Identifying Potential Business  Do you have the background and

Opportunities experience needed to run this

Needs and Wants: Business Opportunity particular business?
Basic needs are things that are essential for  Will the business be legal, not going
us and our wellbeing. These are the things against any existing or foreseeable
that we cannot do without. government regulation?
1. Basic commodities for consumption,  Is the business in line with your
2.Clothing and other personal belongings, interest and expertise?
3.Shelter, sanitation, and health Scanning Market
4.Education and skills-generation, Ed Crowley (2007) defined market scanning
5.Relaxation and leisure as the process of continually and actively
Wants are desires, luxury , and monitoring the external environment in order
extravagance that signify wealth and an to identify customer needs, anticipate
expensive way of living. competitive actions, and, identify
1. Fashion accessories, shoes, clothing, technological changes which will provide
2.Travelling around the world, new market opportunities or market
3.Eating in an exclusive restaurant, disruptions
4.Watching movies, concerts, and plays,
5.Having luxurious cars, Factors consider in Market Scanning
6.Wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, Pestle Factors:
7.Living in impressive homes POLITICAL FACTORS usually involve
Generating Ideas for your Business things that impact your business from a
Factors: government or legal standpoint.
1. Examine the existing goods and ECONOMIC FACTORS are financial
services. fluctuations that are typically out of your
2.Examine the present and future needs. control.
3.Examine how the needs are being SOCIAL FACTORS refer to the cultural
satisfied. norms and attitudes of your targeted
4.Examine the available resources around demographic and that of your employees,
you. partners, competitors, etc.
5.Read magazines, news articles, and TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS have a direct
other publications on new products and impact on the cost of doing business and the
techniques or advances in technology. efficiency of your business.
Selecting the Right Business Idea LEGAL FACTORS will directly influence the
Bautista (2014) stated that in screening your company’s operations of your service
ideas, examine each one in terms of the business right now.
following factors: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS refer to
 How much capital is needed to put up anything that can impact your business from
the business? an ecological or environmental standpoint
 How big is the demand for the
product/service? Do many people Analyzing the Market through Business
need this product/service and continue Analysis Frameworks
to need it for a long time?
 How is the demand met? Who are To make sure that the business idea that
processing the products/services to you want to establish and utilize is viable
meet the need (competition or and achievable, you have to study the idea
demand)? How much of the need is further to make sure that it will be feasible in
now being met (supply)? terms of the market, operations, and
financials. You can utilize different business help identify the business’s risks and
frameworks and methodologies in analyzing rewards. It is also a means of identifying the
your business ideas and opportunities. In internal and external forces that may affect
this module, you will learn about the business. It is helpful in assessing new
environmental scanning and some business business ventures.
frameworks and how these can be useful in
planning and managing your business. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES: These
Environmental Scanning: An Introduction refer to the internal factors, and these are
the resources and experiences readily
It is essential to conduct environmental available to the business proponent.
scanning to identify the needs and wants of
people, the niche for your business mission, • Financial resources such as money
and to give attention to the trends and and sources of funds for investment;
issues. This may also serve as an evaluation • Physical resources, such as the
of the type of the entrepreneurial activity company’s location, facilities, machinery,
appropriate in the community. and equipment;
Bautista (2014) defined environmental • Human resources consisting of
scanning as the process of gathering, employees;
analyzing, and dispensing information for • Access to natural resources,
tactical or strategic purposes. The trademark, patents, and copyrights; and
environmental scanning process entails • Current processes, such as employee
obtaining both factual and subjective programs, department hierarchies, and
information on the business environments in software systems, sales and distribution
which a company is operating (Bautista, capabilities, marketing programs, etc.
2014).
Environment in the community can be OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS: These
viewed according to its technological, are the external forces that affect a
political, economic, and social aspects. For company, an organization, an individual, and
instance, in the past, people in the those outside their control.
community used personal computers but the
transmission of development in terms of • Economic trends including local,
technology was interrupted because people national, and international financial trends,
were not satisfied with what they have today. developments in the country’s stock market,
They still look for the changes in their life reforms in the banking system, growth in the
and the corresponding in their environment. Gross Domestic Product (GDP);
The SWOT Analysis • Market trends such as new products or
technology or evolving buyer’s profiles,
The SWOT analysis was created in the including changes in tastes and lifestyle
1960s by business gurus, Edmund P. behavior;
Learned, C. Roland Christensen, Kenneth • National and local laws and statutes
Andrews, and William D. Book in their as well as political, environmental, and
book titled, “Business Policy, Text and economic regulations;
Cases.” • Demographic characteristics of the
SWOT, which stands for Strengths, target market such as the age, the gender,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, the culture of the customers;
analysis is an analytical framework that can • Relationships with suppliers and co-
help a company meet its challenges and owners; and competitive ideas
identify new markets. This framework can
 Before an owner can plan for its mind these simple rules for successful
business’ future, he/she must first evaluate SWOT analysis:
the business by identifying and analyzing
internal and external resources and threats. • Be realistic about the strengths and
The SWOT Analysis is a tool that can help a weaknesses of your business when
proponent by enabling him/her to identify conducting SWOT analysis.
and assess the internal and external forces • SWOT analysis should distinguish
that can affect the business. between where your business is today, and
where it could be in the future.
When used properly, this can serve as • SWOT should always be specific.
a guide for the company to attain success. It Avoid any gray areas.
is a guide to prepare for a new venture, • Always apply SWOT in relation to your
design business strategies, and identify competition, i.e., better than or worse than
areas of change and reform. The owner can your competition.
anticipate problems, including possible • Keep your SWOT short and simple.
solutions and take advantage of identified Avoid complexity and over analysis.
opportunities. The owner can maximize its • SWOT is subjective.
strengths and attempt to cut out its PORTER’S FIVE FORCES OF
weaknesses. COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
The Five Forces of Competitive Analysis
When drafting a SWOT analysis, was developed in 1979 by Michael E.
individuals typically create a table split into Porter of Harvard Business School as a
four columns to list each impacting element framework or a guide for assessing and
side by side for comparison. Strengths and evaluating the competitive strength and
weaknesses won't typically match listed position of a business organization.
opportunities and threats verbatim, although Under Porter’s theory, he identifies five
they should correlate, since they are forces that determine the competitiveness
ultimately tied together (Schooley, 2019). and attractiveness of a market and which
seek to locate the power in a business
After you create your SWOT situation, its current competitive position,
framework and fill out your SWOT analysis, and the strength of a position that an
you will need to come up with some organization may enter into. These five
forces help in identifying if new products or
services are potentially profitable. Once the
area where power lies is identified, then
areas of strength can be pinpointed and
exploited, solutions to weaknesses may be
proposed, and possible mistakes avoided.
THE FIVE FORCES

1. SUPPLIER POWER – it is important to

assess how much power the supplier has in
his ability to drive up prices. A supplier
recommendations and strategies based on enjoys this power if there are a few suppliers
the results. These strategies should focus on of an essential input and they therefore
leveraging strengths and opportunities to control the supply of that input. Another
overcome weaknesses and threats. Bear in source of power is how unique the product
or service is. The more unique the product,
the easier it is for the supplier to drive up the 5. POSSIBILITY OF NEW ENTRANTS –
price. In the same manner, a supplier who when investors see that a market is
has relatively bigger size and strength in the profitable, they will desire to join the
market enjoys the power of driving up prices. bandwagon and get a share of the profits.
