‫ﺩﺭﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺣﯿﺪﮐﺮ ﯾﻤﯽ ﭘﻮﺭ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺷﺮ ﯾﻒ‬

‫‪ ۲‬ﺍﺭﺩﯾﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪۱۳۹۵‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺩﺭﺱ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﺭ ﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‬

‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‬

‫ﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﺮﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻀﻮﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﯼ ﺑﺎﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻀﻮﺍﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﯿﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮ ﯾﺒﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‬

‫ﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺑﯿﺎﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬

‫ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﻣﻬﻢ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎً ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﯽ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻫﺮﻋﻨﺼﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯼ‬

‫‪۱‬‬
 ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ :۱‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﻭﺷﮑﻞ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﮏ ﭼﻨﺒﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﯾﻢ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺭ ﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻣﺎﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭ ﻭﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﻢ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﯾﻢ ﭼﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺁﯾﺎ ﺷﮑﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﯾﺎﺷﮑﻞ ﯾﮏ ﭼﻨﺒﺮﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺘﯽ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﺯﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺎﻭﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻭﻉ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﮑﺸﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯﻃﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻭﺳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﺎﯾﮏ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﺒﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﻓﻬﻤﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺭ ﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﻀﯽ ﮔﻮﻥ ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺨﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﻓﻬﻤﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﺎﮐﺮﻩ ﻓﺮ ﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺒﺮﻩ ﯾﺎ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ ﻭﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴّﺎﺣﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪﺁﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻭﺁﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺭ ﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﺍﻗﺎﺩﺭﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺜﻼً‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﯼ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺗﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬

‫‪ Rn‬ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ ﺍﺯﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﯿﻢ ﻓﻀﺎﺭﺍﺑﺎﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺠﻬﺰﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﯾﺎ ‪ M anif old‬ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ‪ θ, ϕ‬ﺩﺭ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﯿﺐ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻪ ‪ ϕ‬ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺮﻩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﯿﺼﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﯽ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﻪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﻇﺮﺍﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺠﺰ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﺧﻠﻠﯽ ﺩﺭﺑﺤﺚ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﮐﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻪ ‪ ϕ‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 0‬ﻭ ‪ 2π‬ﺭﺍﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺎﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫ﭘﺮ ﯾﻮﺩﯾﮏ ﺩﺭ ‪ ϕ‬ﮐﺎﺭﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺟﺪﯼ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ x, y, z‬ﺩﺭ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ θ, ϕ‬ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪sin θ sin ϕ‬‬

‫‪۳‬‬
 ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪φ‬‬
‫‪θ1‬‬
‫‪θ2‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ :۲‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺒﺮﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= sin θ cos ϕ‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪= cos θ‬‬ ‫)‪(۱‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﮐﺮﻩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻪ )‪(θ, ϕ, ψ‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﮐﺎﺭﺗﯽ ‪ x1 , x2 , x3 , x4‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ θ, ϕ, ψ‬ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪x1‬‬ ‫=‪:‬‬ ‫‪sin θ sin ϕ sin ψ‬‬

‫‪x2‬‬ ‫=‪:‬‬ ‫‪sin θ sin ϕ cos ψ‬‬

‫‪x3‬‬ ‫=‪:‬‬ ‫‪sin θ cos ϕ‬‬

‫‪x4‬‬ ‫=‪:‬‬ ‫‪cos θ‬‬ ‫)‪(۲‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﭼﻨﺒﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﺎﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ ،θ1 , θ2‬ﺷﮑﻞ )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ n‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ‪ Rn+1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪x21 + x22 + · · · x2n+1 = 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(۳‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ n‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺑﯿﺎﻭﺭ ﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۴‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪:‬‬

