iOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS[9]) is a mobile

operating system developed by Apple
Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the
operating system that powers many of
the company's mobile devices, including
the iPhone; the term also includes the
system software for iPads predating
iPadOS—which was introduced in 2019—
as well as on the iPod Touch devices—
which were discontinued in mid-2022.[10]
It is the world's second-most widely
installed mobile operating system, after
Android. It is the basis for three other
operating systems made by Apple:
iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS.[11] It is
proprietary software, although some
parts of it are open source under the
Apple Public Source License and other
licenses.[12]
 iOS

Commercial logo as used by Apple, since

2017

iOS 16 running on an iPhone 13

Developer Apple Inc.

Written in C, C++, Objective-C,

Swift, assembly
language

OS family Unix-like, based on

Darwin (BSD),
 macOS

Working state Current

Source model Closed, with open-

source components

Initial release June 29, 2007

Latest release 16.5.1[1] (20F75)[2]

(June 21, 2023) [±] (h
ttps://en.wikipedia.or
g/w/index.php?title=
Template:Latest_sta
ble_software_releas
e/iOS&action=edit)

Latest preview 17.0 beta 3[3][4]

(July 11, 2023) [±] (ht
tps://en.wikipedia.or
g/w/index.php?title=
Template:Latest_prev
 iew_software_releas
e/iOS&action=edit)
16.6 beta 5[5]
(20G5070a)[6]
(July 10, 2023) [±] (ht
tps://en.wikipedia.or
g/w/index.php?title=
Template:Latest_prev
iew_software_releas
e/iOS&action=edit)

Marketing target Smartphones, tablet

computers, portable
media players

Available in 41 languages[7]

List of languages
Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Simplified,
Chinese, Traditional (Hong Kong), Chinese,
Traditional (Taiwan), Croatian, Czech, Danish,
Dutch, English (Australia), English (United
Kingdom), English (United States), Finnish,
French (Canada), French (France), German,
Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian,
Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Malay,
Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil),
Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian,
Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish
(Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian,
Vietnamese

Update method OTA (since iOS 5),

Finder (from macOS
Catalina onwards)[8]
or iTunes (Windows
and macOS pre-
Catalina)

Platforms ARMv8-A (iOS 7 and

later)
 ARMv7-A (iPhone OS 3
– iOS 10.3.4)
ARMv6 (iPhone OS 1 –
iOS 4.2.1)

Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)

Default Multi-touch,
user interface graphical user
interface

License Proprietary software

except for open-
source components

Official website apple.com/ios (http

s://www.apple.com/i
os/)

Support status

Articles in the series

iOS version history

Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation
iPhone, iOS has since been extended to
support other Apple devices such as the
iPod Touch (September 2007) and the
iPad (introduced: January 2010;
availability: April 2010). As of
March 2018, Apple's App Store contains
more than 2.1 million iOS applications,
1 million of which are native for iPads.[13]
These mobile apps have collectively
been downloaded more than 130 billion
times.

Major versions of iOS are released

annually. The current stable version, iOS
16, was released to the public on
September 12, 2022.[14] On June 5, 2023,
Apple announced iOS 17 during the
WWDC 2023 alongside iPadOS 17 and
macOS Sonoma.

History
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning
the iPhone, he had a choice to either
"shrink the Mac, which would be an epic
feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod".
Jobs favored the former approach but
pitted the Macintosh and iPod teams, led
by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell,
respectively, against each other in an
internal competition, with Forstall
winning by creating the iPhone OS. The
decision enabled the success of the
iPhone as a platform for third-party
developers: using a well-known desktop
operating system as its basis allowed the
many third-party Mac developers to write
software for the iPhone with minimal
retraining. Forstall was also responsible
for creating a software development kit
for programmers to build iPhone apps, as
well as an App Store within iTunes.[15][16]

The operating system was unveiled with

the iPhone at the Macworld Conference
& Expo on January 9, 2007, and released
in June of that year.[17][18][19] At the time
of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs
claimed: "iPhone runs OS X" and runs
"desktop class applications",[20][21] but at
the time of the iPhone's release, the
operating system was renamed "iPhone
OS".[22] Initially, third-party native
applications were not supported. Jobs'
reasoning was that developers could
build web applications through the Safari
web browser that "would behave like
native apps on the iPhone".[23][24] In
October 2007, Apple announced that a
native Software Development Kit (SDK)
was under development and that they
planned to put it "in developers' hands in
February".[25][26][27] On March 6, 2008,
Apple held a press event, announcing the
iPhone SDK.[28][29]
 iPhone (first generation), the first
commercially released device running
iOS (2007)

The iOS App Store was opened on July

10, 2008, with an initial 500 applications
available.[30] This quickly grew to 3,000 in
September 2008,[31] 15,000 in January
2009,[32] 50,000 in June 2009,[33] 100,000
in November 2009,[34][35] 250,000 in
August 2010,[36][37] 650,000 in July
2012,[38] 1 million in October 2013,[39][40]
2 million in June 2016,[41][42][43] and
2.2 million in January 2017.[44][45] As of
March 2016, 1 million apps are natively
compatible with the iPad tablet
computer.[46] These apps have
collectively been downloaded more than
130 billion times.[41] App intelligence firm
Sensor Tower estimated that the App
Store would reach 5 million apps by
2020.[47]

In September 2007, Apple announced the

iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on
the iPhone form factor.[48] On January 27,
2010, Apple introduced their much-
anticipated media tablet, the iPad,
featuring a larger screen than the iPhone
and iPod Touch, and designed for web
browsing, media consumption, and
reading, and offering multi-touch
interaction with multimedia formats
including newspapers, e-books, photos,
videos, music, word processing
documents, video games, and most
existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch
(25 cm) screen.[49][50][51] It also includes
a mobile version of Safari for web
browsing, as well as access to the App
Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore,
Contacts, and Notes. Content is
downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G
service or synced through the user's
computer.[52] AT&T was initially the sole
U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for
the iPad.[53]
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS
as "iOS".[54][55] The trademark "IOS" had
been used by Cisco for over a decade for
its operating system, IOS, used on its
routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit,
Apple licensed the "IOS" trademark from
Cisco.[56]

The Apple Watch smartwatch was

announced by Tim Cook on September 9,
2014, being introduced as a product with
health and fitness-tracking.[57][58] It was
released on April 24, 2015.[59][60][61] It
uses watchOS as its operating system;
watchOS is based on iOS, with new
features created specially for the Apple
Watch such as an activity tracking
app.[62]

In October 2016, Apple opened its first

iOS Developer Academy in Naples inside
University of Naples Federico II's new
campus.[63][64] The course is completely
free, aimed at acquiring specific
technical skills on the creation and
management of applications for the
Apple ecosystem platforms.[65] At the
academy there are also issues of
business administration (business
planning and business management with
a focus on digital opportunities) and
there is a path dedicated to the design of
graphical interfaces. Students have the
opportunity to participate in the
"Enterprise Track", an in-depth training
experience on the entire life cycle of an
app, from design to implementation, to
security, troubleshooting, data storage
and cloud usage.[66][67] As of 2020, the
academy graduated almost a thousand
students from all over the world, who
have worked on 400 app ideas and have
already published about 50 apps on the
iOS App Store. In the 2018–2019
academic year, students from more than
30 countries arrived. 35 of these have
been selected to attend the Worldwide
Developer Conference, the annual Apple
Developer Conference held annually in
California in early June.[68][69]
 Apple CEO Steve Jobs
introduces the iPad (2010)

On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded

version of iOS for iPad, was announced
at the 2019 WWDC; it was launched on
September 25, 2019.[70]

