Wireless Personal Communications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07048-0

Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy

Harvesting System in IoT Sensor Nodes

A. Lavanya1 · R. Jegatheesan1 · K. Vijayakumar1

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
A new DC–DC converter capable of working with more than one source for harvesting
energy from clean energy sources is proposed. Key features of this proposed converter are
single inductor and reduced total number of components. In addition the converter has
reduced stresses and power losses. Dual input and output modes, with its operation and
steady-state analysis are discussed. Comparative study of the topologies given in literature
with a proposed topology for parameters considered like the number of components and
voltage gain is presented. Compatibility of the proposed converter is proved with reduced
losses using loss distribution analysis of the converter and it is more reliable for energy
system in telecom applications, which is validated using reliability analysis, is also high-
lighted. Finally, to substantiate the working of the non isolated DC–DC converter consid-
ered the test results are presented.

Keywords Dual input · Dual output · Off-grid PV · Battery · Losses · Reliability

1 Introduction

Recently fossil fuels are depleting, and slowly the world is moving toward renewable
energy. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has targeted 20,000 MW from Solar
energy in India by 2022. Location and climatic conditions prevailing in India favour solar
energy generation and has tremendous scope for power generation from solar power. PV
source has seen the exponential growth in past 10 years in India. Due to the various rea-
sons like scarcity, depleting nature of fossil fuels and how it affects the environment, it
is the right time to depend on renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are
intermittent, fluctuating, but still inexhaustible, clean energy, no pollution and zero emis-
sions [1, 2]. If more than one energy source is combined then intermittent supply from the

* A. Lavanya
[email protected]
R. Jegatheesan
[email protected]
K. Vijayakumar
[email protected]
1
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India

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Vol.:(0123456789)
 A. Lavanya et al.

renewable sources can be converted to continuous supply. Therefore, multi-input DC–DC

converter is a great boon to overcome this problem in the area of renewable energy source
[3–10].
The literature proposes many novel topologies for various applications like Electric
vehicle, hybrid energy, smart grid, renewable energy for home automation, power supplies,
grid-connected renewable energy sources, etc. are reported in [11, 12]. New topologies are
derived for integrating renewable energy sources. Many topologies are derived from the
primary converters like buck, boost, etc. Boost topology is the most popular non-isolated
DC–DC converter topology; many multi-input DC–DC converters are derived from this
topology as in [13].Multi-input DC–DC converters have more components in [14–16].High
gain DC–DC converters derived has reduced current stress and varied in full range of duty
cycle without any limitations in the literature. But the number of switches and passive con-
stituents are more, which increase the occupancy for multi-input [17–19].Many researchers
have explored multi port converters for wireless network, telecommunication and space
applications [20, 21].
The literature gives insight that many multi-input DC–DC converters are having more
components and numbers of inductors are increasing with sources and secondly, when
integrating the renewable sources with battery, PV is not able to charge the battery and
mostly dual input as well as dual output is not obtained. To overcome these issues faced in
multi-input DC–DC converter dealt in the literature a novel topology is proposed. Internet-
of-Things (IoT) model is an emergent field and many academic researchers are enabled in
this area, where energy harvesting system (EHS), battery protection systems are essential
[22–27]. Therefore role of dual input DC–DC converter is inevitable. As per the research
and survey by various energy journals, the energy harvesting market is booming and is
going to reach highs in near future, this is also one of the main reason of motivation for
this research work. This motivation is the reason for designing a novel dual input DC–DC
converter for energy harvesting.
A dual-input dual-output DC–DC converter (DIDC) topology is introduced, which can
operate in single input, dual input as well as dual output mode with two energy sources.
DIDC claims the following contributions:

• Single inductor and reduced passive components.

• Less number of switches.
• Low power losses
• Highly reliable energy harvester.

This paper exhibit the outline of a novel dual input dual output converter design and
analysis in following subsections: In Sect. 2 synthesis, operation, design and analysis of
DIDC topology are discussed. In Sect. 3, comparative and reliability analysis, in Sect. 4
validations of the theoretical results through experimentation and finally concluded in
Sect. 5.