‫‪x2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 0.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ x − y‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﺪ‪ y = f (x). .‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ y‬ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ y‬ﻣﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪۳‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﺣﺴﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻫﯽ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻋﻨﺼﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ g‬ﺑﺎﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ‪ n‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ‪θ1 , θ2 , · · · θn‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺮﻋﻀﻮﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭﻣﯽ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢ‬

‫‪a = g(θ1 , θ2 , · · · θn ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۴‬‬

‫‪۵‬‬
 ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﺭﺍﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻔﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪:‬‬

‫‪g(0, 0, · · · , 0) = e.‬‬ ‫)‪(۵‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻀﻮﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ‪ a = g(α1 , · · · αn‬ﻭ ) ‪ b = g(β 1 , · · · β n‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮﺿﺮﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ = ‪c‬‬

‫) ‪ g(γ1 , γ2 , · · · γn‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‬

‫‪ab = c‬‬ ‫‪−→ g(α1 , α2 , · · · αn )g(β 1 , · · · β n ) = g(γ 1 , γ 2 , · · · γ n ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۶‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫‪γ i = f i (α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ; β 1 , β 2 , · · · β n ),‬‬ ‫)‪(۷‬‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ) ‪a = g(θ1 , θ2 , · · · θn‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪a−1 = g(ϕ1 , ϕ2 , · · · ϕn ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۸‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ a−1‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍ ﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ a‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫‪ϕi := hi (θ1 , θ2 , · · · θn ),‬‬ ‫)‪(۹‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۶‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ‪ :‬ﯾﮏ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ‪ G‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺿﺮﺏ ‪ m : G × G −→ G‬ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ‪i : G −→ G‬‬

‫ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ G ،‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ِ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ U (1‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻋﻀﻮِ )‪ g = eiθ ∈ U (1‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮِ ‪ θ‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﯾﺮﻩﯼ‬

‫‪ S1‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪g(θ)g(θ′ ) = g(θ + θ′‬‬ ‫‪g −1 (θ) = g(−θ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۰‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ GL(2, R‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺍ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 1+θ‬‬ ‫‪θ2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪g ∈ GL(2, R), −→ g(θ1 , θ2 , θ3 , θ4 ) = ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۱‬‬
‫‪θ3‬‬ ‫‪1 + θ4‬‬

‫ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ‪ R4‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ (1 + θ1 )(1 + θ4 ) − θ2 θ3 = 0‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﯽ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺩﺭ ﻭﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮎ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﻁ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬‬
 ‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ SL(2, R‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ x0 + x3‬‬ ‫‪x1 + x2 ‬‬
‫‪g ∈ SL(2, R) −→ g = ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۲‬‬
‫‪x1 − x2‬‬ ‫‪x0 − x3‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪det(g) = 1‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪x20 − x21 − x22 − x23 = 1,‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۳‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﺑﺒﺮ ﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪x0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪cosh θ‬‬

‫‪x1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪sinh θ cos α‬‬

‫‪x2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪sinh θ sin α cos β‬‬

‫= ‪x3‬‬ ‫‪sinh θ sin α sin β.‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۴‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (13‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﯾﮏ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﯽ ﮔﻮﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ SU (2‬ﻧﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b   x0 + ix3‬‬ ‫‪x1 − ix2 ‬‬
‫‪g ∈ SU (2) −→ g = ‬‬ ‫‪≡‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۵‬‬
‫∗‪−b‬‬ ‫∗‪a‬‬ ‫‪−x1 − ix2‬‬ ‫‪x0 − ix3‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ det(g) = 1‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪x20 + x21 + x22 + x23 = 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۶‬‬

‫‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ SU (2‬ﮐﺮﻩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﮐﺮ ﻭﯼ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻥ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭﺁﻥ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ ﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﺑﻒ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪.SO(n, R‬‬