Features

Interface

The iOS user interface is based upon

direct manipulation, using multi-touch
gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and
reverse pinch. Interface control elements
include sliders, switches, and buttons.[71]
Internal accelerometers are used by
some applications to respond to shaking
the device (one common result is the
undo command) or rotating it in three
dimensions (one common result is
switching between portrait and
landscape mode). Various accessibility
described in § Accessibility functions
enable users with vision and hearing
disabilities to properly use iOS.[72]

iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the

primary navigation and information "hub"
on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop
found on personal computers. iOS
homescreens are typically made up of
app icons and widgets; app icons launch
the associated app, whereas widgets
display live, auto-updating content, such
as a weather forecast, the user's email
inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
homescreen.[73]

Along the top of the screen is a status

bar, showing information about the
device and its connectivity. The status
bar itself contains two elements, the
Control Center and the Notification
Center. The Control Center can be
"pulled" down from the top right of the
notch, on the new iPhones, giving access
to various toggles to manage the device
more quickly without having to open the
Settings. It is possible to manage
brightness, volume, wireless
connections, music player, etc.[74]

Instead, scrolling from the top left to the

bottom will open the Notification Center,
which in the latest versions of iOS is very
similar to the lockscreen. It displays
notifications in chronological order and
groups them by application. From the
notifications of some apps it is possible
to interact directly, for example by
replying a message directly from it.
Notifications are sent in two modes, the
important notifications that are displayed
on the lock screen and signaled by a
distinctive sound, accompanied by a
warning banner and the app badge icon,
and the secondary mode where they are
displayed in the Notification Center, but
they are not shown on the lock screen,
nor are they indicated by warning
banners, badge icons or sounds.[75][76]

On earlier iPhones with home button,

screenshots can be created with the
simultaneous press of the home and
power buttons. In comparison to Android
OS, which requires the buttons to be held
down, a short press does suffice on
iOS.[77] On the more recent iPhones
which lack a physical home button,
screenshots are captured using the
volume-up and power buttons instead.[78]
The camera application used a
skeuomorphic closing camera shutter
animation prior to iOS 7. Since then, it
uses a simple short blackout effect.[79]
Notable additions over time include HDR
photography and the option to save both
normal and high dynamic range
photographs simultaneously where the
former prevents ghosting effects from
moving objects (since iPhone 5, iOS 6),
automatic HDR adjustment (iOS 7.1),
"live photo" with short video bundled to
each photo if enabled (iPhone 6s, iOS 9),
and a digital zoom shortcut (iPhone 7
Plus, iOS 10).[80][81][82] Some camera
settings such as video resolution and
frame rate are not adjustable through the
camera interface itself, but are
outsourced to the system settings.[83]

A new feature in iOS 13 called "context

menus" shows related actions when you
touch and hold an item. When the
context menu is displayed, the
background is blurred.[84]

To choose from a few options, a

selection control is used. Selectors can
appear anchored at the bottom or in line
with the content (called date selectors).
Date selectors take on the appearance of
any other selection control, but with a
column for day, month, and optionally
year.
Alerts appear in the center of the screen,
but there are also alerts that scroll up
from the bottom of the screen (called
"action panels"). Destructive actions
(such as eliminating any element) are
colored red.

The official font of iOS is San Francisco.

It is designed for small text readability,
and is used throughout the operating
system, including third-party apps.[84]

The icons are 180x180px in size for

iPhones with a larger screen, usually
models over 6 inches, including iPhone
11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while they are
120x120px on iPhones with smaller
displays.[85]

Applications

iOS devices come with preinstalled apps

developed by Apple including Mail, Maps,
TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and
many more.

Applications ("apps") are the most

general form of application software that
can be installed on iOS. They are
downloaded from the official catalog of
the App Store digital store, where apps
are subjected to security checks before
being made available to users. In June
2017, Apple updated its guidelines to
specify that app developers will no longer
have the ability to use custom prompts
for encouraging users to leave reviews
for their apps.[86][87] IOS applications can
also be installed directly from an IPA file
provided by the software distributor, via
unofficial ways. They are written using
iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and,
often, combined with Xcode, using
officially supported programming
languages, including Swift and Objective-
C. Other companies have also created
tools that allow for the development of
native iOS apps using their respective
programming languages.
Applications for iOS are mostly built
using components of UIKit, a
programming framework. It allows
applications to have a consistent look
and feel with the OS, nevertheless
offering customization.

Elements automatically update along

with iOS updates, automatically including
new interface rules. UIKit elements are
very adaptable, this allows developers to
design a single app that looks the same
on any iOS device. In addition to defining
the iOS interface, UIKit defines the
functionality of the application.
At first, Apple did not intend to release an
SDK to developers, because they did not
want third-party apps to be developed for
iOS, building web apps instead. However,
this technology never entered into
common use, this led Apple to change its
opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for
developers was announced, finally
released on March 6, 2008.

The SDK includes an inclusive set of

development tools,[88] including an audio
mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a free
download for Mac users. It is not
available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To
test the application, get technical
support, and distribute applications
through App Store, developers are
required to subscribe to the Apple
Developer Program.

Over the years, the Apple Store apps

surpassed multiple major milestones,
including 50,000,[89] 100,000,[90]
250,000,[91] 500,000,[92] 1 million,[93] and
2 million apps.[94] The billionth
application was installed on April 24,
2009.[95]

Home screen

The home screen, rendered by

SpringBoard, displays application icons
and a dock at the bottom where users
can pin their most frequently used apps.
The home screen appears whenever the
user unlocks the device, presses the
physical "Home" button while in an app,
or swipes up from the bottom of the
screen using the home bar.[96] Before iOS
4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the
screen's background could be
customized only through jailbreaking, but
can now be changed out-of-the-box. The
screen has a status bar across the top to
display data, such as time, battery level,
and signal strength. The rest of the
screen is devoted to the current
application. When a passcode is set and
a user switches on the device, the
passcode must be entered at the Lock
Screen before access to the Home
screen is granted.[97]

In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced,

allowing users to search media, apps,
emails, contacts, messages, reminders,
calendar events, and similar content. In
iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by
pulling down anywhere on the home
screen (except for the top and bottom
edges that open Notification Center and
Control Center).[98][99] In iOS 9, there are
two ways to access Spotlight. As with
iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any
homescreen will show Spotlight.
However, it can also be accessed as it
was in iOS versions 3 through 6. This
endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions,
which include app suggestions, contact
suggestions and news.[100] In iOS 10,
Spotlight is at the top of the now-
dedicated "Today" panel.[101]

Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a

background image for the Home Screen.
This feature is only available on third-
generation devices—iPhone 3GS, third-
generation iPod Touch (iOS 4.0 or newer),
and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or
newer.

iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the

Home Screen, which shifts the device's
wallpaper and icons in response to the
movement of the device, creating a 3D
effect and an illusion of floating icons.
This effect is also visible in the tab view
of Mail and Safari.[102]

Researchers found that users organize

icons on their homescreens based on
usage frequency and relatedness of the
applications, as well as for reasons of
usability and aesthetics.[103]

System font

iOS originally used Helvetica as the

system font. Apple switched to Helvetica
Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its
Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as
the system font for older iPhone devices
on iOS 4.[104] With iOS 7, Apple
announced that they would change the
system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a
decision that sparked criticism for
inappropriate usage of a light, thin
typeface for low-resolution mobile
screens. Apple eventually chose
Helvetica Neue instead.[105][106] The
release of iOS 7 also introduced the
ability to scale text or apply other forms
of text accessibility changes through
Settings.[107][108] With iOS 9, Apple
changed the font to San Francisco, an
Apple-designed font aimed at maximum
legibility and font consistency across its
product lineup.[109][110]
Folders

iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be

created by dragging an application on top
of another, and from then on, more items
can be added to the folder using the
same procedure. A title for the folder is
automatically selected by the category of
applications inside, but the name can
also be edited by the user.[111] When
apps inside folders receive notification
badges, the individual numbers of
notifications are added up and the total
number is displayed as a notification
badge on the folder itself.[111] Originally,
folders on an iPhone could include up to
12 apps, while folders on iPad could
include 20.[112] With increasing display
sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7
updated the folders with pages similar to
the home screen layout, allowing for a
significant expansion of folder
functionality. Each page of a folder can
contain up to nine apps, and there can be
15 pages in total, allowing for a total of
135 apps in a single folder.[113] In iOS 9,
Apple updated folder sizes for iPad
hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page,
still at 15 pages maximum, increasing
the total to 240 apps.[114]
Notification Center

Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered

in a modal window and couldn't be
viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5,
Apple introduced Notification Center,
which allows users to view a history of
notifications. The user can tap a
notification to open its corresponding
app, or clear it.[115] Notifications are now
delivered in banners that appear briefly at
the top of the screen. If a user taps a
received notification, the application that
sent the notification will be opened.
Users can also choose to view
notifications in modal alert windows by
adjusting the application's notification
settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets
are now accessible through the
Notification Center, defined by 3rd
parties.