The magnitude of the cost of switching from But when new investors enter a market, the
one supplier to another is likewise a factor share of the participants in the market will be
such that when the cost of switching is high, divided among more people and will
buyers of suppliers would prefer to stick out therefore decline, thus, eroding profits.
with one supplier, thus giving the supplier However, if barriers to entry prevent new
the power of raising prices. participants from entering the market,
profits will be maintained among the existing
2. BUYER POWER – if a supplier can enjoy participants.
the power to drive prices up, it is also THE IMPORTANCE OF PORTER’S FIVE
possible for a buyer to drive prices FORCES ANALYSIS
down. An assessment needs to be
made on how easy it is for buyers to
drive prices down. The small the number of
buyers in the market, the greater is the
power enjoyed by the buyer. Likewise,
the more important an individual buyer is to
the organization, the greater his power is.
The buyer’s cost of switching from one
supplier to another is also a determinant of
the extent of the buyer’s power to bring
prices down. If cost is minimal, then it
will be easy for the buyer to switch to
another supplier and bargain on lower It is a significant tool for organizations
prices of the input. to understand the factors affecting
profitability in a specific industry and can
3. NUMBER OF COMPETITORS/ help to form decisions on whether or not to
COMPETITIVE RIVALRY – the number and enter a specific industry, whether or not to
capability of competitors in the market will increase capacity in a specific industry, and
also impact on the attractiveness of the also for developing competitive strategies.
market. If competitors are numerous and
offer basically similar products and services, Under this theory, a business becomes
the market will be less attractive. Low more attractive, the greater the supplier’s
capability of competitors to meet the power to drive prices up, the less the buyer’s
market’s current needs will serve as an power to drive prices down, the less the
attractive opportunity for the firm. number of competitors in the market, the
more differentiated the product or service is,
4. OSSIBILITY OF SUBSTITUTION – when the less the substitutability of the products
it is easy to substitute products in a market, for similar goods, and the more difficult it is
it is expected that buyers will switch to for new entrants to participate in the market.
alternatives in case of price increases. The
suppliers will enjoy less power to drive
prices up and the market will be less
attractive.
MARKET RESEARCH
 Having accurate and thorough
information is a vital factor for the
success of a business venture
because it provides a wealth of useful
information about prospective and
existing customers, the competition,
and the industry in general. It allows
business owners to determine the
feasibility of a business before
committing substantial resources to
the venture.
 Entrepreneur Asia Pacific (n.d.) states
that market research provides
relevant data to help solve
marketing challenges that a
business will most likely face--an
integral part of the business planning
process. In fact, strategies such as
market segmentation (identifying
specific groups within a market) and
product differentiation (creating an
identity for a product or service that
separates it from those of the
competitors) are impossible to develop
without market research
RESEARCH DATA MAY BE DRAWN
FROM BOTH PRIMARY DATA AND
SECONDARY DATA:
1. Gathering data from primary sources
includes observation networking,
interviewing and experimentation. It means
that the person who needs the data does the
gathering himself or herself while gathering
data from secondary sources means that
somebody else has gathered the data and
you are a secondary user of said data.
PRIMARY DATA SOURCES INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
 SURVEYS - In survey research, the the entire population of your target
researcher selects a sample of market, so by carefully sampling your
respondents from a population and demographic it’s possible to build an
administers a standardized accurate picture of your target market
questionnaire to them. using common trends from the results
 EXPERIMENTS - This is an Business Jargons (n.d.) provides some of
experiment where the researchers the sampling techniques that you can
manipulate one variable, and employ are:
control/randomizes the rest of the 1. Random Sampling Methods: The
variables. random sampling is also called as a
 OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH - probability sampling since the sample
Observational research (or field selection is done randomly so the laws of
research) is a type of correlational (i.e., probability can be applied.
non-experimental) research in which a  SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING — the
researcher observes ongoing most commonly used sampling
behavior. technique, and truly random, this
2. Secondary sources of data are those method randomly selects individuals
that have already been compiled and are from a list of the population, with every
available like those from business individual having an equal chance at
directories, demographic data from being selected.
government or private agencies, existing  STRATIFIED SAMPLING — this
market research, and those from the method is a conflation of Simple
internet. Secondary data include: Random and Systematic Sampling and
 Public Documents is often used when there are a
 Books multitude of unique subgroups that
 Journals And Magazines require full, randomized representation
 Internet across the sampling population.
 Internal Data Bases  SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING — rather
SAMPLING than randomly selecting individuals
 If you are to generate primary data from a population, this method is
through surveys, interviews, or based on a system of selecting
observations, you have to identify your participants. For example, a market
research sample or the people with researcher may select from a list of the
whom you are going to conduct population every 20th person. While
surveys, interviews, or observations this allows for a controlled way to
with. You can rely on various sampling select from a target population, it
techniques and methods to try and may be skewed depending on how
capture as wide range as possible the the original list is structured or
various types of customers a client is organized.
hoping to glean feedback from.  MULTISTAGE SAMPLING – it is the
 As a market research tool for probability sampling technique wherein
entrepreneurs and start-ups looking to the sampling is carried out in several
better understand their target market stages such that the sample size gets
or research the potential for new reduced at each stage.
business ideas, sampling can be a real 2. Non-Random Sampling Methods: In the
benefit. case of non-random sampling, the selection
 It would be extremely expensive and is done on the basis other than the
time-consuming to gather data from probability considerations, such as
judgment, convenience, etc. The non-  The data processing cycle is a
random sampling is subject to sampling sequential one that starts with inputs
variability, but however there is no certain and often ends with interpretation of
pattern of variability in the process. results – however, many organizations
add two stages for feedback and
 JUDGEMENT SAMPLING – it is the storage:
non-random sampling technique
wherein the choice of sample items 1. INPUT – The first part of the data
depends exclusively on the processing cycle involves collecting data as
investigator’s knowledge and well as entering it and then preparing it for
professional judgment. the next part of the cycle.
 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING – it is the 2. PROCESSING – During the second part
non-probability sampling technique of the cycle, data is manipulated according
wherein a proportion of the population to Instructions and parameters programmed
is selected on the basis of its into the processing application.
convenient availability. 3. OUTPUT – The form of outputs includes
 QUOTA SAMPLING – it is yet another common variations such as results that are
non-probability sampling method printed or displayed on a computer
wherein the population is divided into a monitor.
mutually exclusive, sub-groups from 4. INTERPRETATION – Assessing and
which the sample items are selected analyzing results: What does the data
on the basis of a given proportion. mean?
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING – it is a non- 5. FEEDBACK – Comparing output with
random sampling technique wherein desired results: How can data be
the initial informants are approached processed better?
who through their social network 6. STORAGE – Archiving the data (either
nominate or refer the participants that physically or electronically) for future use.
meet the eligibility criteria of the
research under study. Thus, this
method is also called as the referral STEPS IN BUSINESS DATA
sampling method or chain sampling PROCESSING
method.
DATA PROCESSING  In a complete data processing
 After generating your needed data operation, you should pay attention to
from your sample, you can now what is happening in five distinct
process and analyze it. Lumen (n.d.) business data processing steps:
described analysis of data as a
process of inspecting, cleaning, 1. EDITING – What data do you really need?
transforming, and modelling data with Extracting and editing relevant data is the
the goal of highlighting useful critical first step on your way to useful
information, suggesting conclusions, results.
and supporting decision making. Data 2. CODING – This step is also known as
analysis has multiple facets and bucketing or netting and aligns the data in a
approaches, encompassing diverse systematic arrangement that can be
techniques under a variety of names in understood by computer systems.
different business, science, and social 3. DATA ENTRY – Entering the data into
science domains (Lumen, n.d.). software is a step that can be performed
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE efficiently by data entry professionals.
4. VALIDATION – After a “cleansing” phase,
validating the data involves checking (and
preferably double-checking) for desired
quality levels.