‫ﺩﻭ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ‪SU (n).‬‬

‫ﺳﻪ ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ‪SP (2n, R).‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ‬ ‫‪۴‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ‪ A‬ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﻭﺧﻄﯽ ‪ [ , ] : A × A −→ A‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮﺻﺪﻕ ﮐﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[x, y] = −[y, x‬‬

‫‪[[x, y], z] + [[y, z], x] + [[z, x], y] = 0.‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۷‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﮐﻮﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹‬‬
 ‫ﯾﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﺧﻄﯽ )‪ (bilinear‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‪[αx+y, z] = α[x, z]+[y, z]:‬‬

‫ﻭ ]‪.[x, αy + z] = α[x, y] + [y, z‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ‪ A‬ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ )ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ )ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ( ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ‪ A‬ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ } ‪ {e1 , e2 , · · · en‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯﻓﻀﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ] ‪ [ei , ej‬ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪k‬‬
‫‪[ei , ej ] = fij‬‬ ‫‪ek .‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۸‬‬

‫‪ fij‬ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺟﺒﺮﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ] ‪ ، [ei , ej ] = −[ej , ei‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﺩﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﮐﻮﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﯾﺮﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪m n‬‬ ‫‪m n‬‬ ‫‪m n‬‬

‫‪fij‬‬ ‫‪fmk + fjk‬‬ ‫‪fmi + fki‬‬ ‫‪fmj = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۹‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ‬ ‫‪۱.۴‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ‪ R3‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‬

‫‪[⃗r, r⃗′ ] := ⃗r × r⃗′ .‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۰‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯽ ‪ n‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ )‪ Mn (R‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪[a, b] = ab − ba.‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۱‬‬

‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮏ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻓﺎﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮐﺮ ﻭﺷﻪ ﭘﻮﺁﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫∑‬‫‪n‬‬
‫‪∂f ∂g‬‬ ‫‪∂f ∂g‬‬
‫=‪[f, g](p, q) ≡ {f, g} :‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۲‬‬
‫‪i=1‬‬
‫‪∂qi ∂pi‬‬ ‫‪∂pi ∂qi‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺁﯾﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ؟ ﺁ ﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎ ‪ n × n‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺁﯾﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺩﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ؟ ﺁ ﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎ ‪ n × n‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺁﯾﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺩﻫﺮﻣﯿﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ؟ ﺁ ﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎ ‪ n × n‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ‬ ‫‪۵‬‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ‪ a = g(α1 , · · · αn‬ﻭ ) ‪ b = g(β 1 , · · · β n‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮﺿﺮﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ) ‪ c = g(γ1 , γ2 , · · · γn‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‬

‫‪ab = c‬‬ ‫‪−→ g(α1 , α2 , · · · αn )g(β 1 , · · · β n ) = g(γ 1 , γ 2 , · · · γ n ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۳‬‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪ γ i‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪ αi‬ﻭ ‪ β i‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬

‫‪γ i = f i (α1 , α2 , · · · αn , β 1 , β 2 , · · · β n ).‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۴‬‬

‫‪۱۱‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻭﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (5‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ f i‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﺯﯾﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪f i (0, 0, · · · , 0; β 1 , β 2 , · · · β n ) = β i ,‬‬

‫‪f i (α1 , α2 , · · · αn ; 0, 0, ·0) = αi .‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۵‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ αi‬ﻭ ‪ β i‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ γ i‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ‪ γ i‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪ αi‬ﻭ ‪ β i‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪γ i = αi + β i + Cjk‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪αj β k + · · · .‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۶‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻗﯿﻮﺩِ ‪ 25‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺰ ﻭﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ‪ αi αj‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ ﺷﺮﻁ‬