When an app sends a notification while

closed, a red badge appears on its icon.
This badge tells the user, at a glance,
how many notifications that app has
sent. Opening the app clears the badge.

Accessibility

iOS offers various accessibility features

to help users with vision and hearing
disabilities. One major feature,
VoiceOver, provides a voice reading
information on the screen, including
contextual buttons, icons, links and other
user interface elements, and allows the
user to navigate the operating system
through gestures. Any apps with default
controls and developed with a UIKit
framework gets VoiceOver functionality
built in.[116] One example includes
holding up the iPhone to take a photo,
with VoiceOver describing the photo
scenery.[117] As part of a "Made for
iPhone" program, introduced with the
release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has
developed technology to use Bluetooth
and a special technology protocol to let
compatible third-party equipment
connect with iPhones and iPads for
streaming audio directly to a user's ears.
Additional customization available for
Made for iPhone products include battery
tracking and adjustable sound settings
for different environments.[118][119] Apple
made further efforts for accessibility for
the release of iOS 10 in 2016, adding a
new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver,
adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge
objects through the device's camera,
software TTY support for deaf people to
make phone calls from the iPhone, and
giving tutorials and guidelines for third-
party developers to incorporate proper
accessibility functions into their
apps.[120]
In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic
wrote that "the iPhone has turned out to
be one of the most revolutionary
developments since the invention of
Braille",[121] and in 2016, Steven Aquino
of TechCrunch described Apple as
"leading the way in assistive technology",
with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for
Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives
at Apple, stating that "We see
accessibility as a basic human right.
Building into the core of our products
supports a vision of an inclusive world
where opportunity and access to
information are barrier-free, empowering
individuals with disabilities to achieve
their goals".[122]
Criticism has been aimed at iOS
depending on both internet connection
(either WiFi or through iTunes) and a
working SIM card upon first
activation.[123] This restriction has been
loosened in iOS 12, which no longer
requires the latter.[124]

Multitasking

Multitasking for iOS was first released in

June 2010 along with the release of iOS
4.[125][126] Only certain devices—iPhone 4,
iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd
generation—were able to multitask.[127]
The iPad did not get multitasking until
iOS 4.2.1 in that November.[128]
The implementation of multitasking in
iOS has been criticized for its approach,
which limits the work that applications in
the background can perform to a limited
function set and requires application
developers to add explicit support for
it.[127][129]

Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to

a selection of the applications Apple
included on the device. Users could
however "jailbreak" their device in order
to unofficially multitask.[130] Starting with
iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS
devices, multitasking is supported
through seven background APIs:[131]
1. Background audio – application
continues to run in the background
as long as it is playing audio or
video content[132]
2. Voice over IP – application is
suspended when a phone call is not
in progress[132]
3. Background location – application
is notified of location changes[132]
4. Push notifications
5. Local notifications – application
schedules local notifications to be
delivered at a predetermined
time[132]
6. Task completion – application asks
the system for extra time to
 complete a given task[132]
7. Fast app switching – application
does not execute any code and may
be removed from memory at any
time[132]

In iOS 5, three new background APIs

were introduced:

1. Newsstand – application can

download content in the
background to be ready for the
user[132]
2. External Accessory – application
communicates with an external
accessory and shares data at
regular intervals[132]
 3. Bluetooth Accessory – application
communicates with a bluetooth
accessory and shares data at
regular intervals[132]

In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new

multitasking feature, providing all apps
with the ability to perform background
updates. This feature prefers to update
the user's most frequently used apps and
prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a
cellular network, without markedly
reducing the device's battery life.

Switching applications

In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the

home button activates the application
switcher. A scrollable dock-style
interface appears from the bottom,
moving the contents of the screen up.
Choosing an icon switches to an
application. To the far left are icons
which function as music controls, a
rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a
volume controller.

With the introduction of iOS 7, double-

clicking the home button also activates
the application switcher. However, unlike
previous versions it displays screenshots
of open applications on top of the icon
and horizontal scrolling allows for
browsing through previous apps, and it is
possible to close applications by
dragging them up, similar to how WebOS
handled multiple cards.[133]

With the introduction of iOS 9, the

application switcher received a
significant visual change; while still
retaining the card metaphor introduced in
iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and
appears above the screenshot (which is
now larger, due to the removal of "Recent
and Favorite Contacts"), and each
application "card" overlaps the other,
forming a rolodex effect as the user
scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen
appearing at the leftmost of the
application switcher, it appears
rightmost.[134] In iOS 11, the application
switcher receives a major redesign. In
the iPad, the Control Center and app
switcher are combined. The app switcher
in the iPad can also be accessed by
swiping up from the bottom. In the
iPhone, the app switcher cannot be
accessed if there are no apps in the
RAM.

Ending tasks

In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the

icons in the application switcher makes
them "jiggle" (similarly to the
homescreen) and allows the user to force
quit the applications by tapping the red
minus circle that appears at the corner of
the app's icon.[135] Clearing applications
from multitasking stayed the same from
iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of
iOS 6.

As of iOS 7, the process has become

faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of
holding the icons to close them, they are
closed by simply swiping them upwards
off the screen. Up to three apps can be
cleared at a time compared to one in
versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[136]

Task completion

Task completion allows apps to continue

a certain task after the app has been
suspended.[137][138] As of iOS 4.0, apps
can request up to ten minutes to
complete a task in the background.[139]
This doesn't extend to background
uploads and downloads though (e.g. if a
user starts a download in one
application, it won't finish if they switch
away from the application).

Siri

Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is an intelligent personal

assistant integrated into iOS. The
assistant uses voice queries and a
natural language user interface to
answer questions, make
recommendations, and perform actions
by delegating requests to a set of
Internet services. The software adapts to
users' individual language usages,
searches, and preferences, with
continuing use. Returned results are
individualized.