5. TABULATION – Arranging data in a form
that facilitates further use and analysis.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND
FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS
 Thus, you have to generate your
conclusions and recommendations
based on the data you have
generated, processed and analyzed.
These conclusions and
recommendations are critical in
determining success or failure of your
business venture. If an otherwise
excellent research is summarized by a
weak conclusion or recommendations,
the results will not be taken seriously.
 3. Create new knowledge through
researches about humankind and behavior
SOCIOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY  The study of society, patterns of social
ANTHROPOS: Human Being interactions, social life, social change,
LOGOS: Study of and social causes and consequences
ANTHROPOLOGIA: Study of Humanity of human behavior.
 The study of human beings and their  Sociologie = Companion
ancestors through time and space in  Ology = Study of
relation to physical character,  Family background, Social Classes,
environmental, social relations, and Belief, Gender, Traditions, Ethnicity,
culture Religion
FRANZ BOAS BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY
 Father of American Anthropology 1. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 Historical Particularism (approach to  pattern of relationships between and
understanding the nature of culture among individuals and social groups
and cultural changes of specific 2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
populations in a particular region  study of how thoughts, feelings, and
ETHNOGRAPHY behaviors are influenced by the real or
 Research method of long term- imagined presence of other people or
participant observation by social norms
BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY 3. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL  application of sociological ideas,
ANTHROPOLOGY concepts, theories and models to
 Study of the past and present address everyday problems or
evolution of the human species situations.
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4. HUMAN ECOLOGY
 study how people who share a  the study of the interactions between
common cultural system organize and human and non-human nature in
shape the physical and social world different cultures
around them, and are in turn shaped PROPONENTS OF SOCIOLOGY
by those ideas, behaviors, and AUGUSTE COMTE
physical environments  Positivism/Scientific Method
3. ARCHAEOLOGY EMILE DURKHEIM
 The study of the human past using  The Division of Labor in the Society
material remains. KARL MARX
 Communist Manifesto
4. LINGUISTICS OR ANTHROPOLOGICAL (proletariats vs bourgeois)
LINGUISTICS MAX WEBER
 The place of language in its wider  Bureaucracy (system of government,
social and cultural context, and its role ruled by non-elected officials
in making and maintaining cultural POLITICAL SCIENCE
practices and societal structures.  analysis and implementation of
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY systems of governance and its impact
1. Observe the common things among on societies
people (traditions, language, and others) BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2. Discover what make people different from PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
each other
 Academic discipline that studies civil  the power of an individual to change
service and governance society or form a new one
POLITICAL THEORY BELIEFS
 It deals with the accumulation of  specific ideas that society holds to be
principles identifying with the basis, true
structure, conduct, and operations of IDENTITY
the state  the set of perceived qualities that
PUBLIC LAW make an individual unique from the
 pertains to laws or ordinances which rest
control the framework of public NORMS
governance  rules and expectations by which a
POLITICAL DYNAMICS society guides the behavior of its
 an aspect of Political Science which members
are concerned with the relationship of POWER
different societal forces that dictate  the ability to influence others
political opportunities and actions. SYMBOL
GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS  anything that carries a particular
 gives importance to the regulatory and meaning recognized by people who
governmental function to corporate, or share a culture
business entities concerning the WHAT IS CULTURE AND SOCIETY?
national economy  Culture consists of the beliefs,
LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION behaviours, objects, and other
 It tries to explain the process, characteristics common to the
composition, and organization of members of a particular group or
legislature. society.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS  Society as the people who interact in
 includes inquiries into the nation- such a way as to share a common
states' foreign policy in their mutual culture.
ties on the various forces-geographic,  Culture and
technological, psychological, and society defined, culture consists of the
political that contribute to shaping such beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other
policy characteristics common to the
INTERNATIONAL LAW members of a particular group
 system of agreements and treaties that or society.
entails responsibilities of one state into MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
another 1. SYMBOL- it is anything that is used to
COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT stand for something else.
 discipline that studies and analyzes 2. LANGUAGE- it is a system of words and
the general structure of governments symbols used to communicate with other
of all countries people.
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 3 .VALUES- are culturally defined standards
1. Make people better citizens. for what is good or desirable.
2. Keep social order and harmony among 4. NORMS- it is a standard of social
different groups of people. behaviour that is expected of a person or
3. Protect the rights of an individual. group of people.
4. Avoid conflict and promote cooperation. 5. ARTIFACTS- are such valuable tools for
exploring the past and using them to
AGENCY understand the past.
CULTURAL ARTIFACT OR ARTEFACT is Barangay and SK officials involving the
a term used in the social sciences, locals in policy-making through
particularly anthropology, ethnology, and consultations.
sociology for anything created by humans WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT FILIPINO
which gives information about the culture of CULTURE AND SOCIETY?
its creator and users. CULTURE
HUMAN VALUES are essential in our life  the ways of thinking, the ways of
because they help us to grow and develop. acting, and the material objects that
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NORMS are together form a people’s way of life
rules or expectations of behaviour and ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
thoughts based on shared beliefs within a (MACIONIS, 2016)
specific cultural or social group. A. Symbols
SOCIAL CHANGE - variations or B. Language
modifications in the patterns of social C. Values
organisation of sub groups within society D. Norms
CULTURAL CHANGE - refers to all d.1. Mores
alterations affecting new traits or trait d.2. Folkways
complexes and changes in a cultures SOCIAL DYNAMICS
content and structure.  According to Panopio (2007), changes
DO WE CREATE OUR OWN IDENTITIES? in culture bring in society and human
 Our identities are said to be socially- beings; likewise, changes in society
constructed. and human beings bring change in
 According to the social-constructionist culture and politics.
view, one’s identity is formed through SOCIAL CHANGES
our interaction with others and in  the alteration in the structure or
relation to social, cultural, and political organization in the society, may it be in
contexts. (Rice 2021) status, class, etc. (Encyclopedia
HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE Brittanica)
INDIVIDUALS (IDENTITIES)? CULTURAL CHANGES
1. SOCIAL GROUPS AND NORMS  the modification of a society through
 the social groups that an individual innovation, invention, discovery or
belongs to also affect one’s creation contact with other societies (Merriam
and maintenance of identity as social Webster).
groups and their members practice POLITICAL CHANGES
specific norms.  the change in the governmental and
2. CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL political system of a state through
CHANGES/PHENOMENA transition of leadership, clash of
 events that happened in history have ideologies, etc.
been continuously shaping the society HOW CAN INDIVIDUALS INFLUENCE
and subsequently, the individuals in it. SOCIETY?
3. NATIONAL POLITICAL EVENTS 1. EXERCISE OF POWER
 Examples: 2. AGENT OF CHANGE
American-Filipino Relationship
ABS-CBNs shutdown after the denial of
franchise

4. LOCAL EVENTS
 Examples:
 replication of something
that is beautiful or
meaningful.
 Plato says that all art is
mimetic by nature; art is an
imitation of life.
 He believed that ‘idea’ is
the ultimate reality.
ART AS EXPRESSION OF
EMOTIONAL CONTENT
 Expression became
important during the
Romantic movement with
artwork expressing a
WHAT IS ART? definite feeling, as in the
ART sublime or dramatic.
 AR - aryan; to put or join  Audience response was
together important, for the artwork
 ARTIZEIN (Greek Word)- to was intended to evoke an
prepare emotional response.
 ARKISKEIN(Greek Word) -  This definition holds true
to put together today, as artists look to
 Arts/Artis (Latin) - Skills - connect with and evoke
Techne (Greek) responses from their
PHILOSOPHY OF ART viewers.
