CRAY computers. Program: Set of instructions that enable a computer to
perform a given task.
ANALOG-
Block diagram of a Computer:
They operate by measuring instead of counting. The name
CENTRAL PROCESSING
(derived from greek word analog) denotes that the UNIT
computer functions by establishing similarities between
the two quantities. An analog computer is a form
of computer that uses the continuously changeable Memory
aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical,
INPUT OUTPUT
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem unit DEVICE
DEVICE ALU
being solved.
 It is used to measure physical quantities, ex-
Control Unit
Pressure, Length, Temperature, Sound Wave etc.
 Used in Science, Scientific & Engineering
 Faster than digital computers, Accuracy is lower than
The various functions of these units can be summarized
digital.
as:
DIGITAL- 1. Input device: Reads information from input media and
These computers operate by counting. All quantities are enters to the computer in a coded form
expressed as discrete digits or numbers. These are useful
for evaluating arithmetic expressions and manipulations 2. CPU (Central Processing Unit): It is the part of the
of data. computer that carries out the instructions of a computer
 It converts the input into (1, 0) binary form than program. It is the unit that reads and executes program
process it. instructions. Hence it is known as the brain of the
 Slower than analog, Accuracy is better than analog. computer. The CPU consists of storage or memory unit,
sEx- Home, Office, School. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and control unit.
HYBRID-Combination of analog & digital
(a) Memory unit (Register): High-speed storage areas
These computers have features of analog
used to temporarily hold small units of program
computers and digital computers. For example, the ECG
instructions and data that are being transferred from the
monitor of a patient in a hospital. It takes in an analog
primary storage to the CPU for processing. It consists of
signal that is the heartbeat of the patient and converts it
thousands of cells called ―storage locations‖. These cells
into the digital format after processing it. The lines on the
activate with ―off-on or binary digits (0, 1) mechanism.
screen are a digital approximation of the analog pulse.
Thus a character either a letter or numerical digit is
stored as a string of (0, 1) Binary digits (BITS).
INTRODUCTION
Definition: Computer works as follows- Fetch > decode > execute >
A Computer is an electronic device that can perform store
activities that involve Mathematical, Logical and graphical
manipulations. Generally, the term is used to describe a 3. Output device: decodes information and presents it to
collection of devices that function together as a system. the user.
It performs the following three operations in sequence.
 It receives data & instructions from the input device.
 Processes the data as per instructions.
 Provides the result (output) in a desired form.
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