Lesson2 Research Areas

Intelligent Systems
Research Areas
Research Areas
• The domain of artificial intelligence is
huge in breadth and width. While
proceeding, we consider the broadly
common and prospering research
areas in the domain of AI –
Research Areas
• Expert Systems – A computer
system that emulates the decision-
making ability of a human expert.
• Expert Systems are designed to
solve complex by reasoning through
bodies of knowledge, represented
mainly as if-then rules rather than
conventional procedural code.
Examples of this are flight-tracking
systems and clinical systems.
Research Areas
• Natural Language Processing
(NLP) - The technology used to aid
computers to understand the
human’s natural language.
• The main objective of NLP is to read,
decipher, understand, and make
sense of the human languages in a
manner that is valuable.
• Examples are digital assistants like
Google Assistant, Siri, Bixby, Alexa,
Voice input and Speech recognition
software.
Research Areas
• Neural Networks - A series of
algorithms that endeavors to
recognize underlying relationships
in a set of data through a process
that mimics the way the human
brain operates.
• In this sense, neural networks refer
to systems of neurons, either
organic or artificial in nature.
• Examples are pattern recognition
systems such as face recognition
and handwriting recognition
Research Areas
• Fuzzy Logic - An approach to
computing based on "degrees of
truth" rather than the usual "true or
false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which
the modern computer is based.
• The approach of FL imitates the
way of decision making in humans
that involves all intermediate
possibilities between digital values
YES and NO.
Research Areas
• Robotics – A branch of technology
that deals with programmable
machines called robots that are
usually able to carry out a series of
actions autonomously or semi-
autonomously.
• Robotics involves designing,
building, and programming
physical robots which are able to
interact with the physical world.
Speech and Voice Recognition
• These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural language processing.
Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different.
Speech Recognition Voice Recognition

The speech recognition aims at understanding and The objective of voice recognition is to recognize WHO is
comprehending WHAT was spoken. speaking.
It is used in hand-free computing, map, or menu It is used to identify a person by analyzing its tone, voice
navigation pitch, and accent, etc.
Machine does not need training for Speech Recognition This recognition system needs training as it is person
as it is not speaker dependent. oriented.
Speaker independent Speech Recognition systems are Speaker dependent Voice Recognition systems are
difficult to develop. comparatively easy to develop.
Speech and Voice Recognition
• The user input spoken at a microphone goes to
sound card of the system.
• The converter turns the analog signal into
equivalent digital signal for the speech processing.
• The database is used to compare the sound
patterns to recognize the words.
• Finally, a reverse feedback is given to the database.
• This source-language text becomes input to the
Translation Engine, which converts it to the target
language text.
• They are supported with interactive GUI, large
database of vocabulary, etc.
Task Classification of A.I.
• The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.
Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence
Mundane Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks
• Mathematics
Perception • Engineering
• Geometry
• Fault finding
• Computer vision • Logic
• Manufacturing
• Speech, voice recognition • Integration and
• Monitoring
Differentiation
Natural Language Processing Games
• Understanding • Go Scientific Analysis
• Language Generation • Chess
• Language Translation • Checkers
Common Sense Verification Financial Analysis
Reasoning Theorem Proving Medical Diagnosis
Planning Creativity
Robotics
• Locomotive
• Humans learn mundane tasks since their birth.
They learn by perception, speaking, using
language, and locomotives. They learn Formal
Tasks and Expert Tasks later, in that order.
• For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to

learn. The same was considered true before
trying to implement mundane tasks in machines.
Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in the
mundane task domain.
• Later, it turned out that the machine requires
more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms
for handling mundane tasks.
• This is the reason why AI work is more
prospering in the Expert Tasks domain now, as
the expert task domain needs expert knowledge
without common sense, which can be easier to
represent and handle.

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Intelligent Systems

Speech Recognition Voice Recognition

Mundane Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks

• For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to

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