Questions

Q1.

This method is used in an experiment to produce hydrated zinc nitrate crystals.

 pour 50 cm3 of dilute nitric acid into a beaker

 add a spatula of zinc powder to the acid

 add more zinc until it is in excess

 filter the mixture

 obtain crystals of zinc nitrate from the filtrate

(a) State why the mixture is filtered.
(1)
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(b) Describe how a pure, dry sample of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals could be obtained from
the filtrate.
(4)
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(c) This equation represents the formation of hydrated zinc nitrate in the experiment.

Zn(s) + 2HNO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) → Zn(NO3)2.6H2O(aq) + H2(g)

(i) In another experiment, 9.75 g of zinc is completely reacted with nitric acid.
Show that the maximum possible mass of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals that could be
formed is
approximately 45 g.
 [for Zn(NO3)2.6H2O, Mr = 297]
(2)

(ii) The actual yield of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals is 36.4 g.

Calculate the percentage yield of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals.
(2)

percentage yield = ........................................................... %

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1C, Nov 2023)

Q2.

(a) The diagram shows two pieces of apparatus used in a titration.

Give the names of these pieces of apparatus.

(2)
X ..........................................................................................................................................
Y ..........................................................................................................................................

(b) Give the name of a suitable indicator that can be used in an acid-alkali titration.
(1)
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(c) A student does a titration using sodium carbonate solution and dilute nitric acid.
This is the equation for the reaction.
Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O
The table shows the concentrations of the two solutions and the volume of sodium
carbonate used in the titration.

Use the equation and the data in the table to answer these questions.
(i) Calculate the volume of dilute nitric acid that the student would need to neutralise the
sodium carbonate solution.
(3)

volume of nitric acid = ........................................................... cm 3

(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas at rtp that would be produced
from the 25.0 cm3 of the sodium carbonate solution.
[at rtp, molar volume = 24 000 cm3]
(2)

volume of carbon dioxide = ........................................................... cm 3

(d) Describe a test to show that sodium carbonate solution contains carbonate ions.
(3)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

(Q06 4CH1/2C, Nov 2023)

Q3.

This question is about alkanes.

(a) The graph shows the boiling points of several unbranched alkanes.
 (i) Draw a curve of best fit.
(1)
(ii) Use the graph to find the boiling point of the alkane with 7 carbon atoms in its
molecule.
Show on the graph how you obtain your answer.
(2)
boiling point = ........................................................... °C
(iii) Explain the trend shown by the graph.
(3)
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(b) The diagram represents two isomers with the formula C 5H12

Explain why these compounds are isomers.

(2)
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(c) (i) An alkane contains 82.8% carbon and 17.2% hydrogen by mass.
Show by calculation that the empirical formula of this alkane is C 2H5
(2)

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of this alkane.

(1)
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(d) The equation for the complete combustion of one mole of an alkane can be represented
by

alkane + ZO2 → XCO2 + YH2O

Complete combustion of one mole of the alkane produces 308 g of carbon dioxide and
144 g of water.
X, Y and Z are the numbers used to balance the equation.
Calculate the values of X, Y and Z.
 [Mr of CO2 = 44, Mr of H2O = 18]
(3)

X = ...........................................................

Y = ...........................................................

Z = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1C, Jan 2021)

Q4.

The concentration of NaClO(aq) in a solution of bleach is found by reacting it with

hydrochloric acid.

The equation for the reaction is

An excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 4.00 cm 3 of bleach solution.

60.0 cm3 of chlorine gas is produced.

(a) Explain a safety precaution that should be taken when doing this experiment.
(2)
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(b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine gas produced. Assume one mole of
chlorine gas occupies 24 000 cm3.
(2)
 amount of chlorine = ........................................................... mol
(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of NaClO in 4.00 cm 3 of bleach.
(1)

amount of NaClO = ........................................................... mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm 3, of the bleach solution.
(2)

concentration = ........................................................... mol/dm 3

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q08 4CH1/2C, June 2019)

Q5.

Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of fertilisers.

Nitric acid is manufactured in three stages.

(a) (i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 1.
(1)

(ii) Give the meaning of the symbol

(1)
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(iii) State the purpose of the platinum catalyst.
 (1)
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(b) Give a chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen in stage 2.
(1)
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(c) (i) The equation for the reaction in stage 3 is

3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of nitric acid that could be produced in this
reaction from 11.5 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide.
[1 tonne = 1.0 × 106g]
(4)

mass of nitric acid = ........................................................ tonnes

(ii) Suggest what use can be made of the nitrogen monoxide gas formed in stage 3.
(1)
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(d) When copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid, copper(II) nitrate is produced.
The equation for the reaction is
CuO + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
0.200 mol of nitric acid reacts with excess copper(II) oxide.
A mass of 15.3 g of copper(II) nitrate is produced.
Calculate the percentage yield of copper(II) nitrate.
[Mr of copper(II) nitrate = 187.5]
(3)
 percentage yield = ........................................................... %

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1C, Jan 2020)

Q6.