2 DIDC converter synthesis

DIDC converter synthesized consists of three switches, in which one main switch controls
the output and other two switches for battery charging and discharging. Four diodes are
present in which two diodes and used to maintain unidirectional current flow, one linked to

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

the main converter and other associated to the output filter. Figure 1a, b shows the battery
charging and discharging branch, which is incorporated to design DIDC converter. DIDC
converter has only one inductor and two capacitors, one connected to the main converter
­ PV and V
and other connected to the filter. V ­ b are two independent power sources. Efficient
at the same time inexpensive PV is used to power batteries in this application of IOT sen-
sors. Reminiscent to the operation of traditional boost converter the energy store in battery
and generated PV power are boosted with the energy accumulated in the inductive passive
component is carried to the load.

2.1 Operation modes

The working of DIDC converter is analysed in two phases. Phase-I operation is with two
inputs. PV (­ VPV) and battery (­ Vb) supply the load. In this mode, the battery is discharg-
ing. Phase-II the converter operation is with two outputs. PV supplies both battery and
the load. In each phase the converter is operated in three different modes (a, b, c) & (a′,
b′, c′). The explanation for six functioning states of the converter is dealt detail in this
segment as shown in Fig. 2a–f. ­S1, ­S2, ­S3, ­D1, ­D2, ­D3, ­D4, L, C, ­C0 are the components

Fig. 1  a Second input introduced to DC–DC converter; b synthesized DIDC converter

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 A. Lavanya et al.

Fig. 2  Modes of operation a, b, c-dual input and a′, b′, c′-dual output states

connected in this converter, Significance of Switch ­S2 and ­S3 is during charging and dis-
charging of the battery respectively.

(a) Phase-I

In Phase-I sources V
­ PV and V
­ b, both are supplying power to the load. Switches ­S1 and ­S3
is turned ON and OFF, while ­S2 remains in OFF state.

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

Mode a Both the switches S ­ 1 and ­S3 remain in ON state. Diode D

­ 1 is in the OFF state
as long as the battery voltage is more than the PV voltage. Capacitor C and inductor L is
charging during this mode. Diode ­D2 remains in the conducting state. Diode ­D3 connected
to the output filter remains in OFF state. Capacitor C charges and capacitor C ­ O discharges
to the load.
Applying KVL the voltage across inductor in various modes of operation is written as:
Mode a ∶ VL = Vb (1)

Mode b (D1 > D3 ) ∶ VL = VPV = Vc (2)

(D3 > D1 ) ∶ VL = Vb − V0 + VC (3)

Mode c ∶ VL = VPV − V0 + VC (4)

Applying KVL the voltage across inductor in various modes of operation is written as:
Mode a ∶ VL = VPV = Vc (5)

Mode b ∶ VL = Vb − V0 (6)

Mode c ∶ VL = VPV − V0 + VC (7)

Mode b Here switch ­S1 remain in closed state, and ­S3 is in open state. ­D1 is in forward
bias state as no longer ­Vb is more significant than ­VPV. Therefore, the reverse biased is
removed across diode ­D1. Diode ­D2 remains in the forward biased state. Capacitor C and
inductor L continues to get charged during this mode. But this time it is powered by the
PV source. Diode D ­ 3 connected to the output filter remains in OFF state. Capacitors main-
tained as in previous state.
Mode c Now ­S1,S2 and ­S3 are in non-conducting condition. ­D1 remains in ON state and
­VPV supplies the load. Diode D ­ 2 is in OFF state. Capacitor C and inductor L continues to
get charged during this mode. But this time it is powered by the PV source. Diode ­D3 con-
nected to the output filter remains in OFF state. Capacitor C is discharges and Capacitor ­CO
is charged during this mode and then discharged to the load.