Originally released as an app for iOS in

February 2010,[140] it was acquired by
Apple two months later,[141][142][143] and
then integrated into iPhone 4S at its
release in October 2011.[144][145] At that
time, the separate app was also removed
from the iOS App Store.[146]

Siri supports a wide range of user

commands, including performing phone
actions, checking basic information,
scheduling events and reminders,
handling device settings, searching the
Internet, navigating areas, finding
information on entertainment, and is able
to engage with iOS-integrated apps.[147]
With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple
opened up limited third-party access to
Siri, including third-party messaging
apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing,
and Internet calling apps.[148][149] With
the release of iOS 11, Apple updated
Siri's voices for more clear, human
voices, it now supports follow-up
questions and language translation, and
additional third-party actions.[150][151]
Game Center

Game Center is an online multiplayer

"social gaming network"[152] released by
Apple.[153] It allows users to "invite
friends to play a game, start a multiplayer
game through matchmaking, track their
achievements, and compare their high
scores on a leaderboard." iOS 5 and
above adds support for profile
photos.[152]

Game Center was announced during an

iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on
April 8, 2010. A preview was released to
registered Apple developers in
August.[152] It was released on
September 8, 2010, with iOS 4.1 on
iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch
2nd generation through 4th
generation.[154] Game Center made its
public debut on the iPad with iOS
4.2.1.[155] There is no support for the
iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-
generation iPod Touch (the latter two
devices did not have Game Center
because they did not get iOS 4).[156]
However, Game Center is unofficially
available on the iPhone 3G via a
hack.[157]

Hardware
The main hardware platform for iOS is
the ARM architecture (the ARMv7,
ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A). iOS
releases before iOS 7 can only be run on
iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors
(ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures). In
2013, iOS 7 was released with full 64-bit
support (which includes a native 64-bit
kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all
built-in applications),[158] after Apple
announced that they were switching to
64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the
introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[159] 64-
bit support was also enforced for all
apps in the App Store; All new apps
submitted to the App Store with a
deadline of February 2015, and all app
updates submitted to the App Store with
a deadline of June 1, 2015.[160] iOS 11
drops support for all iOS devices with 32-
bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit
applications,[161][162] making iOS 64-bit
only.[163]

Development
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit)
allows for the development of mobile
apps on iOS.

While originally developing iPhone prior

to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO
Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-
party developers build native apps for
iOS, instead directing them to make web
applications for the Safari web
browser.[164] However, backlash from
developers prompted the company to
reconsider,[164] with Jobs announcing in
October 2007 that Apple would have a
software development kit available for
developers by February 2008.[165][166] The
SDK was released on March 6,
2008.[167][168]

The SDK is a free download for users of

Mac personal computers.[169] It is not
available for Microsoft Windows PCs.[169]
The SDK contains sets giving developers
access to various functions and services
of iOS devices, such as hardware and
software attributes.[170] It also contains
an iPhone simulator to mimic the look
and feel of the device on the computer
while developing.[170] New versions of
the SDK accompany new versions of
iOS.[171][172] In order to test applications,
get technical support, and distribute
apps through App Store, developers are
required to subscribe to the Apple
Developer Program.[169]

Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps

developers write iOS apps using officially
supported programming languages,
including Swift and Objective-C.[173] Other
companies have also created tools that
allow for the development of native iOS
apps using their respective programming
languages.[174][175]
Update history & schedule

iPhone platform usage as measured by the App Store on May 30th, 2023[176]

iOS 16 (90%)
iOS 15 (8%)
iOS 14 and earlier (2%)

iPad platform usage as measured by the App Store on May 30th, 2023[176]

iPadOS 16 (71%)
iPadOS 15 (20%)
iPadOS 14 and earlier (9%)
Apple provides major updates to the iOS
operating system annually via iTunes
and, since iOS 5, also over-the-air.[177]
The device checks an XML-based PLIST
file on mesu.apple.com for updates.
Updates are delivered as unencrypted
ZIP files. Updates are checked for
regularly, and are downloaded and
installed automatically if enabled.
Otherwise, the user can install them
manually or are prompted to allow
automatic installation overnight if
plugged in and connected to Wi-Fi.

iPod Touch users originally had to pay for

system software updates due to
accounting rules that designated it not a
"subscription device" like the iPhone or
Apple TV,[178][179] causing many iPod
Touch owners not to update.[180] In
September 2009, a change in accounting
rules won tentative approval, affecting
Apple's earnings and stock price, and
allowing iPod Touch updates to be
delivered free of charge.[181][182]

Apple significantly extended the cycle of

updates for iOS-supported devices over
the years. The iPhone (1st generation)
and iPhone 3G only received two iOS
updates, while later models had support
for five, six, and seven years.[183][184]
XNU kernel

The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel of

Darwin. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up
to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1.
iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was
based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was based on
Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on
Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15.
iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is
based on Darwin 17. iOS 12 is based on
Darwin 18. iOS 13 is based on Darwin 19.
iOS 14 is based on Darwin 20. iOS 15 is
based on Darwin 21. iOS 16 is based on
Darwin 22.[185]
In iOS 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR,
similar to that of OS X Mountain Lion.
This makes exploit possibilities more
complex since it is not possible to know
the location of kernel code.

Apple has made the XNU kernel open

source.[186] The source is under a 3-
clause[187] BSD license for the original
BSD parts, with parts added by Apple
under the Apple Public Source
License.[188] The versions contained in
iOS are not available; only the versions
used in macOS are available.

iOS does not have kernel extensions

(kexts) in the file system, even if they are
actually present. The kernel cache can be
decompressed to show the correct
kernel, along with the kexts (all packed in
the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their
plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section).

The kernel cache can also be directly

decompressed (if decrypted) using third-
party tools. With the advent of iOS 10
betas and default plain text
kernelcaches, these tools can only be
used after unpacking and applying
lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its
full size.

The kextstat provided by the Cydia

alternative software does not work on
iOS because the kextstat is based on
kmod_get_info(...) , which is a
deprecated API in iOS 4 and Mac OS X
Snow Leopard. There are other
alternative software that can also dump
raw XML data.

On developing devices, the kernel is

always stored as a statically linked cache
stored in
/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kern
elcaches/kernelcache which is unpacked
and executed at boot.

In the beginning, iOS had a kernel version

usually higher than the corresponding
version of macOS. Over time, the kernels
of iOS and macOS have gotten closer.
This is not surprising, considering that
iOS introduced new features (such as the
ASLR Kernel, the default freezer, and
various security-strengthening features)
that were first incorporated and
subsequently arrived on macOS. It
appears Apple is gradually merging the
iOS and macOS kernels over time. The
build date for each version varies slightly
between processors. This is due to the
fact that the builds are sequential.

Kernel Image

The kernel image base is randomized by

the boot loader (iBoot). This is done by
creating random data, doing a SHA-1
hash of it and then using a byte from the
SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide
is calculated with this formula:

base=0x01000000+
(slide_byte*0x00200000)

If the slide is 0, the static offset of

0x21000000 is used instead.

The adjusted base is passed to the

kernel in the boot arguments structure at
offset 0x04 , which is equivalent to
gBootArgs->virtBase.
Kernel Map

The kernel map is used for kernel

allocations of all types ( kalloc() ,
kernel_memory_allocate() , etc.)
and spans all of kernel space
( 0x80000000 - 0xFFFEFFFF ). The
kernel based maps are submaps of the
kernel_map , for example
zone_map , ipc_kernel_map , etc.

The strategy is to randomize the base of

the kernel_map . A random 9-bit
value is generated right after
kmem_init() which establishes
kernel_map , is multiplied by the page
size. The resulting value is used as the
size for the initial kernel_map
allocation. Future kernel_map (and
submap) allocations are pushed forward
by a random amount. The allocation is
silently removed after the first garbage
collection and reused. This behaviour
can be overridden with the " kmapoff "
boot parameter.

Attacks

Kext_request() allows applications

to request information about kernel
modules, divided into active and passive
operations. Active operations (load,
unload, start, stop, etc.) require root
access. iOS removes the ability to load
kernel extensions. Passive operations
were originally (before iOS 6)
unrestricted and allowed unprivileged
users to query kernel module base
addresses. iOS6 inadvertently removed
some limitations; only the load address
requests are disallowed. So attackers
can use
kKextRequestPredicateGetLoade
d to get load addresses and mach-o
header dumps. The load address and
mach-o segment headers are obscured
to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o
section headers are not. This reveals the
virtual addresses of loaded kernel
sections.
This information leak has been closed
with iOS 6.0.1.

Versions codenames

Internally, iOS identifies each version by a

codename, often used internally only,
normally to maintain secrecy of the
project. For example, the codename for
iOS 14 is Azul.

