Vector Analysis-II

Vector Integration
Line Integral

r (u)  x(u)iˆ  y(u) ˆj  z(u)kˆ

A( x, y, z )  A1iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3kˆ 
A

P2

 A. d r   A. d r   A dx  A dy  A dz
P1 C C
1 2 3


Example Suppose F  3x 2iˆ  5xyˆj and let C be the curve y = 2x2 in the xy-plane.
Evaluate the line integral  F. d r from P1(0,0) to P2(1,2).

Since the integral is performed in the xy-plane (z=0), we may take r  xiˆ  yˆj. Then
C

  
2ˆ ˆj ).(dxiˆ  dyˆj )  (3x 2 dx  5 xydy)
F .d r  ( 3 x i  5 x
C C C
1 1

            ]0  7
2 2 2 2 4 3 5 1
F .d r [ 3 x dx 5 x ( 2 x ) d ( 2 x )] ( 3 x 40 x ) dx [ x 8 x
C 0 0
 Surface Integral
Let S be a two-sided surface. Let one side
of S be considered arbitrarily as the
positive side. A unit normal n to any point
of the positive side of S is called a positive
or outward drawn unit normal.

A vector dS whose magnitude is dS (the
differential of the area)
 and whose direction
is that of n̂ . Then dS  nˆ ds. The integral

 A. d S   A. n dS
S S
is an example of a surface integral called the flux of A over S.

Volume Integral
Consider a closed surface in space enclosing a volume V. Then the volume
integral is given by

 A dV
V
and  dV
V
Problem: The acceleration
 of a particle at any time t  0 is given by
 dv
a  (25 cos2t ) iˆ  (16 sin 2t ) ˆj  (9t ) kˆ.
  dt  
Find v and r at any time, where the velocity v and the displacement r are zero vector at t=0.

 d v
Solution Here, a   (25 cos2t ) iˆ  (16 sin 2t ) ˆj  (9t ) kˆ ..............(i )
dt
Integrating (i), we have

v  iˆ  (25 cos 2t ) dt  ˆj  (16 sin 2t ) dt  kˆ  (9 t ) dt
25 9
sin 2t )iˆ  ( 8 cos2t ) ˆj  ( t 2 )kˆ  c1
(
2 2

Putting v  0 when t = 0, we find 0  (0)iˆ  (8) ˆj  (0)kˆ  c1 c1  8 ˆj

 dr 25 9
Then v   ( sin 2t )iˆ  (8  8 cos2t ) ˆj  ( t 2 )kˆ .....................(ii )
dt 2 2
Integrating (ii), we have  ˆ 25  92
r  i  ( sin 2t )dt  j  (8  8 cos 2t )dt  k  ( t )dt
ˆ
2 2
25 3
 (  cos 2t )iˆ  (8t  4 sin 2t ) ˆj  ( t 3 )kˆ  c2
4 2
 25
Putting r  0 when t = 0, we find 0  ( 25 4) iˆ  (0) ˆj  (0) kˆ  c2  iˆ
4
 25 25 ˆ ˆ 3 3 ˆ
Then r  (  cos2t )i  (8t  4 sin 2t ) j  ( t )k
4 4 2
 Line Integral
 
## Suppose A  (3x 2  6 y) iˆ  14 yz ˆj  20 xz 2 kˆ. Evaluate  A. dr from (0, 0, 0) top (1, 1,1)
along the following paths C: C

(a) x = t, y = t2, z = t3.

(b)the straight lines from (0, 0,00 to (1, 0, 0), then to (1, 1, 0) and then to (1, 1, 1).

 
Solution The position vector is given by r  x iˆ  y ˆj  z kˆ and dr  dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ.
 