(a) The diagram shows the apparatus a teacher uses to determine the formula of an oxide
of lead.

This is the teacher's method.

Step 1 find the mass of the reduction tube
Step 2 add some of the lead oxide to the reduction tube
Step 3 find the mass of the reduction tube and lead oxide
Step 4 pass hydrogen gas over the lead oxide and ignite the hydrogen at the hole
Step 5 heat the lead oxide strongly for 10 minutes
Step 6 keep passing hydrogen through the reduction tube until the tube and contents
are cool
Step 7 find the new mass of the reduction tube and its contents
(i) Give a reason why hydrogen is passed through the reduction tube until the tube and
contents are cool.
(1)
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(ii) Describe what the teacher should do next to make sure all the lead oxide has been
reduced to lead.
(2)
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(b) The teacher completes the experiment and obtains these results.

mass of reduction tube = 23.50 g

mass of tube + lead oxide = 28.64 g

mass of tube + lead = 28.16 g

(i) Calculate the mass of lead formed.
(1)
mass of lead = ........................................................... g
(ii) Calculate the mass of oxygen removed from the lead oxide.
(1)
mass of oxygen = ........................................................... g
(iii) Determine the empirical formula of the lead oxide.
(4)

empirical formula of the lead oxide ...........................................................

(c) The insoluble salt lead(II) chloride (PbCl 2) can be prepared by reacting a solution of
lead(II) nitrate with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction by adding the state symbols.
(1)
Pb(NO3)2(............) + 2HCl(............) → PbCl2(............) + 2HNO3(............)
(ii) Show that the maximum mass of lead(II) chloride that can be made from 0.0370 mol
of hydrochloric acid is
about 5 g.
[Mr of PbCl2 = 278]
(3)
 maximum mass = ........................................................... g

(Total for question = 13 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1C, June 2021)

Q7.

A student is asked to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid by doing a titration.

The student is provided with sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 0.350
mol/dm3

These are the first four steps in the student's method.

 use a pipette to add exactly 25.0 cm3 of the nitric acid solution to a conical flask
placed on a white tile

 add a few drops of indicator to the flask

 use a burette to add sodium hydroxide solution to the flask until the indicator has
changed colour

 record the volume needed for the indicator to change colour

(a) Give the reason for using the white tile.
(1)
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(b) Universal indicator is not a suitable indicator to use in a titration.

Complete the table to show the name of a suitable indicator and its final colour in this
titration.
(2)

(c) The student wants to obtain an accurate value for the volume of sodium hydroxide
solution needed to neutralise the 25.0 cm 3 of nitric acid.
Describe all the further steps the student should take.
 (5)
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(d) This is a summary of the student's results.

volume of HNO3 used = 25.0 cm3
concentration of NaOH solution = 0.350 mol/dm 3
volume of NaOH solution needed for neutralisation = 18.80 cm 3
The equation for the reaction is
HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH that reacts.
(1)

amount of NaOH = ........................................................... mol

(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of HNO3 that reacts.
(1)

amount of HNO3 = ........................................................... mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm 3, of the HNO3
(1)
 concentration = ........................................................... mol/dm 3

(Total for question = 11 marks)

(Q07 4CH1/2CR, Jan 2023)

Q8.

This question is about reactions involving gases.

(a) Potassium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
The equation for the reaction is
K2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 6.9 g of potassium
carbonate reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
[Mr of K2CO3 = 138]
[molar volume of CO2 at rtp = 24 dm3]
(3)

volume = ........................................................... cm 3

(b) This reaction involving gases is in dynamic equilibrium at a temperature of 225 °C.

(i) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the temperature is
increased without changing the
pressure.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
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 (ii) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the pressure is increased
without changing the
temperature.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q07 4CH1/2C, Nov 2020)

Q9.

Solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride react together to make the insoluble salt,
silver chloride.

A student uses this method to prepare a sample of silver chloride.

Step 1 add 25 cm3 of silver nitrate solution to a conical flask
Step 2 add potassium chloride solution to the flask
Step 3 filter off the silver chloride
(a) What term is used for this reaction?
(1)
A neutralisation
B precipitation
C redox
D thermal decomposition

(b) Give two more steps that will produce a pure, dry sample of silver chloride.
(2)
Step 4 ...................................................................................................................................