Jailbreaking

Since its initial release, iOS has been

subject to a variety of different hacks
centered around adding functionality not
allowed by Apple.[189] Prior to the 2008
debut of Apple's native iOS App Store, the
primary motive for jailbreaking was to
bypass Apple's purchase mechanism for
installing the App Store's native
applications.[190] Apple claimed that it
would not release iOS software updates
designed specifically to break these tools
(other than applications that perform
SIM unlocking); however, with each
subsequent iOS update, previously un-
patched jailbreak exploits are usually
patched.[191]

When a device is booting, it loads Apple's

own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device
must be exploited and have the kernel
patched each time it is booted up.
There are different types of jailbreak. An
untethered jailbreak uses exploits that
are powerful enough to allow the user to
turn their device off and back on at will,
with the device starting up completely,
and the kernel will be patched without
the help of a computer – in other words,
it will be jailbroken even after each
reboot.

However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A

tethered jailbreak is only able to
temporarily jailbreak the device during a
single boot. If the user turns the device
off and then boots it back up without the
help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no
longer be running a patched kernel, and it
may get stuck in a partially started state,
such as Recovery Mode. In order for the
device to start completely and with a
patched kernel, it must be "re-jailbroken"
with a computer (using the "boot
tethered" feature of a tool) each time it is
turned on. All changes to the files on the
device (such as installed package files or
edited system files) will persist between
reboots, including changes that can only
function if the device is jailbroken (such
as installed package files).

In more recent years, two other solutions

have been created – semi-tethered and
semi-untethered.
A semi-tethered solution is one where the
device is able to start up on its own, but it
will no longer have a patched kernel, and
therefore will not be able to run modified
code. It will, however, still be usable for
normal functions, just like stock iOS. To
start with a patched kernel, the user must
start the device with the help of the
jailbreak tool.

A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the

ability to start the device on its own. On
first boot, the device will not be running a
patched kernel. However, rather than
having to run a tool from a computer to
apply the kernel patches, the user is able
to re-jailbreak their device with the help
of an app (usually sideloaded using
Cydia Impactor) running on their device.
In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3 and 64-bit
10.x jailbreaks, Safari-based exploits
were available, thereby meaning
websites could be used to rejailbreak.

In more detail: Each iOS device has a

bootchain that tries to make sure only
trusted/signed code is loaded. A device
with a tethered jailbreak is able to boot
up with the help of a jailbreaking tool
because the tool executes exploits via
USB that bypass parts of that "chain of
trust", bootstrapping to a pwned (no
signature check) iBSS (https://www.theip
honewiki.com/wiki/IBSS) , iBEC (https://
www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/IBEC) , or
iBoot to finish the boot process.

Since the arrival of Apple's native iOS

App Store, and—along with it—third-party
applications, the general motives for
jailbreaking have changed.[192] People
jailbreak for many different reasons,
including gaining filesystem access,
installing custom device themes, and
modifying SpringBoard. An additional
motivation is that it may enable the
installation of pirated apps. On some
devices, jailbreaking also makes it
possible to install alternative operating
systems, such as Android and the Linux
kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their
devices because of the limitations of iOS.
Depending on the method used, the
effects of jailbreaking may be permanent
or temporary.[193]

In 2010, the Electronic Frontier

Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced
the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an
exemption to the general prohibition on
circumvention of copyright protection
systems under the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act (DMCA). The exemption
allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the
sole purpose of allowing legally obtained
applications to be added to the
iPhone.[194] The exemption does not
affect the contractual relations between
Apple and an iPhone owner, for example,
jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty;
however, it is solely based on Apple's
discretion on whether they will fix
jailbroken devices in the event that they
need to be repaired. At the same time,
the Copyright Office exempted unlocking
an iPhone from DMCA's
anticircumvention prohibitions.[195]
Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to
be used with any wireless carrier using
the same GSM or CDMA technology for
which the particular phone model was
designed to operate.[196]
Unlocking

Initially most wireless carriers in the US

did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it
for use with other carriers. However
AT&T allowed iPhone owners who had
satisfied contract requirements to unlock
their iPhone.[197] Instructions to unlock
the device are available from Apple,[198]
but it is ultimately at the sole discretion
of the carrier to authorize unlocking the
device.[199] This allows the use of a
carrier-sourced iPhone on other
networks. Modern versions of iOS and
the iPhone fully support LTE across
multiple carriers wherever the phone was
purchased.[200] Programs to remove SIM
lock restrictions are available, but are not
supported by Apple, and most often not a
permanent unlock – a soft unlock,[201]
which modifies the iPhone so that the
baseband will accept the SIM card of any
GSM carrier. SIM unlocking is not
jailbreaking, but a jailbreak is also
required for these unofficial software
unlocks.

The legality of software unlocking varies

in each country; for example, in the US,
there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial
software unlocking of devices purchased
before January 26, 2013.[202]
Digital rights management
The closed and proprietary nature of iOS
has garnered criticism, particularly by
digital rights advocates such as the
Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer
engineer and activist Brewster Kahle,
Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain,
and the Free Software Foundation who
protested the iPad's introductory event
and have targeted the iPad with their
"Defective by Design"
campaign.[203][204][205][206] Competitor
Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized
Apple's control over its platform.[207]
At issue are restrictions imposed by the
design of iOS, namely digital rights
management (DRM) intended to lock
purchased media to Apple's platform, the
development model (requiring a yearly
subscription to distribute apps developed
for the iOS), the centralized approval
process for apps, as well as Apple's
general control and lockdown of the
platform itself. Particularly at issue is the
ability for Apple to remotely disable or
delete apps at will.

Some in the tech community have

expressed concern that the locked-down
iOS represents a growing trend in Apple's
approach to computing, particularly
Apple's shift away from machines that
hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the
potential for such restrictions to stifle
software innovation.[208][209] Former
Facebook developer Joe Hewitt
protested against Apple's control over its
hardware as a "horrible precedent" but
praised iOS's sandboxing of apps.[210]

Security and privacy

iOS utilizes many security features in
both hardware and software. Below are
summaries of the most prominent
features.
Secure Boot

Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-

level code that runs from the Boot ROM.
Its task is to verify that the Low-Level
Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root
CA public key before running it. This
process is to ensure that no malicious or
otherwise unauthorized software can be
run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level
Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the
higher level bootloader, known as iBoot.
If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to
load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of
the operating system.[211]
Secure Enclave

The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor

found in iOS devices part of the A7 and
newer chips used for data protection. It
includes the user data pertaining to
Touch ID, Face ID, and Apple Pay, among
other sensitive data.[212] The purpose of
the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and
other info such as biometrics that is
sensitive enough to not be handled by
the Application Processor (AP). It is
isolated with a hardware filter so the AP
cannot access it.[212] It shares RAM with
the AP, but its portion of the RAM (known
as TZ0) is encrypted. The secure enclave
itself is a flashable 4 MB AKF processor
core called the secure enclave processor
(SEP) as documented in Apple Patent
Application 20130308838 (http://appft.u
spto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO
1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fn
etahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f
=G&l=50&s1=%2220130308838%22.PGN
R.&OS=DN/20130308838&RS=DN/20130
308838) . The technology used is similar
to ARM's TrustZone/SecurCore (http://w
ww.arm.com/products/processors/techn
ologies/trustzone/index.php) but
contains proprietary code for Apple KF
cores in general and SEP specifically. It is
also responsible for generating the UID
key on A9 or newer chips that protects
user data at rest.
It has its own secure boot process to
ensure that it is completely secure. A
hardware random number generator is
also included as a part of this
coprocessor. Each device's Secure
Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it
when it is made and cannot be changed.
This identifier is used to create a
temporary key that encrypts the memory
in this portion of the system. The Secure
Enclave also contains an anti-replay
counter to prevent brute force
attacks.[211]

The SEP is located in the devicetree

under IODeviceTree:/arm-io/sep and
managed by the AppleSEPManager
driver.[213]