 What is art? ART AS FORM
 How do we determine  Art should not have a
what is defined as art? concept but should be
 the essential nature of judged only on its formal
art and its social qualities because the
importance content of a work of art is
 The definition of art has not of aesthetic interest.
generally fallen into (Immanuel Kant).
three categories: DEFINITION OF ART
representation,  Art is creation.
expression, and form.  Creating something new,
ART AS REPRESENTATION something original and
OR MIMESIS something different
 Plato first developed the  Art is life. It is creating life
idea of art as “mimesis,” on a material and making
which, in inanimate objects to have
 Greek, means copying or life.
imitation.
 Art is defined as the
representation or
 To create art is to give life 3) It expresses or describes
according to Ramon Orlina, collective aspects of existence
glass sculptor. as opposed to individual and
 The purpose of art is personal kinds of experience.
washing the dust of daily  The visual arts, like the
life off our souls. – Pablo other arts can function as
Picasso languages of praise and
 All art is but imitation of celebration, anger and
nature. - Lucius Annaeus protest, satire and ridicule.
Seneca  In other words, art can
 Art is the signature of influence the attitudes of
civilizations. - Jean Sibelius people in groups, affecting
 Art is not what you see, but the way they think or feel
what you make others see. and, ultimately, the way
-Edgar Degas they act.
 Art has the power to render  Advertising art is a common
sorrow beautiful, make illustration: its purpose is to
loneliness a shared influence collective
experience, and transform purchasing behavior.
despair into hope. - Brené PERSONAL FUNCTION
Brown  The personal functions of
FUNCTION OF ART art are often the most
PHYSICAL FUNCTION difficult to explain.
 The physical functions of  There are many types of
art are often the easiest to personal functions and
understand. these are highly subjective.
 Works of art that are  Personal functions of art are
created to perform some not likely to be the same
service have physical from person to person
functions.  An artist may create a piece
 Architecture, crafts such as out of a need for
welding and woodworking, selfexpression or
interior design, and gratification.
industrial design are all  They might also or instead
types of art that serve want to communicate a
physical functions. thought or point to the
SOCIAL FUNCTION viewer.
 Art performs a social  An artist is only trying to
function when; provide an aesthetic
1) It influences the collective experience, both for self
behavior of people; and viewers.
2) It is created to be seen or  A piece might be meant to
used primarily in public entertain, provoke thought,
situations; and
 or even have no particular  representation of our experiences, it
effect at all. demands attentiom.
ARTIST VS. ARTISAN
ASSUMPTIONS OF ART ARTIST
 assumptions - wised guess smart  a person who performs all forms of
guess creative arts. (art for art lang ndi
ART IS UNIVERSAL ibebenta) serves social function
 it transcend cultures, races, and blablabla. Were born that way (as
civilization. As long as human beings artist)
exist, art is feasible, alive and  NO FUNCTIONAL VALUE, WORK
dynamic. (it keeps on changing) ONLY FOR THE ENJOYMENT AND
ART AS A MEAN OF COMMUNICATION APPRECIATION.
 expressing their thought and feelings ARTISAN
that is through art like music, dances,  worker who practices a trade or a craft.
etc .These forms of art are utilized to (Gumagawa ng art para kumita) ex.
establish and strengthen shoemakers (natuturuan)
communication.
 ART is also used to call for unity and
reconciliation. And to communicate
mutiny and rebellion.
 Timeless because it goes beyond the
time of our own existence (it
continually evolves).
ART IS TIMELESS
 ART defines TIME
 style of directing and filming, the
clothing and bearing of the characters
etc. that would make the viewers
guess the period when it was
 TIME also defines ART identifies
artwork that would "click" in a
particular time for the particular
audience (trend). ELEMENTS OF ARTS AND PRINCIPLES
ART ADDRESSES HUMAN NEEDS OF DESIGN
 because it addresses needs of people
from all over the world. Gives you ELEMENTS OF ART
comfort (ex.bahay mo), entertainment  The building blocks or ingredients of
and education, which would somehow art. They structure and carry the work.
lead us to self-fulfillment and 1. LINE
satisfaction.  A mark with length and direction. A
ART IS NOT NATURE continuous mark made on a surface by
 because ART is man-made, NATURE a moving point.
is natural/evanescent (conctant  May be vertical, horizontal or diagonal,
transformation of change), beauty of curved, straight, zigzag, or show
nature, innate and silent. It is given, it emotion.
doesnt need/ask attention.  CONTOUR LINES- outline the edges
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE of forms or shapes
 GESTURAL LINES- indicate action  INTENSITY (also called chroma or
and physical movement saturation) is the brightness or
FORM dullness of a color. A color as we see it
 A 3-dimensional object; or something on a color wheel is at full intensity
in a 2-dimensional artwork that (bright).
appears to be 3-dimensional  When we mix it with gray, black, or
 Shows an object in space, the mass or white, it becomes dull. Colors also lose
positive space it occupies. intensity when mixed with their
 For example, a triangle, which is 2- complement (the opposite color on the
dimensional, is a shape, but a wheel).
pyramid, which is 3-dimensional, is a  Secondary colors are two primary
form. colors mixed together (green, orange,
 Form can be 2D violet).
 Form can be 3D  White is pure light; black is the
absence of light.
COLOR  Primary colors are the only true colors
 Consists of Hue (another word for (red, blue, and yellow).
color), Value (lightness or darkness)  All other colors are mixes of primary
and Intensity (brightness). colors.
 COLOR HAS THREE PROPERTIES:  INTERMEDIATE COLORS,
1. HUE: this is the name of the colors SOMETIMES CALLED TERTIARY
2. VALUE: refers to the lightness or COLORS, are made by mixing a
darkness of primary and secondary color together.
a hue.  Some examples of intermediate colors
2. INTENSITY: refers to the purity of the hue are yellow green, blue green, and blue
(called "chroma") violet.
 NEUTRAL COLORS - these colors  COMPLEMENTARY COLORS are
are made by adding a complimentary located directly across from each other
color (opposite on the color wheel) to a on the color wheel (an arrangement of
hue. Neutralized hues are called colors along a circular diagram to
tones. show how they are related to one
 TINTS - adding the color white to another).
lighten a hue  Complementary pairs contrast
 SHADES - adding black to darken a because they share no common
hue colors. For example, red and green are
 WARM COLORS: Red, Orange & complements, because green is made
Yellow of blue and yellow. When
 COOL COLORS: Green, Blue, & complementary colors are mixed
Violet together, they neutralize each other to
SPACE make brown.
 The distance or area between, around,
above, below, or within things.
 Foreground, Middleground and
Background (creates DEPTH)
 Positive (filled with something) and
Negative (empty areas)
VALUE
 Analogous colors are next to each  When all the elements and principles
other on the color wheel work together to create a pleasing
image.
 The feeling of wholeness or the parts
belonging together.
EMPHASIS
 The focal point of an image, or when
one area or thing stand out the most.
 Can be created through the use of
many different elements and principles
like...CONTRAST PROPORTION
COLOR
TEXTURE VARIETY
 The surface quality or "feel" of an  The use of differences and change to
object, its smoothness, roughness, increase the visual interest of the work.
softness, etc. CONTRAST
 Textures may be actual or implied.  A large difference between two things
 IMPLIED - texture that has been to create interest and tension.
simulated in drawing and painting on a PROPORTION
smooth surface  The comparative relationship of one
 ACTUAL - texture that you can feel part to another with respect to size,
with your sense of touch quantity, or degree; SCALE.
