UNIT-1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1. Base of Number System:

 Base of a number system is the total number of digits used in that

number system.
 Number system with base ‘b’ has its digits in the range [0 , b-1].
 It is also called as radix of a number system.

Base 10 Number System-

Consider base 10 number system popularly called as decimal

number system-
 Total number of digits used in this number system is 10 since it has
base 10.
 These digits are 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9.
 These digits clearly lie in the range [0 , base-1] = [0 , 9].

Base 2 Number System-

Consider base 2 number system popularly called as binary number

system-
 Total number of digits used in this number system is 2 since it has
base 2.
 These digits are 0 and 1.
 These digits clearly lie in the range [0 , base-1] = [0 , 1].
Important Note-

 It is important to note that-

 All the digits of any number system with base ‘b’ are always less than
‘b’.
 This is clear from the range [0 , base-1] in which the digits of any
number system lie.

Types of Number System:

1. Decimal Number System
2. Binary Number System
3. Octal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System

Number System Base Digits

Decimal Number 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
System
Binary Number 2 0,1
System
Octal Number 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
System
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Number System

Converting to Base 10-

A given number can be converted from any base to base 10

using Expansion Method.
 According to expansion method, if abc.de is any given number in base x,
then its value in base 10 is given as-

(abc.de)x = (ax2 + bx + c + dx-1 + ex-2)10

Explanation-

To use expansion method for conversion,

 Assign position number to each digit of the given number.
 Digits to the left of decimal are numbered starting from 0.
 Digits to the right of decimal are numbered starting from -1.
 Write a term for each digit as digit x (base of given number)position number
of digit

 Perform the addition of all terms to obtain the number in base 10.
 This formula can be expanded for any number of digits.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON CONVERSION TO BASE

10-
 Convert the following numbers to base 10-
1. (10010)2
2. (254)8
3. (AC)16
4. (10010.101)2
5. (254.7014)8
6. (AC.FBA5)16
7. (0.1402)8
8. (0.ABDF)16

Solutions-

1. (10010)2

(10010)2 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(10010)2
= ( 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 )10
= ( 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 )10
= ( 18 )10

2. (254)8
 (254)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(254)8
= ( 2 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 4 x 80 )10
= ( 128 + 40 + 4 )10
= ( 172 )10

3. (AC)16

(AC)16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(AC)16
= ( A x 161 + C x 160 )10
= ( 10 x 16 + 12 x 1 )10
= ( 160 + 12 )10
= ( 172 )10

4. (10010.101)2

(10010.101)2 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(10010.101)2
= ( 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3 )10
= ( 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0.125 )10
= ( 18.625 )10

5. (254.7014)8

(254.7014)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(254.7014)8
= ( 2 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 4 x 80 + 7 x 8-1 + 0 x 8-2 + 1 x 8-3 + 4 x 8-4 )10
= ( 128 + 40 + 4 + 0.875 + 0.0019 + 0.0009 )10
= ( 172.8778 )10

6. (AC.FBA5)16

(AC.FBA5)16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(AC.FBA5)16
= ( A x 161 + C x 160 + F x 16-1 + B x 16-2 + A x 16-3 + 5 x 16-4 )10
= ( 10 x 16 + 12 x 1 + 15 x 16-1 + 11 x 16-2 + 10 x 16-3 + 5 x 16-4 )10
= ( 160 + 12 + 0.9375 + 0.0429 + 0.0024 + 0.0001 )10
= ( 172.9829 )10

7. (0.1402)8

(0.1402)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(0.1402)8
= ( 0 x 80 + 1 x 8-1 + 4 x 8-2 + 0 x 8-3 + 2 x 8-4 )10
= ( 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625 + 0 + 0.0005 )10
= ( 0.188 )10

8. (0.ABDF)16

(0.ABDF)16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(0.ABDF)16
= ( 0 x 160 + A x 16-1 + B x 16-2 + D x 16-3 + F x 16-4 )10
= ( 0 x 1 + 10 x 16-1 + 11 x 16-2 + 13 x 16-3 + 15 x 16-4 )10
= ( 0 + 0.625 + 0.0429 + 0.0032 + 0.0002 )10
= ( 0.6713 )10

Numbers
In Decimal number system, there are ten symbols namely
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 called digits. A number is denoted by group of
these digits called as numerals.

Face Value

Face value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit itself. For

example in 321, face value of 1 is 1, face value of 2 is 2 and face value
of 3 is 3.

Place Value

Place value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit multiplied by

10n where n starts from 0. For example in 321:
 Place value of 1 = 1 x 100 = 1 x 1 = 1
 Place value of 2 = 2 x 101 = 2 x 10 = 20
 Place value of 3 = 3 x 102 = 3 x 100 = 300
0th position digit is called unit digit and is the most commonly
used topic in aptitude tests.