In 2020, security flaws in the SEP were

discovered, causing concerns about
Apple devices such as iPhones.[214]

Face ID

Face ID is a face scanner that is

embedded in the notch on iPhone
models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11
Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, 12 Pro Max,
13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, 13 Pro Max, 14, and
the 14 Plus. On the iPhone 14 Pro and
the 14 Pro Max, it is embedded in the
Dynamic Island.[215] It can be used to
unlock the device, make purchases, and
log into applications among other
functions. When used, Face ID only
temporarily stores the face data in
encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave,
as described above. There is no way for
the device's main processor or any other
part of the system to access the raw
data that is obtained from the Face ID
sensor.[211]

Passcode

iOS devices can have a passcode that is

used to unlock the device, make changes
to system settings, and encrypt the
device's contents. Until recently, these
were typically four numerical digits long.
However, since unlocking the devices
with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has
become more widespread, six-digit
passcodes are now the default on iOS
with the option to switch back to four or
use an alphanumeric passcode.[211]

Touch ID

Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is

embedded in the home button and can
be used to unlock the device, make
purchases, and log into applications
among other functions. When used,
Touch ID only temporarily stores the
fingerprint data in encrypted memory in
the Secure Enclave, as described above.
Like Face ID, there is no way for the
device's main processor or any other part
of the system to access the raw
fingerprint data that is obtained from the
Touch ID sensor.[211]

Address Space Layout

Randomization

Address Space Layout Randomization

(ASLR) is a low-level technique of
preventing memory corruption attacks
such as buffer overflows. It involves
placing data in randomly selected
locations in memory in order to make it
more difficult to predict ways to corrupt
the system and create exploits. ASLR
makes app bugs more likely to crash the
app than to silently overwrite memory,
regardless of whether the behavior is
accidental or malicious.[216]

Non-executable memory

iOS utilizes the ARM architecture's

Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows
some portions of the memory to be
marked as non-executable, working
alongside ASLR to prevent buffer
overflow attacks including return-to-libc
attacks.[211]
Encryption

As mentioned above, one use of

encryption in iOS is in the memory of the
Secure Enclave (https://support.apple.co
m/en-gb/guide/security/sec59b0b31ff/w
eb) . When a passcode is utilized on an
iOS device, the contents of the device are
encrypted. This is done by using a
hardware AES 256 implementation that
is very efficient because it is placed
directly between the flash storage and
RAM.[211]

iOS, in combination with its specific

hardware, uses crypto-shredding when
erasing all content and settings by
obliterating all the keys in 'effaceable
storage'. This renders all user data on the
device cryptographically
inaccessible.[217]

Keychain

The iOS keychain is a database of login

information that can be shared across
apps written by the same person or
organization.[211] This service is often
used for storing passwords for web
applications.[218]
App security

Third-party applications such as those

distributed through the App Store must
be code signed with an Apple-issued
certificate. In principle, this continues the
chain of trust all the way from the Secure
Boot process as mentioned above to the
actions of the applications installed on
the device by users. Applications are also
sandboxed, meaning that they can only
modify the data within their individual
home directory unless explicitly given
permission to do otherwise. For example,
they cannot access data owned by other
user-installed applications on the device.
There is a very extensive set of privacy
controls contained within iOS with
options to control apps' ability to access
a wide variety of permissions such as the
camera, contacts, background app
refresh, cellular data, and access to other
data and services. Most of the code in
iOS, including third-party applications,
runs as the "mobile" user which does not
have root privileges. This ensures that
system files and other iOS system
resources remain hidden and
inaccessible to user-installed
applications.[211]
App Store bypasses

Companies can apply to Apple for

enterprise developer certificates. These
can be used to sign apps such that iOS
will install them directly (sometimes
called "sideloading"), without the app
needing to be distributed via the App
Store.[219] The terms under which they
are granted make clear that they are only
to be used for companies who wish to
distribute apps directly to their
employees.[219]

Circa January–February 2019, it emerged

that a number of software developers
were misusing enterprise developer
certificates to distribute software directly
to non-employees, thereby bypassing the
App Store. Facebook was found to be
abusing an Apple enterprise developer
certificate to distribute an application to
underage users that would give
Facebook access to all private data on
their devices.[220][221][222] Google was
abusing an Apple enterprise developer
certificate to distribute an app to adults
to collect data from their devices,
including unencrypted data belonging to
third parties.[223][219] TutuApp, Panda
Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox have all
been abusing enterprise developer
certificates to distribute apps that offer
pirated software.[224]
Network security

iOS supports TLS with both low- and

high-level APIs for developers. By default,
the App Transport Security framework
requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2.
However, developers are free to override
this framework and utilize their own
methods of communicating over
networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS
uses a randomized MAC address so that
devices cannot be tracked by anyone
sniffing wireless traffic.[211]
Two-factor authentication

Two-factor authentication is an option in

iOS to ensure that even if an
unauthorized person knows an Apple ID
and password combination, they cannot
gain access to the account. It works by
requiring not only the Apple ID and
password, but also a verification code
that is sent to an iDevice or mobile phone
number that is already known to be
trusted.[211] If an unauthorized user
attempts to sign in using another user's
Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID
receives a notification that allows them
to deny access to the unrecognized
device.[225]
Hardened memory allocation

iOS features a hardened memory

allocator known as kalloc_type that
was introduced in iOS 15. Since the XNU
kernel is primarily written in memory
unsafe languages such as C and C++,[226]
kalloc_type is designed to mitigate
the large amount of vulnerabilities that
result from the use of these languages in
the kernel. In order to achieve this,
kalloc_type implements
mitigations such as type isolation in
order to prevent type confusion and
buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Ultimately,
the prevention of privilege escalation is
intended.[227]
Reception

Market share

Worldwide market shar

smartphone operatin
systems
Android 68
iOS 30
Other 0

Source: Statcounter
(April 2023).[228]

iOS is the second most popular mobile

operating system in the world, after
Android. Sales of iPads in recent years
are also behind Android, while, by web
use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using
iOS) are still the most popular.[229]

By the middle of 2012, there were

410 million devices activated.[230] At
WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million
devices had been sold by June 2014.[231]

During Apple's quarterly earnings call in

January 2015, the company announced
that they had sold over one billion iOS
devices since 2007.[232][233]

By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of

the market share for smartphones and
tablets.[234] By the end of 2014, iOS
accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone
market[235] and 27.6% of the tablet and
two-in-one market.[236] In February 2015,
StatCounter reported iOS was used on
23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of
tablets worldwide, measured by internet
usage instead of sales.[237]

In the third quarter of 2015, research

from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS
adoption of the worldwide smartphone
market was at a record low 12.1%,
attributed to lackluster performance in
China and Africa. Android accounted for
87.5% of the market, with Windows
Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the
rest.[238][239]
Devices
Timeline of iOS devices: iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and Apple TV (2G) models
v · t · e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Timeline_of_iOS_devices&action=edit)

Sources: Apple Inc. Newsroom Archive,[240] Mactracker Apple Inc. model database[241]
See also
Computer
programming
portal
Telephones
portal

Comparison of mobile operating

systems
Android (operating system)