  A. dr   [( 3x 2  6 y ) iˆ  14 yz ˆj  20 xz 2 kˆ].(dxiˆ  dyˆj  dzkˆ)
C C

  (3x 2  6 y )dx  14 yz dy  20 xz 2 dz
C
 7ˆ   ˆ
(a) Along C, A  9t 2ˆ
i  14 t 5ˆ
j  20 t k , r  xiˆ  yˆ
j  zkˆ  t ˆ
i  t 2ˆ
j  t 3ˆ
k and dr  (i  2tˆj  3t 2 kˆ)dt
  1 2
ˆ  14t 5 ˆj  20t 7 kˆ).(iˆ  2 t ˆj  3t 2 kˆ)dt
Then
 A. d
C
r   ( 9 t i
t 0
1 1
  (9t  28t  60t )dt  [3t  4t  6t
2 6 9 3 7 10
] 5
t 0
t 0
   
Problem: Suppose F  3x i  5xy j. Evaluate F . dr
2ˆ ˆ where C is the curve in the
C
xy-plane, y = 2x2, from (0, 0) to (1,2).

Solution Since the integration is performed in the xy-plane (z=0), we may take the
position vector as
 
r  x iˆ  y ˆj  x iˆ  2 x 2 ˆj and d r  dx iˆ  4 x dx ˆj.
Along the curve y = x2, we have

F  3x 2iˆ  10 x 3 ˆj

Then, we have
 
 
2 ˆ 3 ˆ
F . dr  ( 3 x i  10 x j ).(dxiˆ  4 xdxˆj )
C C

  ( 3x 2  40 x 4 )dx
C
  1
  F . dr   (  3x 2  40 x 4 )dx
C x 0
1
 [ x  8 x ]  7
3 5

x 0
 
Problem: (a) Show that F  (2 xy  z 3 )iˆ  x 2 ˆj  3xz 2 kˆis a conservative force field.
(b) Find the scalar potential.
(c) Find the work done in moving an object in this field from (1,-2, 1) to (3,1,4).

Solution A necessary and sufficient condition is that a force will be conservative if its
curl is zero, that is,
  
If   F  0, then F is a conservative force field.

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
Now,   F    
x y z
2 xy  z 3 x2 3xz 2
     
[ (3xz 2 )  ( x 2 )] iˆ  [ (2 xy  z 3 )  (3xz 2 )] ˆj  [ ( x 2 )  (2 xy  z 3 )]kˆ
y z z x x y
 0 iˆ  (3z  3z ) ˆj  (2 x  2 x )kˆ  0


Thus, F is a conservative force field.
First Method:

(b) If F is a conservative field, then there exists a scalar function  such that
 
F  .
   ˆ  ˆ
or , (2 xy  z )iˆ  x ˆj  3xz kˆ    iˆ 
3 2 2
j k
x y z
Then 
 2 xy  z 3 ....................(i )
x

 x 2 ...............................(ii )
y

 3xz 2 .........................(iii )
z
Integrating, we find from (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively. that

  x 2 y  xz 3  f ( y, z )
  x2 y  g ( x, z )
 xz 3  h( x, y )
These agree if we choose f(y, z) = 0, g(x, z) = xz3 and h(x, y) = x2y

So that   x 2 y  xz 3
Second Method:

(b) If F is a conservative field, then there exists a scalar function  such that
 
F  .
      ˆ  ˆ
 F . dr   . dr  ( iˆ  j k ) . (dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ)
x y z
  
 dx  dy  dz  d
x y z
 
Then
d  F . d r
 (2 xy  z 3 ) iˆ  x 2 ˆj  3xz 2 kˆ) . (dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ)
 (2 xy  z 3 ) dx  x 2 dy  3xz 2 dz
 (2 xy dx  x 2 dy)  ( z 3dx  3xz 2 dz)
 d ( x 2 y )  d ( xz 3 )  d ( x 2 y  xz 3 )
Integrating, we find

  x 2 y  xz 3  constant
(c) Work done W is given by

 
P2

W   F . dr
P1
P2

  [( 2 xy  z 3 ) iˆ  x 2 ˆj  3xz 2 kˆ].(dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ)

P1
P2

  (2 xy  z 3 ) dx  x 2 dy  3xz 2 dz
P1
P2

  d ( x 2 y  xz 3 )
P1

3 P2 3 ( 3, 1, 4 )
 x y  xz
2
 x y  xz
2
P1 (1,  2 ,1)

 (9  192 )  ( 2  1)
 202
 Problems to be solved
 
1. Suppose F  (5xy  6 x 2 )iˆ  (2 y  4 x) ˆj. Evaluate  F . dr along the curve C in the
C
xy-plane, y = x3 from the point (1, 1) to (2,8).

2. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field F  3x 2iˆ  (2 xz  y) ˆj  z kˆ
along (a) the straight line from (0. ), 0) to (2, 1, 3).
(b) the space curve x = 2t2 , y = t, z = 4t2-t from t = 0 to t = 1.

3.(a) Prove that F  ( y 2 cos x  z 3 )iˆ  (2 y sin x  4) ˆj  (3xz 2  2)kˆ is a conservative force field.

(b) Find the scalar potential for F .
(c) Find the work done in moving an object in this field from (0, 1, -1) to (/2, -1, 2).
 Green’s Theorem
 If R is a closed region of the xy-plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if M and
N are continuous functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in R, then

N M
C M dx  N dy  R ( x  y )dx dy where, C is traversed in the positive direction.

Proof: Let the equations of the curves AEB and

AFB be y = Y1(x) and y = Y2(x)
respectively. If R is the region bounded
by C, we have
.
M M
2 b Y ( x)

R y dx dy  xa [ yY( x ) y dy] dx

1

b Y2 ( x ) b
  M ( x, y )
x a
dx   [ M ( x,Y2 )  M ( x,Y1 )] dx
x a
y Y1 ( x )
 M
b a
or ,  dx dy    [ M ( x,Y1 ) dx   M ( x,Y2 ) dx    M dx
R
y x a x b C

M
  M dx   dx dy ................(i )
C R
y
Similarly, let the equations of the curves EAF and EBF be x = X1(y) and x = X2(y)
respectively. Then.
N N
f2 X ( y) f

R x dx dy  ye[ x X ( y ) x dx] dy  ye[ N ( X 2 , y)  N ( X 1 , y)] dy

1

e f


y f
 N ( X 1 , y ) dy   N ( X 2 , y ) dy   N dy
e C

N
  N dy   dx dy ................(ii )
C R
x
Adding equs. (i) and (ii), we have

N M
C M dx  N dy  R ( x  y )dx dy (Proved)
 Green’s Theorem in Vector Notation
 We have  
M dx  N dy  ( M iˆ  N ˆj ).(dx iˆ  dy ˆj )  A. dr
  
where, A  M iˆ  N ˆj and r  x iˆ  y ˆj so that dr  dx iˆ  dy ˆj.

If  M iˆ  N ˆj, then we have.
A

iˆ j kˆ
     N ˆ M ˆ N M ˆ
 A  i  j (  )k
x y z z z x y
M N 0
  N M ˆ ˆ N M
So that (  A) . kˆ  (  ) k .k  
x y x y
Then Green’s theorem in the plane can be written as
   
ˆ dR

C
A . dr   (
R
  A) . k where, dR = dx dy
 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for  ( xy  y ) dx  x dy where C is the closed curve of
2 2

C
the region bounded by y = x and y = x2 as shown in Fig. 02.

 Solution :
In the Fig. 02, y = x and y = x2 intersect at (0, 0) and
(1, 1) and the positive direction in traversing C is
also shown.

Along y = x2, the line integral equals

1 1
Fig. 02
4 5
3x x 19
      ) dx  [  ]10 
2 4 2 3 4
[( x )( x ) x ] dx ( x )( 2 x ) dx ( 3 x x
0 0
4 5 20
Along y = x from (1, 1) to (0, 0), the line integral equals
0 01

      ]1  1
2 2 2 3 0
[( x )( x ) x ] dx x dx 3 x dx [ x
1 1
19 1
Then the required line integral  1 
20 20
N M  2 
1 x

R ( x  y )dx dy  R [( x ( x )  y ( xy  y )]dx dy  R ( x  2 y)dx dy  x0  (2 x  2 y) dy dx

2

y x
1 x 1 1
1
  [  ( x  2 y ) dy] dx   ( xy  y ) dx   ( x 4  x 3 ) dx  
2 x
x2 (Verified)
x 0 y  x 2
0 0
20
 Gauss’s Divergence Theorem
 The theorem states that the normal surface integral of a continuous differentiable vector
function A over the boundary of a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the
divergence of the function over the volume V enclosed by the surface, i.e.