(b) Phase-II (Dual output or battery charging mode)

In this Phase-II input sources ­VPV supplies both ­Vb and the load. Switches ­S1 and ­S2 are
conduction is varied, while ­S3 remains in OFF state.
Mode a′ Switch S ­ 1 will remain in ON state. Diode D ­ 1 is in reverse biased state, if the
storage element (SE) voltage is more than the PV source voltage. Capacitor C and inductor
L gets charged during this mode. Diode ­D2 remains in the forward biased state. Diode ­D3
connected to the output filter remains in OFF state. The energy is stored in capacitor C and
capacitor ­CO discharges to the load.
Figure 3a, b shows different modes of analysis waveforms of DIDC topology.
Mode b′ This mode is mainly different from Phase-I. In this mode Switch ­S2 remains
in ON state. Battery charges in this mode, PV supplies both the battery and the load.
This mode is dual output mode. Switch S ­ 1 and ­S3 are in open condition. D ­ 1 is in the

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 A. Lavanya et al.

Fig. 3  Significant waveforms of DIDC topology a dual input and b dual output states

forward bias state as no longer V ­ b is more significant than V

­ PV. Therefore, it removes
the reverse bias across diode D­ 1. Diode ­D2 is in non conducting state. Inductor L and
Capacitor C continues to get charged during this mode. But this time it is powered by
the PV source. Diode D ­ 3 connected to the output filter is conducting as reverse bias
across that diode is removed and capacitor C carry energy towards the load.
Mode c′ In this segment switch ­S1 is not conducting and ­S2 and ­S3 also remain in
OFF condition. D­ 1 remains in forward biased state and ­VPV supplies the load. Diode D ­ 2
is in OFF state. Capacitor C and inductor L continues to get charged during this mode.
But this time it is powered by the PV source. Diode ­D3 connected to the output filter
remains in conducting state. Capacitors are maintained as in the previous state.

2.2 Investigation of DIDC converter

The steady-state analysis using applying the voltage-sec and charge balance principle
is applied. Inductor voltage and the capacitors C and ­C0 currents equations are written.

(a) Dual input (DI) mode

The following equations with respect to Fig. 2 are as follows:Volt-sec balance equation:

(8)
( ) ( )( )
Vb D3 TS + VPV D1 − D3 TS + 2VPV − V0 1 − D1 TS = 0

Therefore the output voltage equation is obtained from the above expression

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

( )
VPV 2 − D1 − D3 + Vb D3
V0 = ( ) (9)
1 − D1

Based on the expression for output voltage, output current expression is obtained as
below:
( )
VPV 2 − D1 − D3 + Vb D3
I0 = ( ) (10)
1 − D1 R0
(b) Dual output (DO) mode
Similar to phase-I the equation is written:

(11)
( ) ( )( )
VPV D1 TS + VPV − Vb D2 TS + 2VPV − V0 1 − D1 − D2 TS = 0

Therefore the output voltage equation is obtained from the above expression
( )
VPV 2 − D1 − D2 − Vb D2
V0 = ( ) (12)
1 − D1 − D 2

Based on the expression for output voltage, output current expression is obtained as
below:
( )
VPV 2 − D1 − D2 − Vb D2
I0 = ( ) (13)
1 − D1 − D2 R0
(c) Design of inductor and capacitor
The selection of inductor, capacitor and type of switches is critical in the design procedure.
Inductor value is designed to reduce ripples and operate DIDC in continuous conduction
mode (CCM). The allowable ripple current is chosen as 10% of the load current.
The inductor and capacitor values are chosen based on the following expression:
V0 − 2VG (1 − D)
Inductor ripple current, ΔiL = (14)
L ∗ fs

V0 − 2VG (1 − D)
Inductor value, L = (15)
ΔiL ∗ fs

Depending on the load conditions there is a possibility to drive the converter to discon-
tinuous conduction mode (DCM). Especially in several input DC–DC converters dealing
with a multitude of situations, components selection and sizing is very important.
Capacitor ripple voltage
IG (1 − D)
ΔVC = (16)
C ∗ fs

Output capacitor ripple voltage

IG (1 − D)
C= (17)
ΔVC ∗ fs

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 A. Lavanya et al.