References
1. Clover, Juli (June 21, 2023). "Apple
Releases iOS 16.5.1 With Fix for Lightning
to USB Camera Adapter Bug" (https://ww
w.macrumors.com/2023/06/21/apple-rel
eases-ios-16-5-1-with-fix-for-lightning-to-u
sb-camera-adapter-bug/) . MacRumors.
Retrieved June 24, 2023.
2. "iOS 16.5.1 (20F75) - Releases - Apple
Developer" (https://developer.apple.com/
news/releases/?id=06212023f) . Apple
Developer. Apple Inc. June 21, 2023.
Retrieved June 24, 2023.
3. Hall, Zac (July 5, 2023). "Apple releases
third developer betas for iOS 17, macOS
Sonoma, and more" (https://9to5mac.co
m/2023/07/05/ios-17-beta-3/) .
9to5mac.com. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
4. Clover, Juli (July 11, 2023). "Apple Seeds
Updated Third Betas of iOS 17 and
iPadOS 17 to Developers" (https://www.m
acrumors.com/2023/07/11/apple-seeds-i
os-17-beta-3-update/) . MacRumors.
Retrieved July 11, 2023. "Apple has also
seeded a new third beta of tvOS 17 to
developers."
5. Clover, Juli (July 10, 2023). "Apple Seeds
Fifth Betas of iOS 16.6 and iPadOS 16.6
to Developers [Update: Public Beta
Available]" (https://www.macrumors.com/
2023/07/10/apple-seeds-ios-16-6-beta-5-t
o-developers/) . MacRumors. Retrieved
July 11, 2023.
6. "iOS 16.6 beta 5 (20G5070a) - Releases -
Apple Developer" (https://developer.apple.
com/news/releases/?id=07102023a) .
Apple Developer. Apple Inc. July 10, 2023.
Retrieved July 11, 2023.
7. "iOS and iPadOS – Feature Availability" (ht
tps://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availabil
ity/#system-language-system-language) .
Apple Inc. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20230512155325/https://www.ap
ple.com/ios/feature-availability/) from
the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved
May 16, 2023.
8. Tim Brookes (October 17, 2019). "Where
Are iTunes Features in macOS Catalina?"
(https://www.howtogeek.com/443462/wh
ere-are-itunes-features-in-macos-catalin
a/) . How-To Geek. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20191027032052/http
s://www.howtogeek.com/443462/where-
are-itunes-features-in-macos-catalina/)
from the original on October 27, 2019.
Retrieved October 27, 2019.
 9. "iOS: A visual history" (https://www.thever
ge.com/2011/12/13/2612736/ios-history-
iphone-ipad) . The Verge. December 13,
2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20170412015548/http://www.theverg
e.com/2011/12/13/2612736/ios-history-i
phone-ipad) from the original on April 12,
2017. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
10. "The music lives on" (https://www.apple.c
om/newsroom/2022/05/the-music-lives-o
n/) . Apple Newsroom. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220511000703/h
ttps://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/0
5/the-music-lives-on/) from the original
on May 11, 2022. Retrieved June 28,
2022.
11. Espósito, Filipe (April 13, 2020).
"HomePod now runs on tvOS, here's what
that could mean" (https://9to5mac.com/2
020/04/13/homepod-now-runs-on-tvos-he
res-what-that-could-mean/) . 9to5Mac.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200414143735/https://9to5mac.com/202
0/04/13/homepod-now-runs-on-tvos-here
s-what-that-could-mean/) from the
original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved
December 22, 2022.
12. "Apple Open Source" (https://opensource.
apple.com/) . Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200924194724/https://ope
nsource.apple.com/) from the original on
September 24, 2020. Retrieved
September 25, 2020.
13. "Charting The Explosive Growth of the
App Store" (https://www.lifewire.com/how
-many-apps-in-app-store-2000252) .
Lifewire. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220407101039/https://www.life
wire.com/how-many-apps-in-app-store-20
00252) from the original on April 7, 2022.
Retrieved October 15, 2018.
14. "iOS 16 Preview" (https://www.apple.com/
ios/ios-16/) . Apple. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220912165110/http
s://www.apple.com/ios/ios-16/) from the
original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved
September 12, 2022.
15. Satariano, Adam; Burrows, Peter; Stone,
Brad (October 14, 2011). "Scott Forstall,
the Sorcerer's Apprentice at Apple" (http
s://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2
011-10-12/scott-forstall-the-sorcerers-app
rentice-at-apple) . Bloomberg
Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201704070
32342/https://www.bloomberg.com/new
s/articles/2011-10-12/scott-forstall-the-s
orcerers-apprentice-at-apple) from the
original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 1,
2017.
16. Kim, Arnold (October 12, 2011). "Scott
Forstall's Personality, Origins of iOS, and
Lost iPhone 4 Prototype" (https://www.ma
crumors.com/2011/10/13/scott-forstalls-
personality-origins-of-ios-and-lost-iphone-
4-prototype/) . MacRumors. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201704020811
18/https://www.macrumors.com/2011/1
0/13/scott-forstalls-personality-origins-of-
ios-and-lost-iphone-4-prototype/) from
the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved
April 1, 2017.
17. Thomas, Owen (January 9, 2007). "Apple:
Hello, iPhone" (https://money.cnn.com/20
07/01/09/technology/apple_jobs/) . CNN
Money. CNN. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20170402081508/http://mone
y.cnn.com/2007/01/09/technology/apple
_jobs/) from the original on April 2, 2017.
Retrieved April 1, 2017.
18. Eadicicco, Lisa (January 9, 2017). "Watch
Steve Jobs Unveil the First iPhone 10
Years Ago Today" (http://time.com/46285
15/steve-jobs-iphone-launch-keynote-200
7/) . Time. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170402080922/http://time.co
m/4628515/steve-jobs-iphone-launch-key
note-2007/) from the original on April 2,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
19. Honan, Mathew (January 9, 2007). "Apple
unveils iPhone" (http://www.macworld.co
m/article/1054769/smartphones/iphone.
html) . Macworld. International Data
Group. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170126161949/http://www.macw
orld.com/article/1054769/smartphones/i
phone.html) from the original on January
26, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
20. Block, Ryan (January 9, 2007). "Live from
Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote" (http
s://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-f
rom-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynot
e/) . Engadget. AOL. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170324084725/http
s://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-f
rom-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynot
e/) from the original on March 24, 2017.
Retrieved April 1, 2017.
21. Wright, Mic (September 9, 2015). "The
original iPhone announcement annotated:
Steve Jobs' genius meets Genius" (http
s://thenextweb.com/apple/2015/09/09/g
enius-annotated-with-genius/) . The Next
Web. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20170401232647/https://thenextweb.
com/apple/2015/09/09/genius-annotated
-with-genius/) from the original on April
1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
22. "iOS: A visual history" (https://www.thever
ge.com/2011/12/13/2612736/ios-history-
iphone-ipad) . The Verge. Vox Media.
September 16, 2013. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170412015548/htt
p://www.theverge.com/2011/12/13/2612
736/ios-history-iphone-ipad) from the
original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved
April 1, 2017.
23. Gonsalves, Antone (October 11, 2007).
"Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps
Directory" (http://www.informationweek.c
om/apple-launches-iphone-web-apps-dire
ctory/d/d-id/1060220) .
InformationWeek. UBM plc. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017022009243
4/http://www.informationweek.com/appl
e-launches-iphone-web-apps-directory/d/
d-id/1060220) from the original on
February 20, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
24. "Jobs' original vision for the iPhone: No
third-party native apps" (https://9to5mac.
com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-t
he-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/) .
9to5Mac. October 21, 2011. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201704012331
12/https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/job
s-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-pa
rty-native-apps/) from the original on
April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
25. Fletcher, Nik (October 17, 2007). "Apple:
"we plan to have an iPhone SDK in
developers' hands in February" " (https://w
ww.engadget.com/2007/10/17/apple-we-
plan-to-have-an-iphone-sdk-in-developers-
hands-in-fe/) . Engadget. AOL. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201704020
80846/https://www.engadget.com/2007/
10/17/apple-we-plan-to-have-an-iphone-s
dk-in-developers-hands-in-fe/) from the
original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1,
2017.
26. Eran Dilger, Daniel (March 7, 2017). "Nine
Years of Apple's iOS SDK generated $60
billion, 1.4 million jobs" (http://appleinside
r.com/articles/17/03/07/nine-years-of-ap
ples-ios-sdk-generated-60-billion-14-millio
n-jobs) . AppleInsider. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170402081011/htt
p://appleinsider.com/articles/17/03/07/ni
ne-years-of-apples-ios-sdk-generated-60-b
illion-14-million-jobs) from the original on