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Step 5 ..................................................................................................................................

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(c) Acidified silver nitrate solution is used to test for chloride ions.
Give a reason why hydrochloric acid is not used to acidify silver nitrate solution.
(1)
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(d) The chemical equation for the reaction between solutions of silver nitrate and potassium
chloride is

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

A student adds an excess of potassium chloride solution to 25.0 cm 3 of 0.100 mol/dm3
silver nitrate solution.
Calculate the maximum mass of silver chloride, in grams, that can be produced.
[Mr of AgCl = 143.5]
(2)

mass = ........................................................... g

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(Q03 4CH1/2CR, Jan 2020)

Q10.

This question is about ammonia and ammonium compounds.

(a) Ammonia (NH3) is a simple covalent molecule.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ammonia.
(2)

(b) The table shows the names and formulae of some ammonium compounds.
 (i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(2)

(ii) When ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate is formed.
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)
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(iii) Describe a test for ammonium ions.
(3)
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(c) The table gives some information about ammonia and ammonium compounds.

(i) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.

[Mr of NH4NO3 = 80]
(2)
 percentage of nitrogen = ........................................................... %
(ii) Fertilisers add nitrogen to the soil to help plants grow.
Ammonia and ammonium sulfate can both be used as fertilisers.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using each of these compounds as
fertilisers.
Use information from the table in your answer.
[pH of rainwater is approximately 5.6]
(4)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1C, June 2022)

Q11.

This question is about carbon and its compounds.

(a) (i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the outer shell electrons in a molecule of
carbon dioxide, CO2
(2)
 (ii) The atoms in carbon dioxide are held together by covalent bonds.
Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.
(2)
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(b) The diagram shows three different structures of carbon.

(i) Explain why graphite conducts electricity.

(2)
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(ii) Explain why diamond has a much higher melting point than C 60 fullerene.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(5)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

(Q10 4CH1/1CR, Jan 2020)

Q12.

This question is about the bonding, structure and properties of three different substances, X,
Y and Z, shown in the following diagram.

(a) Give the letters of the substances that contain covalent bonding.
(1)
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(b) Explain why the melting point of X is very different from the melting point of Z.
(4)
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(c) Explain why the melting point of Y is very high.

(2)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q05 4SS0/1C, SAM 0)

Q13.

Silicon hydride (SiH4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) both contain covalent bonds but they have
different structures.

(a) Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.

(2)
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(b) Complete the diagram to show the outer shell electrons in a molecule of silicon hydride
(SiH4).
(1)
(c) The diagram represents part of the structure of silicon dioxide (SiO 2).

(i) State how the diagram shows that the atom labelled A is oxygen, not silicon.
(1)
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(ii) Silicon hydride has a simple molecular structure.
Silicon dioxide has the same type of structure as diamond.
Explain why silicon dioxide has a much higher melting point than silicon hydride.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)
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(d) Silicon hydride reacts with oxygen to form silicon dioxide and water.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between silicon hydride and oxygen.
(1)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q06 4CH1/1CR, June 2022)

Q14.

This question is about ionic compounds.

(a) The table gives the formulae of some positive and negative ions, and the formulae of
some compounds containing these ions.

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing formulae.

(3)
(ii) Give the name of the compound with the formula MgO
(1)
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(iii) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of Na3N
[for Na, Ar = 23 for N, Ar = 14]
(1)
 Mr = ...........................................................

(b) The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in atoms of lithium and in an atom of
oxygen.

(i) Describe the changes in the electron configurations of lithium and oxygen when these
atoms form lithium oxide, Li2O
(2)
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(ii) Lithium oxide has a giant ionic structure.
Explain why lithium oxide has a high melting point.
(3)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

 (Q08 4CH1/1C, Jan 2023)

Q15.

This question is about ionic compounds.

(a) The table shows the formulae of some positive and negative ions, and the formulae of
some compounds containing these ions.

(i) Complete the table by giving the three missing formulae.

(3)
(ii) Give the name of the compound with the formula NH 4NO3
(1)
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(b) Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound.

The sodium and oxide ions are held together by ionic bonds.
(i) State the meaning of the term ionic bond.
(2)
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(ii) The diagram shows the arrangement of the electrons in a sodium atom and in an
oxygen atom.
Draw diagrams in the boxes to show the arrangement of the electrons in the ions of
sodium oxide.
Include the charges on the ions.
(3)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q04 4CH1/1C, Jan 2020)