SHAPE MOVEMENT & RHYTHM
 An enclosed area defined and  A regular of elements to produce the
determined by other art elements; 2- look and feel of movement.
dimensional.  MOVEMENT - The motion created in a
 Shapes can be geometric or organic. work of art. Often uses the principle of
 GEOMETRIC: square, triangle, rhythm to achieve this.
rectangle, rhombus, circle, cone  RHYTHM - The repetition of lines,
 ORGANIC: free form shapes, shapes shapes, or colors to create a feeling of
in nature; for example: leaves, trees, movement.
animals 
"ART MADE AND PRODUCED BY
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN ARTISTS LIVING TODAY"
 What we use to organize the Elements -J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM
of Art, or the tools to make art.
 They are concepts that affect content WHAT IS CPAR?
and message.  Not restricted to individual experience
BALANCE but it is reflective of the world we live
 The way the elements are arranged to in.
create a feeling of stability in a work.  Events in the world having an effect to
 SYMMETRICAL BALANCE- the parts the Philippines.
of an image are organized so that one  Artwork that is created by today's
side mirrors the other. contemporary artists and has a world
 ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE view, and is sensitive to changing
 When one side of a composition does times.
not reflect the design of the other.
UNITY APPROPRIATION
 Existing artworks are appropriated to  Today’s artists work in and respond to
produce another artwork. a global environment that is culturally
 Usage of prints, images, and icons to diverse, technologically advancing,
produce another art form. and multifaceted.
 When art inspires other art.  Working in a wide range of mediums,
 Combines past from the present. contemporary artists often reflects and
 Revivesintereststo existing forms of comment on modern-day society.
arts.  Their art is a dynamic combination of
materials, methods, concepts, and
subjects that challenge traditional
PERFORMANCE boundaries and defy easy definition.
 Performance evolved to "emphasize CHARACTERISTICS
spontaneous elements of chance.” - 1. Bold strokes, bright colors
Walker Art Center 2. Expressionist and Surrealist
 Performance Art is art that has to 3. Art became public
acted out live in front of an audience. 4. Some artists were self-taught
This means that people have to be 5. Different materials were used instead of
watching. the
 Interpreting various human activities traditional ones
such as ordinary activities such as 6. Originality is not an issue in ConArt
chores, routines and rituals, to socially 7. Process is important
relevant themes such as poverty,
commercialism and war. DIFFERENT FORMS OF
CONTEMPORARY ART
SPACE 1. PHOTOGRAPHY
 Arts transforming space.  Known as “photographic art” or “artistic
 Flash mobs photography”.
 Art installations in malls and parks  It refers to an imprecise category of
 Site specific art forms photographs, created in accordance
 Art form that is performed and with the creative vision of the
positioned in a specific space such as cameraman.
public places  The basic idea behind this genre is
that the photographer aims to produce
HYBRIDITY a more personal – typically more
 Usage of unconventional materials, evocative or atmospheric –
mixing of unlikely materials to produce impression.
an artwork. 2. CONCEPTUAL ART
TECHNOLOGY  In conceptual art, the concept(s) or
 Usage of technology in the creation idea(s) involved in the work take
and dissemination of art works. precedence over traditional aesthetic,
CONTEMPORARY ART technical, and material concerns.
 Contemporary Art is a statement that  It means that the most important
an artist makes about life, thoughts, aspect of the work is the idea or
ideas, beliefs and many other things concept.
that define human life.  Planning and decisions are made
 Strictly speaking, the term beforehand and the execution is a
“contemporary art” refers to art made perfunctory affair.
and produced by artists living today.
 The idea becomes a machine that 7. GRAPHIC ART
makes the art.  Graphic arts depend their effect on line
3. PERFORMANCE ART and tone, not color.
 Performance Art begun in the 1960s  The main classical type of graphic art
and retain its popularity today. is drawing, which includes cartoons,
 Performance art is a drama-inspired caricature, comic strips and animation,
approach to art. as well as line drawings and sketching
 While the art form is performed by with pencil or charcoal, and pen and
artists (as the name suggests), it is not ink.
solely intended as entertainment.  Graphic art also denotes those art
 Instead, is goal is to convey a forms involved in printmaking, such as
message or idea. etching and engraving, including dry
4. INSTALLATION ART point.
 Installation art is a genre in which 8. POSTER ART
“ideas” and “impact” are regarded as  Poster art describes a general
being more important than the quality category of printed 2-D artwork which
of a finished “product” or “work of art.” is designed to be affixed to a vertical
 In here, installation artists are more surface.
concerned with the presentation of  Posters may consist exclusively of
their message than with the material images, or images and text.
used to present it.  Poster art is used by painters and
 A form of contemporary art, also printmakers, art publishers and cultural
known as Earthworks or Earth Art. organizers, politicians and
 This is a land-based interventions or propagandists, as well as commercial
artworks that has a variety of forms, firms, PR and Advertising Agencies.
from large-scale artworks like man- GAMABA (Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
made curtains reaching across vast Bayan)
stretches of landscape, the NATIONAL LIVING TREASURES
encirclement of whole islands in  In April 1992, the Gawad sa
colored fabric, and reshaped Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National
waterways and volcanoes, to simple Living Treasures Award was
lines of footprints in the earth. institutionalized through Republic Act
5. ANIMATION ART No. 7355.
 Animation art is a form of visual art  The NCCA, through the Gawad sa
that makes motion picture from a Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and
series of still drawings. an Ad Hoc Panel of Experts,
 Although twenty first century animation conducts the search for the Manlilikha
is dominated by computerized film and ng Bayan Awardee.
video technology, the creative figure MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN
drawing skills and draftsmanship of  A citizen engaged in any traditional art
cartoonists and graphic artists remain uniquely Filipino whose distinctive
an integral part of the process. skills have reached such a high level
6. COMPUTER ART of technical and artistic excellence and
 Computer art refers to any form of have been passed on to andwidely
graphic art or digital imagery which is practiced by the present generation in
produced with the aid of a computer, his/her community.
or any types of art in which the role of HOW TO BECOME A GAMABA
the computer is emphasized. AWARDEE
1. Must be an inhabitant of an people painstakingly piecing together
indigenous/traditional cultural the elements of this oral tradition
community anywhere in the Philippines nearly lost.
that has preserved indigenous MUSIC/DANCE
customs, beliefs, rituals and traditions ALONZO SACLAG
and/or has syncretized whatever  He campaigned for the use of local
external elements that have influenced costumes to school events and out up
it. creative presentations that helped
2. Must have engaged in a folk-art children learn folk songs.
tradition that has been in existence  He established the Kalinga Budong
and documented for at least fifty (50) Dance Troupe to ensure that the music
years. and dance of his ancestors are passed
3. Must have consistently performed or on to the younger generation
produced over a significant period, MASINO INTARAY
works of superior and distinctive  A Pala'wan of Brookes Point, Palawan.
quality.  He was awarded for his exemplary
4. He/she/group must possess a mastery skills in basal or gong music
of tools and materials needed by the ensemble.
art and must have an established  He was also recognized for his
reputation in the art as master and versatility as musician, poet, epic
maker of works of extraordinary chanter, and storyteller of the Kulilal
technical quality. and Bagit traditions of the Pala'wan.
5. Must have passed on and/or will pass  A member of the Pala’wan tribe,
on to other members of the community musician and epic chanter Masino
their skills in the folk art for which the Intaray was a master of the basal, a
community is traditionally known. gong music ensemble played during
LITERATURE rice cooking (tambilaw) and sharing
GINAW BILOG (tinapay) rituals, which gather the
 A Hanunuo Mangyan of Mansalay, community as they serve offerings to
Oriental Mindoro. Pala’wan rice god Ampo’t Paray.
 Awarded for faithfully preserving the SAMAON SULAIMAN
Hanunuo Mangyan script and  A Maguindanaon of Mamasapano,
Ambahan poetry. Maguindanao.