‫)‪ (25‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ ﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﯽ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﺑﺴﯿﺎﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺮﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍﺣﻮﻝ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪a‬‬ ‫‪I + αi Ti + αi αj Tij + · · · ,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪b‬‬ ‫‪I + β i Ti + β i β j Tij + · · · ,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪c‬‬ ‫‪I + γ i Ti + γ i γ j Tij + · · · ,‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۷‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﺯﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﺟﻤﻊ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ ﻭ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ Tij‬ﻫﺎﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫‪.Tij = Tji‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )؟؟( ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺩﺭﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪(I + αi Ti + αi αj Tij + · · ·)(I + β i Ti + β i β j Tij + · · ·) = (I + γ i Ti + γ i γ j Tij + · · ·).‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۸‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻂ )‪ (26‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (28‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Tjk = Tj Tk − Cjk‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪Ti .‬‬ ‫)‪(۲۹‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﻭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ Tjk‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ Tj‬ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻏﯿﺮﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ j, k‬ﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ‪ Tjk = Tkj‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫‪Tj Tk − Tk Tj = (Cjk‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪− Ckj‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪)Ti ,‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۰‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪[Tj , Tk ] = fjk‬‬ ‫‪Ti .‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۱‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ fjk‬ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ]‪ [a, b‬ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﻀﮕﺮﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ‪ ab − ba‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﺩﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (29‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﻭﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺍﺗﺎﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺪﻫﯿﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﻫﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ Ti‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (31‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﻀﮕﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺴﻂ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﯾﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪ θ1 , · · · θn‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 i j‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪g(θ1 , θ2 , · · · θn ) = I + θi Ti +‬‬ ‫· · · ‪θ θ Tij + θi θj θk Tijk +‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۲‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬ ‫!‪3‬‬

‫‪۱۳‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﯾﮏ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫)‪∂g(θ‬‬
‫= ‪Ti‬‬ ‫‪|θ=0 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۳‬‬
‫‪∂θi‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ‪ Ti‬ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺧﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻩ )‪ g(0, · · · θi · · · 0‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻣﯽ‬

‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ Ti‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ‪ θi‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (3‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻼً ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭ ﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎﺕ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ِ ‪ θi‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ θi′‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ‪ Ti′‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺟﺰ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺵ ﻫﻢ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﮐﻪ‬

‫‪∂g‬‬ ‫‪∂j‬‬ ‫‪∂g‬‬

‫= ‪Ti′‬‬ ‫‪|=0 = ′i |=0‬‬ ‫‪|=0 = Sij Tj ,‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۴‬‬
‫‪∂ ′i‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪∂j‬‬

‫=‪ .Sij :‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫‪∂j‬‬
‫‪∂ ′i‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪|=0‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﯾﮏ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ g = eΦ‬ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ‪ Φi‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ‪ Φi‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺭ ﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬

‫‪۱۴‬‬
 ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪θ1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪θ2‬‬

‫) ‪Te ( G‬‬

‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫‪Tn‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ T1 :۳‬ﻭ ‪ T2‬ﺩﻭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ(‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ )ﺷﮑﻞ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻭ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻫﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪g ≈ I + ϵi Ti‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۵‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ ϵi‬ﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ϵi‬‬

‫ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ g‬ﻋﻀﻮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ‪ G‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻀﻮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ‪ G‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬

‫‪g N = (I + ϵi Ti )N ∈ G.‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۶‬‬

‫‪θi‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ،θi‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ N‬ﺭﺍﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭﺑﺰ ﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫‪θi‬‬
‫= ‪ ϵi‬ﺑﺎﻫﺮﺩﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ )‪ (35‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ) ‪، (θ1 , · · · θn‬‬

‫‪θi‬‬
‫‪lim (I +‬‬ ‫‪T i )N ∈ G‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۷‬‬
‫∞→‪N −‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫‪۱۵‬‬
 ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ :۴‬ﻫﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ g‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮ ﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ) ‪(θ1 , · · · θn‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪eθ‬‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬
‫‪∈ G.‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۸‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ g ≡ eθ‬ﻋﻀﻮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ‪ G‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ؟؟ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ g‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ g2 ،g1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ gN‬ﺭﺍ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮ ﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢ‬

‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫‪g = g(gN‬‬ ‫‪gN )(gN‬‬ ‫‪−1 gN −1 )(gN −2 gN −2 ) · · · (g3 g3 )(g2 g2 )(g1 g1 )e.‬‬ ‫)‪(۳۹‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫‪g = (ggN‬‬ ‫‪)(gN gN‬‬ ‫‪−1 )(gN −1 gN −2 ) · · · (g3 g2 )(g2 g1 )g1 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۰‬‬

‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ ) .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ g1‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ‪ g2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪ g1−1‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ‪ g2 −1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ g2 g2−1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪ g2 g1−1‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪ ϵi‬ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪gi gi−1‬‬ ‫‪≈ I + ϵi Ti = eϵ‬‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬
‫)‪(۴۱‬‬

‫‪۱۶‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﻢ‬

‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪Ti ϵ′i Ti‬‬
‫‪(gi gi−1‬‬ ‫‪)(gi−1 gi−2‬‬ ‫‪) = eϵ‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻂ ‪ Cambell − Baker − Hausdorf‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪eA eB = eA+B+ 2 [A,B]+ 12 [A,[A,B]]+··· .‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۳‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ِ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﻀﮕﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ‬

‫”‪ eϵ‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ϵ”i‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ‪ ϵi‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ ϵ′i‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪِ ∞ →‪ N −‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪Ti‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪g = eΦ‬‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۴‬‬

‫ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ‬ ‫‪۷‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺩﺭﺱ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﯾﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ g(1, 2, · · · n‬ﺭﺍﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪،‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪g(1, 2, · · · , n) = I + iTi +‬‬ ‫· · · ‪ijTij +‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۵‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ Ti‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﻭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪g(1, 2, · · · n) = e iTi .‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۶‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻂ )‪ (45‬ﻭ ﯾﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬
 ‫‪∂g‬‬
‫=‪Ti :‬‬ ‫‪|=0 ,‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۷‬‬
‫‪∂i‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﺣﺮ ﻭﻑ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪ U (n‬ﺭﺍﺑﺎ ‪ u(n‬ﻭﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ‬

‫)‪ SO(n‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ )‪ so(n‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﺨﺶ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ )‪so(n‬‬ ‫‪۱.۷‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ )‪ g ∈ SO(n‬ﻋﻀﻮﯼ ﺍﺯﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ g ≈ I + L‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪ g‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ L‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﭘﺎﺩﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ‬

‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺩﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪Mij = Eij − Eji‬‬ ‫‪i < j,‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۸‬‬

‫ﻭﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ‪ g‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫· · · ‪g = I + θij Mij +‬‬ ‫)‪(۴۹‬‬

‫‪ Mij‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ )‪ so(n‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭ ﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪[Mij , Mkl ] = δjk Mil + δli Mkj − δik Mjl − δlj Mki .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۰‬‬

‫‪۱۸‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ )‪ so(n‬ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ‪ n(n + 1)/2‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ )‪ so(3‬ﯾﮏ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‬

‫‪J1 := M23 ,‬‬ ‫‪J2 := M31 ,‬‬ ‫‪J3 := M12 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۱‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺭ ﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺩﺭﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪[J1 , J2 ] = −J3 ,‬‬ ‫‪[J2 , J3 ] = −J1 ,‬‬ ‫‪[J3 , J1 ] = −J2 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۲‬‬

‫ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ )‪su(2‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺩﻫﺮﻣﯿﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺩّ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫=‪T1 :‬‬ ‫‪σ1 ,‬‬ ‫=‪T2 :‬‬ ‫‪σ2 ,‬‬ ‫=‪T3 :‬‬ ‫‪σ3 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۳‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺭ ﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪[T1 , T2 ] = −T3 ,‬‬ ‫‪[T2 , T3 ] = −T1 ,‬‬ ‫‪[T3 , T1 ] = −T2 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۴‬‬