 A. n dS  . AdV
S V
where, n is the unit normal drawn outward.

Proof: Taking iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as the unit vectors along the axes of x, y, and z respectively,
we have A  A1 ( x, y, z)iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3kˆ.

We can write

A1 A2 A3


V
. A dV   (
V
 
x y z
) dV

A1 A2 A3

  (   ) dxdydz ............(i )
V
x y z
 Let S be a closed surface such
that any line parallel to the coordinate
axes cuts S at the most in two points.
Assume the equations of the lower and
upper portions, S1 and S2, to be z=f1(x,y)
and z = f2 (x,y) respectively.

Denote the projection of the surface

on the xy-plane by R.
Now consider the integral

A3 A3  z f2 ( x, y )
A3 
 z
dV  
z
dx dy dz     dzdydx
V V  z  f1 ( x , y ) z 
R 

  A3 ( x, y, z ) z  f ( x, y ) dydx   A3 ( x, y, f 2 ) dydx   A3 ( x, y, f1 ) dydx

f2
1
R R R
  
For the upper portion S2, dydx  cos 2 dS2  kˆ. n2 dS2 since the normal n2 to S2 makes
an acute angle 2 with k̂.
 
For the lower portion S1, dydx   cos1dS1  kˆ.n1dS1 since the normal n1 to S2 makes
an obtuse angle 1 with k̂ .

Then, we have

A3

V
z
dV   A3 ( x, y, f 2 ) dydx   A3 ( x, y, f 1 ) dydx
R R

ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 
  A3k . n2 dS2   A3k . n1dS1   A3k . n dS
S2 S1 S

So that,

A3 ˆ 

V
z
dV   A3k . n dS ....................(ii )
S
Similarly, by projecting S on the other coordinate planes, we may find

A1 

V
x
dV   A1i . n dS ..................(iii )
S
ˆ

A2 
and

V
y
dV   A2 j. n dS ..............(iv)
S
ˆ

Adding Equs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have

A1 A2 A3   ˆ 


V
( 
x y

z
)dV   A1i . n dS   A2 j. n dS   A3k . n dS
S
ˆ
S
ˆ
S

  ( A1iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3kˆ). n dS
S

  . A dV   A. n dS (Proved)
V S
  


Evaluate F .n dS where for F  4 xziˆ  y 2 ˆj  yzkˆ and S is the surface of the
S
cube bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.

 Solution : The divergence theorem is given as

 A.n dS   .A dV

S V
   
   (4 xz )  ( y )  ( yz ) dV
2

V 
x y z 
1 1 1
  (4 z  y ) dV     (4 z  y) dzdydx
V x 0 y 0 z 0
1 1 1 1 1
  
x 0 y 0
[2 z 2  yz ] dy dx 
z 0
  (2  y) dydx
x 0 y 0
1 1
y2 1 3 3 1
  [2 y  ] dx   dx  [ x ]
x 0
2 y 0 x 0
2 2 0
3

2
 Stokes’ Theorem
 Stokes’ theorem states that the line integral of the tangential component of a

vector A taken around a simple closed curve C is equal to the surface integral of

the normal component of the curl of A taken over any surface S having C as its
boundary, that is,

 (  A ). n dS   A. d r
S C

Proof:
 Let S be a surface such that its projections on the xy-, yz- and xz-planes are
regions bounded by simple closed curves as shown in Fig. 7. Assume S to have
representation z = f(x,y) or x = g(y,z) or y = h(x,z). where f, g, and h are single-
valued, continuous and differential functions, respectively. We must show that
 ˆ 
 (  A ). n dS  [  ( A1i  A2 j  A3k ). ndS
S S
ˆ ˆ
 