 He has promoted the local script and  He was awarded for his outstanding
poetry so that the art will not be lost artistry and dedication to his chosen
but preserved. instrument, the Magindanao kutyapi.
 The Mangyan script is one of the four  Kutyapi is a two-stringed plucked lute,
remaining syllabic scripts in the regarded as one of the most
country, and Ginaw Bilog’s work has technically demanding and difficult to
been crucial to its preservation. master among Filipino traditional.
THE AMBAHAN UWANG AHADAS
FEDERICO CABALLERO  A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan was
 A Panay-Bukidnon of Calinog, lloilo awarded for his dexterity in playing
was awarded for his mastery of Yakan musical instruments such as
chanting the Sugidanon, the epic the kwintangan, gabbang, agung,
tradition of Central Panay. kwintangan kayu, tuntunganamong
 He ceaselessly worked for the others.
documentation of the epics of his
 He has a deep knowledge of the  A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato,
aesthetic possibilities and social was awarded for weaving the abaca
contexts of those instruments. ikat cloth called T'nalak .
 In spite of the dimming of his eyesight,  She has produced creations which
he has devoted his life to the teaching remain faithful to the T’boli tradition as
of Yakan musical traditions manifested in the complexity of her
WEAVING design, fineness of workmanship and
DARHATA SAWABI quality of finish.
 A GAMABA awardee of barangay  TNALAK WEAVING
Parang, Jolo Island, Sulu province has SALITA MONON
preserved the art of Pis Syabit  A bagobo textile weaver.
weaving.  She gathered the reputation of being
 It is a difficult art of tapestry weaving the best weaver in her community.
that creates the traditional squares  She spent all her life weaving and
used by the Tausug for ornamentation. preserved the art of the bagobo.
 Darhata Sawabi’s mission was to lead EDUARDO MUTUC (METAL WORK)
young women towards making a living  A Kapampangan from Central Luzon is
out of her craft. recognized for reviving the Spanish
 PIS YABIT colonial-era craft of Plateria.
MAGDALENA GAMAYO  This self-taught master craftsman
 Based in Pinili, Ilocos Norte, found his calling in producing religious
Magdalena Gamayo took up weaving and secular art in silver, bronze, and
when she was 16, guided by her aunt’s wood.
patterns.  In doing so, and in his pursuit of
 She taught herself traditional patterns, perfection for himself and his
such as kusikus (whirlwind), marurup apprentices, he assures the continuity
(Milky Way), and sinan paddak ti pusa of this rich tradition.
(cat’s pawprint), building on the more TEOFILO GARCIA (CASQUE)
common inuritan (geometric design)  A GAMABA awardee of San Quintin
and sinan-sabong (flowers). Abra who have discovered and
 Gamayo’s skill and instinct are none popularized the durable Tabungaw hat
more apparent than they are in her out of enlarged upo or gourd.
ability to replicate designs she’s only  He hollowed out the upo / tabungaw,
seen once. varnished and polished it to make it
 Her expertise dwell in weaving high- more durable and unique yellow
quality Ilocos’ textile called Abel. sheen.
HAJA AMINA APPI  TABUNGAW
 Lives in Ungos Matata, Tandubas,
Tawi-Tawi,.
 She is recognized as the master mat
weaver among the Sama indigenous
community of Ungos Matata.
 Her colorful mats with their complex
geometric patterns exhibit her precise
sense of design, proportion and
symmetry and sensitivity to color.
 MAT WEAVING
LANG DULAY
RECREATION
 it is an activity done for enjoyment
when one is not working
 derived from a latin word “recreare”,
which means “to be refreshed”.
 Relating or denoting activity done for
enjoyment during free time.
 Personal satisfaction and enjoyment
 To be in touch with nature
 For personal pursuit
 Environmental
 Education
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
 It will help you to take a break from
monotony and diversion from the daily
routine
 are experiences or organized activities
that you actively participate in with
others.
 help you to take a break from
monotony
 It gives people the benefit of a positive  Prevents a person from having
change sedentary life.
 Provide source of joy and relaxation  It allows people to move
 Enjoyment 2. Psycho-Emotional Benefits
 Source of Joy  Helps people to rest, relax, de-stress /
 Relaxation unwind and feel revitalized.
LEISURE ACTIVITIES  Improves self-esteem, confidence and
 things that you do primarily for creativity
relaxation and pleasure.  Contribute to one’s personal and
OUTDOOR RECREATION spiritual growth
 Is an organized activities done during 3. Social Benefits
one’s free time for his/her personal  Family bonding
reasons.  Allows one to meet and interact with
EXISTENCE TIME others
 Is time spent for biological needs  Promotes stewardship
SUBSISTENCE TIME 4. Economic Benefits
 Refers to the hours spent for economic  Productive
purposes  Tourism / Eco-tourism
FREE TIME 5. Spiritual Benefits
 ALL the remaining time  can stir up spiritual values.
DIFFERENT OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL HEALTH – RELATED FITNESS
ACTIVITIES  is all about psychology, personal
LAND health and how activity influences us
 Mountaineering Trekking / Hiking as person.
 Camping Backpacking  This is important for anyone who
 Picnic Bird-watching wants to live a physically active
 Mountain Biking Rock Climbing lifestyle to support a higher quality of
WATER life.
 Swimming Diving  Fitness is a complex subject. In fact,
 Surfing Kayaking there are many definition and
 White water Rafting Sailing explanation about it.
 Fishing Bamboo Rafting  Health – related fitness speaks about
 Snorkeling the components of fitness, which
AIR composed our health condition.
 Parasailing BODY COMPOSITION
 Skydiving  is the percentage of body fat and lean
 Paragliding body tissue in an individual, Lean body
TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES tissue is composed of water, blood,
 Physical Activities skin, muscles and bone.
 Social Activities  From a health viewpoint, it is very
 Outdoor Activities significant to have a low level of body
 Arts and Crafts fat,
 Musical Activities MUSCULAR STRENGTH
 Drama and Theater  Strength is the ability of a particular
 Service Activities muscles or group of muscle to put forth
BENEFITS OF OUTDOOR force in a single maximal contraction to
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES conquer other form of resistance.
1. Physical Health Benefits MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
 involves the muscle in building a  Lack of Support or encouragement
number of continuous movements.  Lack of resource
 Muscular strength and endurance are  Lack of time
advantages in the capability to carry  Non-availability of physical activity
out daily activities such as lifting, area
carrying, pushing and pulling without  Bad weather
tension or unwarranted exhaustion.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
FLEXIBILITY
 is capacity of a particular joints such
as our knee, to move during a
complete range of motion.
 It is the ability of the joints to move.
 Each joint (location where your bones
join together) in your body is designed
to move in a certain way.
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE
 is the ability to exercise your entire
body for a long time without stopping.
CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
 It includes the heart, blood vessels and
blood.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 is made up of your lungs and the air
passages that brings air, including
oxygen, to your lungs from outside of
your body.
 Oxygen enters the red blood cells.
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
 refers to the ability to sustain effort.
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT ASPECTS OF YOUR
 These are test to assess the fitness of DEVELOPMENT
your cardio respiratory system. 1. Physical Self
 The test may be done in two settings:  Describe yourself. Try not to censor
the laboratory and the field. any thoughts which come to your
 The two types of laboratory test are mind.
the maximal oxygen uptake test (also  Include descriptions of your height,
referred to as the VO₂ max test) and weight, facial appearance, and quality
the graded exercise test of skin, hair and descriptions of body
BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES areas such as your neck, chest, waist,
PERSONAL legs.