‫ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ )‪sl(2, R‬‬ ‫‪۳.۷‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺩّ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1 0 1 ‬‬ ‫‪1 0 1 ‬‬ ‫‪1 1 0 ‬‬
‫=‪S1 :‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‪S2 :‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‪S3 :‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۵‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 0‬‬ ‫‪−1 0‬‬ ‫‪0 −1‬‬

‫‪۱۹‬‬
 ‫ﺭ ﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪[S1 , S2 ] = −S3 ,‬‬ ‫‪[S2 , S3 ] = −S1 ,‬‬ ‫‪[S3 , S1 ] = S2 .‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۶‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﻟﯽ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﯽ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺰﺁﺷﻨﺎﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻼً ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺴﯿﺮﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺠﺎﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﻭﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﯽ ﻭﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻟﯽ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭ ﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺭ ﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪،SO(n, R‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ )‪SP (2n, R‬‬

‫ﭖ‪ -‬ﮔﺮ ﻭﻩ ‪SU (n).‬‬

‫‪ ۸‬ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﯾﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ‪ M‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ } ‪ {U1 , U2 , · · · , UN‬ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪۲۰‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﻫﻤﻪ ‪ M‬ﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Uα‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ‪ fα‬ﺑﺎﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ‪ Rn‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺮ ﯾﺨﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬

‫‪fα : Uα −→ Rn‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۷‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ Uα‬ﺗﺤﺖ ‪ fα‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ) ‪ fα (Uα‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ n .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺮ ﯾﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪ Rn‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺳﻄﺢ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺮ ﯾﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪ R2‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺮ ﯾﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪ R3‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯ ﻭﺝ ) ‪ (Uα , fα‬ﺭﺍ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ) ‪ (Uα , fα‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻃﻠﺲ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ fα‬ﺩﺭﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ Uα‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ p ∈ Uα‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ p‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫) ‪1 , x2 , · · · xn‬‬
‫‪fα (p) = (xα‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬
‫)‪(۵۸‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﺁﻥ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Uα‬ﻭ ‪ Uβ‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫) ‪fα ◦ fβ−1 : fβ (Uα ∩ Uβ ) −→ fα (Uα ∩ Uβ‬‬ ‫)‪(۵۹‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (5‬ﯾﮏ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﺍﺯﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ p ∈ Ua ∩ Uβ‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮﮐﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪(xβ1 , xβ2 , · · · xβn ) −→ p −→ (xα‬‬

‫‪1 , x2 , · · · , xn ).‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬
‫)‪(۶۰‬‬

‫‪∂xα‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪∂xβ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺯﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﯾﯽ‬
‫‪j‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮏ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ H : M −→ N‬ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻠﺲ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ‪ m‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ِ‬

‫‪۲۱‬‬
 ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪Uβ‬‬

‫‪Uα‬‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫‪β‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬

‫) ‪fβ (Uβ‬‬

‫) ‪f (Uα‬‬
‫‪α‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ :۵‬ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ‪ M‬ﻭ ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ M‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ } ‪ {Uα , fα‬ﻭ ﺍﻃﻠﺲ ﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ‪ n‬ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ِ ‪ N‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ } ‪ {Vα , gα‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪p ∈ Uα ⊂ M‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ H(p) ∈ Vβ ⊂ N‬ﻣﯽ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ gβ ◦ H ◦ fα−1‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ‪ Rm‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ‪Rn‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ H‬ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ p‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﯿﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ gβ ◦ H ◦ fα−1‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ p‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫‪ (xα‬ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ )‪ H(p‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﺸﻪ ‪ Vβ‬ﺑﺎ ) ‪ (y1β , · · · ynβ‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﮔﺮﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ p‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﺸﻪ ‪ Uα‬ﺑﺎ ) ‪1 , · · · xm‬‬
‫‪α‬‬

‫ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﯾﯽ‬

‫‪∂yiβ‬‬
‫)‪(۶۱‬‬
‫‪∂xα‬‬‫‪j‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯﺧﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ H‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۲‬‬