V0 ∗ D
ΔVC0 = (18)
C0 ∗ fs ∗ R0

V0 ∗ D
C0 = (19)
ΔVC0 ∗ fs ∗ R0

Average and RMS currents and voltages of switches, diodes are derived for the DIDC
topology based on the steady-state analysis carried out and are shown in the Table 1 below
from Eqs. (1)–(19).

3 Analysis of DIDC

In this section power loss analysis, comparative analysis and reliability analysis of DIDC is
discussed in detail.

3.1 Power Loss Analysis

Power loss analysis: Losses of DIDC is calculated using the following formulas.
Conduction power loss in the switches is given below:

PSW = I2SW Rds(on) (20)

1 (rms)

Switching losses of the different switches can be calculated using the formula given below:

PSW = fSW C0 V2SW(max) (21)

Power loss in various diodes is calculated as below:

Table 1  Components current and voltage in DIDC converter

Parameters of DIDC converter Formulae of DIDC topology

Average current in the switch ­S1 Isw1 = DIG

RMS current in the switch ­S1
√
Isw1 rms = IG D
Average voltage across the switch ­S1 Vsw1 = 2VG = 2(1−D)
(2−D)
Average current in diode ­D1 ID = (1 − D)IG
Average current in diode D ID0 = (2 − D)I0
ID1 = DI0
Average current in the switch ­S3 Isw2 = I0 =
IG (1−D)
(2−D)
RMS current in the switch ­S2 Isw2 rms = √
I0
(1−D)
Avg. value of voltage across the switch ­S2 Vsw2 = VG = (1−D)
V
(2−D) 0
Avg. current through the switch ­S3 Isw3 = (1 − D)IG
RMS current through the switch ­S3
√
Isw3 rms = IG (1 − D)
Voltage across the switch ­S3 Vsw3 = VG =
V0 (1−D)
(2−D)
Output voltage (­ V0) V0 =
VG (2−D)
(1−D)

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

Power loss in the diode due to forward voltage drop

(22)
( )
PD = VF iD1(avg) + iD2(avg) + iD3(avg) + iD4(avg)

Power loss in inductor is calculated as:

PL = I2L(rms) rL (23)

Power loss in the capacitors is calculated as below:

PC = I2C(rms) rC + I2C0(rms) rC0 (24)

Losses model of DIDC converter

PT = PSW + PD + PL + PC (25)
Total power semiconductor losses in DIDC converter and the distribution of losses is
shown in Fig. 4 is calculated using the equations from [20–22, 28–30]. Switch and diode
losses participate significantly in calculating the efficiency of the converter. By selecting
suitable switching frequency and selection of switch the losses is reduced considerably.
As PV acts as the main source in the energy harvesting system discussed, switch ­S2 and
diode ­D4 plays a major role in charging the battery and switch S ­ 3 in discharging the battery.
Switch ­S1 is the main switch to convert the energy and its complementary operation is seen
in diode ­D3.Predominant losses which occur in switch S ­ 2 and diode D ­ 4 can be minimized
with the suitable energy management control which can be extended as future work of this
paper.

3.2 Comparative analysis

DIDC converter is proved superior to the existing DC–DC converter with numerous inputs
with better performance in the comparison. Only one main switch in DIDC converter as
shown reduces the complexity and the converter is more compact with only one inductor
than the converters [11–13, 15, 16] as shown in Table 2.
The graph shown in Fig. 5 shows that DIDC converter has less components compared to
existing topologies [12, 13, 15]. Therefore reduced driver circuits to turn on the switches,
makes DIDC compact and cheaper. Parameters chosen for comparison are number of uni-
directional switches, diodes, inductors, total number of components in the converters and
the output voltage.

Fig. 4  Losses distribution

between switches and diodes

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 A. Lavanya et al.