 Lack of Interest 2. Intellectual Self
 Fear of Injury  Include here an assessment of how
 Lack of Skills and ability well you reason and solve problems,
 Lack of Motivation your capacity to learn and create, your
 Non-enjoyment of active recreational general amount of knowledge, your
activities specific areas of knowledge, wisdom
ENVIRONMENT
 you have acquired, and insights you connections to others, feelings about
have. your spiritual development and history,
3. Emotional Self and thought about your metaphysical
 Write as many words or phrase about self.
typical feelings you have, feelings you  Think about your inner peace and joy.
seldom have, feelings you try to avoid, Think about your spiritual regimen or
feelings you especially enjoy, feelings routine.
from your past and present, and
feelings which are associated with PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
each other. Growth/Development
4. Sensual Self BOYS
 Write how you feel as a sensual  Rapid growth of bones and muscles
person. ages 11 to 14
 What sense do you use most – sight, GIRLS
hearing, speaking, smelling, touching?  Rapid growth of bones and muscles
 How do you feel about the different ages 9 to 12
ways you take in information - through CHANGES OBSERVED
the eyes, ears, mouth, nose, pores, BOYS
and skin. In what ways do you let  Oilier skin and some acne
information in and out of your body?  Increase sweating especially
5. Interactional Self underarms
 Include descriptions of your strengths  Growth of pubic and underarm, facial
and weaknesses in intimate and chest hair
relationships and relationships to  Masturbation and fantasies about
friends, family, co-students and sexual intimacy
strangers in social settings.  Enlargement of testicles, erections,
 Describe the strengths and first ejaculation, wet
weaknesses which your friends and dreams,deepening of voice
family have noticed.
 Describe what kind of son or daughter, GIRLS
brother or sister you are.  Oilier skin and some acne
6. Nutritional Self  Increase sweating especially
 How do you nourish yourself? What underarms
foods do you like and dislike? What do  Growth of pubic and underarm hair
you like and dislike about these?  Masturbation and fantasies about
7. Contextual Self sexual intimacy
 Descriptors could be in the areas of  Breast budding, increased vaginal
maintenance of your living lubrication and the beginning of
environment: reaction to light, menstruation
temperature, space, weather, colors, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
sound and seasons and your impact GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT
on the environment. BOYS/GIRLS
8. Spiritual Self or Life Force  Dramatic shift in thinking from concrete
 Write words or phrases which tell to abstract
about how you feel in this area.  Appreciate hypothetical situation.
 This could include your feelings about  Ability to think about future, evaluate
yourself and organized religion, alternatives, and set personal goals
reactions about your spiritual
CHANGES OBSERVED  Increasing conflict between
BOYS/GIRLS adolescentsand their parents
 Become more independent  Family closeness is most important
 Take on increased responsibilities protective factor against high-risk
such as babysitting, summer jobs, behavior
orhousehold chores LATE ADOLESCENTS (AGES 17-19)
 Shift their focus from playcentered  family influence is in balance with peer
activities to academics. influence
 Begin to consider future careers and BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT
occupations. GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT
 Begin to develop social conscience; BOYS/GIRLS
manifest concern about social issues  Shaped their identities
 Develop sense of values and ethical  Tried out their new decisionmaking
behavior, recognizing the importance skills
of traits such as honesty, helpfulness,  Developed realistic assessments of
caring for others them Gained peer acceptance and
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT respect (Ponton,1997; Jessor, 1991)
GROWTH/ DEVELOPMENT
BOYS/GIRLS COPING WITH STRESS IN MIDDLE AND
 Establish identity, new cognitive skills, LATE ADOLESCENCE
ability to reflect on who they are and STRESS
what makes them unique  is common among teenagers.
CHANGES OBSERVED  Recognizing stress and at the same
BOYS/GIRLS time learning how to reduce them are
 Different ways of appearing, sounding important life skills for Teenagers.
and behaving  It is the way your body responds to
 Increased social relationship challenges and gets you ready to face
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT them with attention, energy and
SOCIAL GROUP strength.
 Peers  It gets you ready for action.
EARLY ADOLESCENTS (AGES 9-13)  When you feel you can cope with
 Center of social world shifts from these challenges, stress gives you the
family to friends motivation to get things done.
 Peer group tends to be same-sex  But there can be problems when your
 Strong desire to conform to and be stress is greater than your ability to
accepted by a peer group cope.
MIDDLE ADOLESCENTS (AGES 14-16) WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF STRESS?
 Peer groups gradually give way to Source: American Psychological
one-on-one friendships and romances Association 2014 Journal
 Dating begins  For teenagers, stress may be caused
 Less conformity and less tolerance of by their academic worries, how they
individual differences can get ahead of school in times of
LATE ADOLESCENTS (AGES 17-19) Covid-19 Pandemic, looking after and
 series of intimate relationships begin to taking care of their younger siblings,
develop household chores, their friends, family
SOCIAL GROUP conflict, Facebook and online
 Family concerns, how they look physically,
EARLY ADOLESCENTS (AGES 9-13) bullying, discrimination, some financial
 and economic issues in the family, 20 to 23 Weakly Left-Handed
conformity with the peer groups, high 16 to 19 Moderately Left-Handed
personal expectations from parents, 12 to 15 Strongly Left-Handed
teachers and friends, and the like.
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF STRESS TO RIGHT BRAIN
TEENAGERS?  It controls muscles on the left side of
1. PHYSICAL SIGNS the body
2. BEHAVIORAL SIGNS  Sensory information from the right side
3. EMOTIONAL SIGNS of the body crosses over to the left
4. MENTAL AND THINKING side of the brain
How to Cope with Stress?  Damages in the right side of the brain
There are suggestions will affect the left side of the body
HOW TO COPE UP WITH STRESS? LEFT BRAIN
There are suggestions on how adolescent  It controls muscles on the right side of
cope with stress from American the body.
Psychological Journal (2014):  Sensory information from the left side

1. Get enough time for sleep. of the body crosses over to the right
2. Focus on your strength side of the brain
3. Engage in physical activity.  Damages in the left brain will affect the
4. Do things that make you happy. right side of the body
5. Talk to someone. BRAIN LATERALIZATION
 It is a complex and ongoing process by
THE POWERS OF MIND which differing regions of the brain
How to Determine your Score? "take- over" the functioning of specific
1) Count the number of LEFT, RIGHT and behaviors and cognitive skills.
EITHER responses  Lateralization literally means that
2) Multiply the number of RIGHT responses certain functions are located (in par or
by 3. This number = R total) on one side of the brain.
3) Multiply the number of EITHER responses LEFT
by 2. This number = E  Analytical thought
4) Add R + E + (number of LEFT  Detail oriented perception
responses). This sum is your score.  Ordered Sequencing
How to interpret your score?  Rational thought
Score  Verbal
33 to 36 Strongly Right-Handed  Cautious
29 to 32 Moderately Right-Handed  Planning
25 to 28 Weakly Right-Handed  Math/Science
24 Ambidextrous  Logic
 Right Field Vision 2. SIGNIFICANT
 Right Side Motor Skills 3. FEASIBLE
RIGHT CRITICAL RESEARCHER- HAS THE “3RD
 Intuitive thought EYES”
 "Holistic Perception 1. Seeks the truth from what he reads.
 Random Sequencing 2. Does not jump into conclusions.
 Emotional Thought 3. Treat opinions as opinions.
 Non-Verbal In determining how to narrow down your
 Adventurous topic, you need to be guided by the following
 Impulse selection process. Here are some guidelines
 Creative Writing/Art given by Baraceros (2016:38-39):
 Imagination 1. INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER
 Left Field Version  Being interested in a topic is usually
 Left Side Motor Skills due to:
a) richness of your stock knowledge about it;
b) familiarity of the topic; and
c) curiosity about an issue/topic.