  A. dr
C
where C is the boundary of S.

Consider first
 [  ( A i )]. n dS.
1
S
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Since   ( A iˆ) 
   A1 ˆ A1 ˆ
 j k
x y z z y
1

A1 0 0

Then, we have

ˆ A1 ˆ A1 ˆ
[  ( A1i )]. n dS  ( n. j  n.k )dS ..................(i )
z y
If z = f(x,y) is taken as the equation of S, then the position vector to any point of S
 
is  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ  xiˆ  yˆj  f ( x, y )kˆ
r so that r z f
 ˆj  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ.
 y y y
r 
But is a vector tangent to S and is perpendicular to n , so that
y

r z ˆ z ˆ
n.  n. ˆj  n.kˆ  0 or, n. j   n.k
y y y
Substituting this in (i), we have

ˆ A1 z ˆ A1 ˆ
[  ( A1 i )]. n dS  ( n.k  n.k )dS
z y y
ˆ A1 A1 z ˆ
or , [  ( A1 i )]. n dS  (  )n. k dS ...............(ii )
y z y
A1 A1 z F
Now on S, A1(x,y,z) = A1(x, y, f(x,y)) = F(x,y); hence   .
y z y y
F F
 [  ( A1iˆ )]. n dS   n.kˆ dS   dx dy
y y
F
Then S [   ( A1iˆ )]. n dS  R y dx dy
 where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane.
 F
By Green’s theorem,  
R y
dx dy   F dx


where  is the boundary of R. Since at each point (x,y) of  the value of F is the same as the
value of A1 at each point (x,y,z) of C, and since dx is the same for both curves, we must have

 F dx   A dx
 C
1

  [
S
  ( A1i 
ˆ )]. n dS  A1 dx .................(iii )
C
Similarly, by projections on the other coordinate planes, we have


S
[   ( A 2 
ˆj )]. n dS  A 2 dy ..................(iv)
C
ˆ )]. n dS  A dz .....................(v)

S
[   ( A 3 k  3 C
Thus, by addition of equations (iii), (iv) and (v), we have

ˆ  A 2 ˆj  A3kˆ)]. n dS  A1 dx  A2 dy  A3 dz

S
[   ( A1i  C C
 C

  (  A ). n dS   A. d r (Proved)
S C
 Verification of Stokes’ Theorem
 Verify Stokes’ theorem for A  (2 x  y )iˆ  yz 2 ˆj  y 2 z kˆ, where S is the upper half
surface of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1 and C is its bounded. Let R be the projection
of S on the xy-plane.

 Solution :
The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy-plane of radius one and centre at the
origin. Let x = cost, y = sint, z = 0, 0 t  2 be parametric equations of C.

Then
  2 ˆ
 A . dr   [( 2 x  y )i  yz 2ˆ
j  y zk ]. (dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ)
C C

  (2 x  y ) dx  yz 2 dy  y 2 zdz
C
2
  (2 cost  sin t ) (  sin t ) dt
0

1 1 2
  sin t  cos 2t  t 0  
2

2 2
Now
iˆ ˆj kˆ
    
 A
x y z
2x  y  yz 2  y2z
     
[ (  y 2 z )  (  yz 2 )] iˆ  [ (2 x  y )  (  y 2 z )] ˆj  [ (  yz 2 )  (2 x  y )]kˆ
y z z x x y

 kˆ
Then, we have   
ˆ . n dS  dx dy

S
(  A) . n dS   k  S R

Since kˆ . n dS  dx dy and R is the projection of S on the xy-plane.
1 1 x 2 1 1 x 2

Now  dx dy  
R

x  1 y   1 x 2
dy dx  4   dy dx
x 0 y 0

1 1 x 2 1
 4  [ y ] dx  4  1  x 2 dx  
y 0
x 0 x 0

Hence Stokes’ theorem is verified.