Table 2  Comparison of existing and DIDC converter

References Switch Count Diode Count Induc- Capaci- Total Output voltage
tor tor component
Count Count count

DIDC proposed 3 4 1 2 10 V0 =
VPV (2−D1 −D3 )+Vb D3
(1−D1 )
[10] 4 4 2 1 11 V0 =
V1 −Vb (D1 −D3 )
(1−D1 )
[11] 4 4 2 2 12 V0 =
V1 (1−D3 )−V2 (D1 D2 )
(1−D1 )(1−D2 )
[12] 6 – 3 3 12 V0 =
V1
(1−D2 )
[13] 2 8 3 3 16 V0 =
V1 D1
+
V2 D2
(2−D2 ) (2−D1 )(2−D2 )
[14] 2 3 2 4 11 ∑ n
Vi
V0 =
i=1 (
1−Di )
.
[15] 3 5 2 3 13 V0 = V1 + V2 + V3
[16] 2 4 2 5 13 V0 =
3V1
=
3V2
(1−D) (1−D)

Fig. 5  Components comparison

of DIDC topology with existing
topologies

Fig. 6  Voltage gain of various

topologies

Figure 6 shows that DIDC converter has improved gain than the other topologies in
literature. With the input voltage maintained for all topologies considered, for various duty
ratio the graph is plotted. DIDC is better compared to other topologies, which is clearly
shown.

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

3.3 Reliability analysis

The purpose of reliability analysis study is to predict the life time of the components in the
DIDC converter as discussed in [22, 28, 29] for non-isolated converters. The various factors
influence the performance, failure rate and life time of the components used in the converter
like stress factor, temperature, losses, environmental factor, etc.
DIDC converter in this paper mainly designed for roof top PV system. The details regard-
ing the forecast of lifetime of the components in the converter is carried out in this paper. First
the power loss in every component is determined, secondly failure rate is determined, thirdly
total failure rate is determined and finally MTTF gives the predicted life time of DIDC con-
verter for PV EHS applications.
λ denotes the failure rate (failure/hours) with L for inductor, D for diode, π denotes various
factors considered the T denotes the temperature A is the application, Q denotes the quality,
E gives the environmental, S is the electrical stress, C is taken as the contact construction
value (failure/hours),T refers to temperature variable with HS for hot spot in (°C), C for case
temperature A is for ambient value, θJC junction-to-case thermal resistance θCA is between the
case and environment temperature in (°C/W), P ­ D the device’s worst scenario power dissipa-
tion (W), ΔT mean temperature change above environment temperature(°C), A is the radiating
exterior area of the case (in ­m2).
For roof to PV system the environment factor ground benign is chosen which a stationary,
controlled environment readily reachable for maintenance. General equation for failure rate is
given in Eq. (26).
λp = λb πT πa πQ πE (26)
Switches:
The failure rate model of switch (MOSFET) is
λs = λb πT πa πQ πE (27)

[ ]
1
− 1
πT = e
−1925 Tj +278 298 (28)

The junction temperature is calculated using the relation

Tj = Tc + Qjc Ploss (29)

fs [
Pswloss = I2sw (30)
]
Rds(on) + tr + tf Isw1 (avg) Vsw1 (max)
1 (rms) 2
� �
30 × 103
�√ �2
−9
Psw1 = DIG (0.077) + [44 + 43] × 10 2IG VG = 0.686 W
2

Tj = Tc + Qjc Ploss = 35 + 62(0.686) = 77.5

To determine λs:
λb = 0.012, πT = 2.63, πa = 8, πQ = 1, πE = 1

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 A. Lavanya et al.