Types of Numbers

1. Natural Numbers - n > 0 where n is counting number; [1,2,3...]

2. Whole Numbers - n ≥ 0 where n is counting number; [0,1,2,3...].
0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
Every natural number is a whole number.
3. Integers - n ≥ 0 or n ≤ 0 where n is counting number;...,-3,-2,-
1,0,1,2,3... are integers.
o Positive Integers - n > 0; [1,2,3...]
o Negative Integers - n < 0; [-1,-2,-3...]
o Non-Positive Integers - n ≤ 0; [0,-1,-2,-3...]
 o Non-Negative Integers - n ≥ 0; [0,1,2,3...]
0 is neither positive nor negative integer.
4. Even Numbers - n / 2 = 0 where n is counting number; [0,2,4,...]
5. Odd Numbers - n / 2 ≠ 0 where n is counting number; [1,3,5,...]
6. Prime Numbers - Numbers which is divisible by themselves only
apart from 1.
1 is not a prime number.
To test a number p to be prime, find a whole number k such that k
> √p. Get all prime numbers less than or equal to k and divide p
with each of these prime numbers. If no number divides p exactly
then p is a prime number otherwise it is not a prime number.
Example: 191 is prime number or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √191
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 191 is not divisible by any above prime number.
Result - 191 is a prime number.

Example: 187 is prime number or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √187
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 187 is divisible by 11.
Result - 187 is not a prime number.
7. Composite Numbers - Non-prime numbers > 1. For example,
4,6,8,9 etc.
1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
2 is the only even prime number.
8. Co-Primes Numbers - Two natural numbers are co-primes if their
H.C.F. is 1. For example, (2,3), (4,5) are co-primes.
Divisibility
Following are tips to check divisibility of numbers.
1. Divisibility by 2 - A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is
0,2,4,6 or 8.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 2 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 2.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 2 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64575 is not divisible by 2.
2. Divisibility by 3 - A number is divisible by 3 if sum of its digits is
completely divisible by 3.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 3 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 3.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 3 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result - 64576 is not divisible by 3.
3. Divisibility by 4 - A number is divisible by 4 if number formed
using its last two digits is completely divisible by 4.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 4 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last two digits is 78
which is not divisible by 4.
 Result - 64578 is not divisible by 4.

Example: 64580 is divisible by 4 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last two digits is 80
which is divisible by 4.
Result - 64580 is divisible by 4.
4. Divisibility by 5 - A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is 0
or 5.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 5 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 5.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 5 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64575 is divisible by 5.
5. Divisibility by 6 - A number is divisible by 6 if the number is
divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 6 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 6.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 6 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result - 64576 is not divisible by 6.
6. Divisibility by 8 - A number is divisible by 8 if number formed
using its last three digits is completely divisible by 8.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 8 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last three digits is 578
which is not divisible by 8.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 8.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 8 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last three digits is 576
which is divisible by 8.
Result - 64576 is divisible by 8.
7. Divisibility by 9 - A number is divisible by 9 if sum of its digits is
completely divisible by 9.
Example: 64579 is divisible by 9 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 31
which is not divisible by 9.
Result - 64579 is not divisible by 9.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 9 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 5 = 27
which is divisible by 9.
Result - 64575 is divisible by 9.
8. Divisibility by 10 - A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is
0.
Example: 64575 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 10.
 Example: 64570 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 0.
Result - 64570 is divisible by 10.
9. Divisibility by 11 - A number is divisible by 11 if difference
between sum of digits at odd places and sum of digits at even
places is either 0 or is divisible by 11.
Example: 64575 is divisible by 11 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+5+5) - (4+7) = 5
which is not divisible by 11.
Result - 64575 is not divisible by 11.

Example: 64075 is divisible by 11 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+0+5) - (4+7) = 0.
Result - 64075 is divisible by 11.

Tips on Division
1. If a number n is divisible by two co-primes numbers a, b then n is
divisible by ab.
2. (a-b) always divides (an - bn) if n is a natural number.
3. (a+b) always divides (an - bn) if n is an even number.
4. (a+b) always divides (an + bn) if n is an odd number.

Division Algorithm
When a number is divided by another number then
Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Reminder

Series
Following are formulaes for basic number series:
1. (1+2+3+...+n) = (1/2)n(n+1)
2. (12+22+32+...+n2) = (1/6)n(n+1)(2n+1)
3. (13+23+33+...+n3) = (1/4)n2(n+1)2

Basic Formulaes

These are the basic formulae:

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab

(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab

(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)

(a2 - b2) = (a + b)(a - b)

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)

(a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)