2. RICHNESS OF AVAILABLE SOURCES
OR SUPPORTING EVIDENCES
 You must ensure that your sources
come from a wide variety of literature
such as books, journal, periodicals,
online articles, etc.
3. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE OF
THE TOPIC
 It should be timely, trending, and
trailblazing.
 A topic is relevant if it serves as an
instrument in improving the society or
if it answers or solves current issues.
4. LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT
 Aside from your interest, you must also
consider the alignment of the topic in
your track and strand.
 Remember that research is conducted
to contribute something valuable to a
particular area or discipline.
5. PERSONAL RESOURCES
 Prior to finalizing your chosen topic,
you must assess your research
abilities as a student.
 You may do so by taking your financial
capability, health condition, personal
qualifications and trainings as a
researcher, needed facilities and time
allotment into account.
TOPIC should be Here are the steps that will guide you trim
1. RELEVANT down your area of interest.
1. Focus on your track, strand or area of The following must be considered in
specialization. formulating research problem:
2. Recall the specific area, lesson, or issue 1. Type of the study
in your perspective field or strand that has 2. Directional or non-directional verb
piqued or aroused your interest the most. 3. Central phenomenon of the study
3. Generate an unsanswered questions or 4. Participants
an unresolved problem from your chosen 5. When (Time)
area or lesson. 6. Purpose
4. Assess the questions or problems based RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
on the five guidelines stated above.  A hypothesis is a TENTATIVE
5. Write your research problem. EXPLANATION or an answer to a
When formulating an effective research title, question about variables, their
take the following guidelines into relationships and the other facts
consideration: involved in research.
1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope  Generally, it means a guess or an
of the study. EDUCATED GUESS.
2. The title must be limited to 10 to 15  A hypothesis can be tested through
substantive words. Conjunctions (and, but, ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION to
because), prepositions (in, on, at) and prove how true or false it is (Cresswell
articles (the, a, an) are not counted. 2014; Russel 2013).
3. Do not include analysis of, study of, an Two Common Categories of Research
investigation of and the like. Hypothesis
4. The title must be in the phrase form. 1. NULL HYPOTHESIS
5. Avoid title that gives too much information  States the absence of relationship
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM between the independent and
 It is an explanation and presentation of dependent variable.
the context of the study in a very  It is a statement to DISPROVE THE
effective manner that acquaints the FACT that the independent variable
reader with the problem to be dealt (treatment, intervention or condition)
with. has an EFFECT on the dependent
1. It must drive an impact to emote interest variable.
from the reader. 2. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
2. It must be simple, clear, specific, and  States the relationship between the
related to the topic. independent and dependent variable.
3. It should clearly state the reason for 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
conducting the study.  pinpoints the benefits certain groups of
4. It should move from broad to specific. people will gain from the findings of the
5. It should state the current condition of the study.
research problem.  It must start from the most to the least
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM benefitted ones.
 It is a clear statement of an inquiry or SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE
gap that needs to be addressed STUDY
through a systematic approach.  states the coverage of the study. It
The statement of the problem has two parts: must answer the following parameters
1. General statement of the as much as possible:
problem/Objective
2. Specific research questions
  To identify research problem/
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK stimulate new ideas
 A conceptual framework serves as an  To improve a research question and
outline or a blueprint that you can hypothesis
follow in doing your research.  To determine what is known and
 Is a graphical presentation of concepts unknown about the topic of inquiry
or ideas on the basic structure or  To determine whether the study
components of your research needs to be replicated in a different
 It is presented in a flow chart, map, setting or different group of
diagram or narrative form. population
 When using a diagram, it is still a must  And so, because of that, review of
to include narrative to explain the related literature involve a particular
details. process which are:
DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Searching relevant articles;
 These are the key concepts and 2. Reading and analyzing research
terminologies used in the study. reports; and
 These are the terms which are: 3. Writing the description of the existing
 Unusual information on a topic in a manner that is
 acronym ethical and based on standards.
 not widely known  As you look for literature to
 ambiguous incorporate in your review, you
 It is an alphabetical list of important have to consider the following:
terms that you define that will help 1. State of the art ideas
readers to avoid confusion about 2. Presentation
different terms in your research. 3. Credibility of the author
What is a literature review? 4. Relevance of the article
 A literature review surveys books, 5. Citation
scholarly articles, and any other Here are the five basic criteria for
sources relevant to a particular evaluating information from any sources:
issue or area of research.
 It is an analysis and synthesis of
articles related to the research topic
being studied.
What are the Purposes of Literature
Review?
WHAT IS CITATION? 1.3 When the author’s work is not identified
 A citation are set of rules on how to and not revealed in the text, this is its
cite sources in an academic writing. citation format in MLA:
 Citation is referred to as, the way you 2. American Psychological Association
tell your readers that a certain material (APA)
in your work came from another  This citation style uses an author-date
source. system.
 It will give the readers the information  It is widely used in the Social Sciences
necessary to find that source again field such as Anthropology, Business,
(Turnitin, 2017). Communication, Education, Political
 A citation is required in order to avoid Science, and Psychology.
plagiarism (Swaen,2015).  It uses in-text citation in the text that
refer to an alphabetical list of
references appearing the end of the
work.
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of
THE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION publication in parentheses and separate it
1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find using comma.
out more about your ideas and where they 2.2 If the name of the author appears in the
came from. text, cite only the year in parenthesis.
2. Citing sources strengthens your work by 2.3 If both author and the publication year
lending outside support to your ideas. appeared on the text, do not include
3. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study. parenthetical citation.
4. It ensures the ethical and academic 2.4 If there are two authors, cite both name
honesty of someone’s work. every time.
5. It reveals the sources of information and 2.5 If the source of your Review of Related
knowledge. Literature has three (3) or more authors, cite
Styles of Citation used in an Academic only one author’s name plus “et.al.” and its
Paper publication year
1. Modern Language Association (MLA) 2.6 For citing a direct quotations (rather than
 It is widely used in the Humanities paraphrase), provide a page number in the
such as in the fields of English, citation in addition to the author and date.
Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy. 2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the
 It uses brief parenthetical citations in primary source and cite it directly rather than
the text that refers to an alphabetical citing the secondary source. If the year of
list of work cited appearing at the end the publication is present for the primary
of the work. source is known include it in text.
 These are the examples of MLA Style Meanwhile, if the publication year of the
of Citation when it comes to a Book as primary source is unknown omit it in the in-
a source of the researcher’s Review of text citation.
Related Literature. 3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is  It is a citation style that was introduced
cited in the paragraph, the citation using and published by the Chicago
MLA style is this: University.
1.2 When the author’s work needs to be  This style supports two styles:
identified in the paragraph, see the example 3.1 Notes and Bibliography
below. 3.2 Author-Date.
Synthesizing an RRL must:
 demonstrate a critical analysis of the
papers or sources that the researcher
collected; and
 show the ability of the researcher to
integrate the results of her analysis.
 Synthesizing a collection of RRL
combines parts and elements from a
variety of sources into one unified and
integrated entity.
How to synthesize a review of Related
Literature?
1. Digest the material and understand
the content of the sources.
 You need to determine and identify
concepts and its alignment.
2. Review and critically analyze the
sources.
 You have to read and reread the
context in order to fully analyze the
sources.
3. Synthesize the content of the
information that you have gathered.
 You have to develop conclusion based
on the articles within each topic.
 It determines the existence of any
reoccurring concepts or themes and if
any of these are in need of further
inquiry.
 A key element to make a good
synthesis of review of related literature
is the integration, which is about
making connections between and
among ideas and concepts.