λs1 = 0.256 × 10−6 FIT

fs [
Psw2 = I2sw (31)
]
Rds(on) + tr + tf Isw2 (avg) Vsw2 (max)
2 (rms) 2

λs2 = 0.658 × 10−6 FIT

fs [
Psw3 = I2sw (32)
]
Rds(on) + tr + tf Isw3 (avg) Vsw3 (max)
3 (rms) 2

λs3 = 0.1883 × 10−6 FIT

Diode: The failure rate model of diode:

λD = λb πT πa πQ πE (33)

πT = 1.3, πS = 0.6, πC = 1, πQ = 1, πE = 1

λD = 2.34 × 10−3 FIT

Capacitor: The failure rate model of passive components capacitor and inductor:
λC = λb πT πa πQ πE (34)

λC = 2.89 × 10−9 FIT

Inductor:
λL = λb πT πa πQ πE (35)

λL = 4.78 × 10−10 FIT

Failure rates of the switches used in DIDC converter analysis is shown in the Fig. 7.
Figure 7 shows the failure rate of the switches used in the DIDC converter is given
based on the equations [27–33] and for passive elements are given in equations [34, 35].

Fig. 7  Failure rate of switches

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Design of Novel Dual Input DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting…

Table 3  Intended parameters of Parameters Values

converter
Load power 100 W
PV voltage ­(VPV) 25–30 V
Battery voltage ­(Vb) 30 V
Inductor (mH) 3 mH
Capacitor (µF) 20,10 µF
Switching frequency (kHz) 10 kHz
Output voltage 90 V

Optimizing the switching frequency definitely reduce the failure rate of S ­ 2 and other
switches ­S1 and ­S3 has less failure rate therefore the reliability of the converter increases.
Calculation of failure rate shown above, using MIL-HDBK-217-F, proves that the DIDC
converter is best suited for renewable energy applications in IoT systems, telecom and
space systems.

4 Experimental results and discussion

A 100 W prototype of the DIDC converter results are presented. Parameters of the DIDC
converter used in the prototype are shown in Table 3. PV source and a battery source are
the two different voltage sources for experimentation. The specifications of the imple-
mented DIDC are as follows. ­VPV = 25–30 V, ­Vb = 30 V, P0 = 100 W, L = 3 mH, Co = 10 µF,
C = 20 µF, switching frequency = 10 kHz.
The test waveforms of DIDC converter functioning in duplex input mode from both
solar photovoltaic and battery source to the load, with almost three times more than the
input voltage is shown in Fig. 8. This also shows that the utmost voltage stress across the
switches and diodes are 1.5 times less than the load voltage. The suitability of the DIDC
converter considered has been assessed with resistive load scenarios. The practicability of
DIDC converter is established through the test results is presented and this authenticates
the theoretical analysis.

5 Conclusions

A new non isolated DIDC converter with duplex input and output capability for energy
harvesting system is designed and analysed. DIDC converter has fewer components and
reduced losses, are proved in the analysis. Gain of DIDC converter is improved than exist-
ing converter with minimized voltage stress across the switches as proved from the hard-
ware results. The flexibility and reliability superiority of the designed DIDC converter are
proved through power loss analysis, reliability analysis which is rarely dealt in literature for
testing. To validate the DIDC topology, hardware results are presented. This derived DIDC
topology is a promising concept for EHS in IoT wireless sensors network.

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 A. Lavanya et al.

Fig. 8  Test results a input voltage b inductor voltage c switch voltage d output voltage–time (100 μs/div)

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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 A. Lavanya et al.

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

A. Lavanya She received the B.E. degree from Madras University and
the M.E. degree from Sathyabama University in power electronics and
Industrial drives. She is currently working in the area of Industrial
drives. Her research interests include DC–DC converter and soft
switching.

Dr. R. Jegatheesan He received the B.E degree from Madras Univer-

sity and Msc (Engg) in Power systems from Madras University. He
completed his Ph.D in the year 1975 from IIT, Kanpur. His research
interests include large scale, Power system, power system optimization
and state Estimation. He is a life member of ISTE.

Dr. K. Vijayakumar He received the B.E and M.E degree from Anna-
malai University in Power systems. His research interests include
Power system: Deregulation, Modeling, Control and Operation, Opti-
mization, FACTS, Power Quality. He is a life member of IEI, ISTE.

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