April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
27. Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (October 17, 2007).
"Steve Jobs: Apple Will Open iPhone to
3rd Party Apps in February" (http://fortun
e.com/2007/10/17/steve-jobs-apple-will-
open-iphone-to-3rd-party-apps-in-februar
y/) . Fortune. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20170402080842/http://fortun
e.com/2007/10/17/steve-jobs-apple-will-
open-iphone-to-3rd-party-apps-in-februar
y/) from the original on April 2, 2017.
Retrieved April 1, 2017.
28. Block, Ryan (March 6, 2008). "Live from
Apple's iPhone SDK press conference" (htt
ps://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live
-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/) .
Engadget. AOL. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20170127165446/https://w
ww.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-
apples-iphone-press-conference/) from
the original on January 27, 2017.
Retrieved April 1, 2017.
29. Dalrymple, Jim; Snell, Jason (February 27,
2008). "Apple: iPhone SDK, enterprise
announcement next week" (http://www.m
acworld.com/article/1132275/sdk.html) .
Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170402081039/http://www.macworld.co
m/article/1132275/sdk.html) from the
original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1,
2017.
30. Ricker, Thomas (July 10, 2008). "Jobs:
App Store launching with 500 iPhone
applications, 25% free" (https://www.enga
dget.com/2008/07/10/jobs-app-store-lau
nching-with-500-iphone-applications-25-fr
ee/) . Engadget. AOL. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170330012936/htt
ps://www.engadget.com/2008/07/10/job
s-app-store-launching-with-500-iphone-ap
plications-25-free/) from the original on
March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
31. "App Store Downloads Top 100 Million
Worldwide" (https://www.apple.com/pr/li
brary/2008/09/09App-Store-Downloads-T
op-100-Million-Worldwide.html) . Apple
Press Info. Apple Inc. September 9, 2008.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170401111744/http://www.apple.com/p
r/library/2008/09/09App-Store-Download
s-Top-100-Million-Worldwide.html) from
the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved
April 1, 2017.
32. Myslewski, Rik (January 16, 2009).
"iPhone App Store breezes past 500
million downloads" (https://www.theregist
er.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_iphone_
apps/) . The Register. Situation
Publishing. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170505165333/http://www.th
eregister.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_ip
hone_apps/) from the original on May 5,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
33. Siegler, MG (June 8, 2009). "State Of The
iPhone Ecosystem: 40 Million Devices and
50,000 Apps" (https://techcrunch.com/20
09/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-tou
ches-and-50000-apps/) . TechCrunch.
AOL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20090610235745/http://www.techcru
nch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-
and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/)
from the original on June 10, 2009.
Retrieved April 1, 2017.
34. Moren, Dan (November 4, 2009). "App
Store officially passes 100,000 app mark"
(http://www.macworld.com/article/11436
41/appstore_100000.html) . Macworld.
International Data Group. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017033001311
2/http://www.macworld.com/article/1143
641/appstore_100000.html) from the
original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved
March 29, 2017.
35. Frommer, Dan (November 4, 2009).
"iPhone App Store Passes 100,000 Apps"
(http://www.businessinsider.com/iphone-
app-store-passes-100000-apps-2009-1
1) . Business Insider. Axel Springer SE.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170330000058/http://www.businessinsid
er.com/iphone-app-store-passes-100000-
apps-2009-11) from the original on
March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 29,
2017.
36. Brian, Matt (August 28, 2010). "Apple's
App Store Now Features 250,000 Apps" (h
ttps://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/2
8/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-
apps/) . The Next Web. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170329233606/h
ttps://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/2
8/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-
apps/) from the original on March 29,
2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
37. Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (August 28, 2010).
"Apple App Store: 250,000 and counting"
(http://fortune.com/2010/08/28/apple-ap
p-store-250000-and-counting/) . Fortune.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170330000653/http://fortune.com/2010/
08/28/apple-app-store-250000-and-counti
ng/) from the original on March 30, 2017.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
38. Crook, Jordan (July 24, 2012). "Apple App
Store Hits 650,000 Apps: 250,000
Designed For iPad, $5.5B Paid Out To
Devs" (https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/2
4/apple-app-store-hits-650000-apps-2500
00-designed-for-ipad-5-5b-paid-out-to-dev
s/) . TechCrunch. AOL. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170330014047/h
ttps://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/apple
-app-store-hits-650000-apps-250000-desi
gned-for-ipad-5-5b-paid-out-to-devs/)
from the original on March 30, 2017.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
39. Ingraham, Nathan (October 22, 2013).
"Apple announces 1 million apps in the
App Store, more than 1 billion songs
played on iTunes radio" (https://www.thev
erge.com/2013/10/22/4866302/apple-an
nounces-1-million-apps-in-the-app-store) .
The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170512171633/htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/486
6302/apple-announces-1-million-apps-in-t
he-app-store) from the original on May
12, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
40. Fiegerman, Seth (October 22, 2013).
"Apple's App Store Tops 1 Million Apps" (h
ttp://mashable.com/2013/10/22/apple-a
pp-store-1-million/) . Mashable. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201703300
12049/http://mashable.com/2013/10/22/
apple-app-store-1-million/) from the
original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved
March 29, 2017.
41. Golson, Jordan (June 13, 2016). "Apple's
App Store now has over 2 million apps" (h
ttps://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/119
22926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016) .
The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170210135527/htt
p://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922
926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016)
from the original on February 10, 2017.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
42. Beck, Kellen (June 13, 2016). "Apple's App
Store now has over 2 million apps" (http://
mashable.com/2016/06/13/apple-wwdc-
apps/) . Mashable. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20170330012051/http://
mashable.com/2016/06/13/apple-wwdc-
apps/) from the original on March 30,
2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
43. Carson, Erin (June 13, 2016). "Apple by
the numbers: 2 million apps, 15 million
Apple Music subscribers" (https://www.cn
et.com/uk/news/apple-by-the-numbers-2-
million-apps15-million-apple-music-subsc
ribers10-billion-icloud-documents/) .
CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170330014530/htt
ps://www.cnet.com/uk/news/apple-by-th
e-numbers-2-million-apps15-million-apple-
music-subscribers10-billion-icloud-docum
ents/) from the original on March 30,
2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
44. Goode, Lauren (January 5, 2017). "Apple's
App Store just had the most successful
month of sales ever" (https://www.theverg
e.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-decem
ber-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller) .
The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170128232821/htt
p://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/141733
28/apple-december-2016-app-store-recor
d-phil-schiller) from the original on
January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 29,
2017.
45. Dignan, Larry (January 5, 2017). "Apple's
App Store 2016 revenue tops $28 billion
mark, developers net $20 billion" (https://
www.zdnet.com/article/apples-app-store-
2016-revenue-tops-28-billion-mark-develo
pers-net-20-billion/) . ZDNet. CBS
Interactive. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170330055612/http://www.zd
net.com/article/apples-app-store-2016-re
venue-tops-28-billion-mark-developers-net
-20-billion/) from the original on March
30, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
46. Kastrenakes, Jacob (March 21, 2016).
"There are now 1 million iPad apps" (http
s://www.theverge.com/2016/3/21/11277
804/1-million-ipad-apps) . The Verge. Vox
Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170330011925/http://www.thever
ge.com/2016/3/21/11277804/1-million-ip
ad-apps) from the original on March 30,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
47. Perez, Sarah (August 10, 2016). "App
Store to reach 5 million apps by 2020,
with games leading the way" (https://tech
crunch.com/2016/08/10/app-store-to-rea
ch-5-million-apps-by-2020-with-games-lea
ding-the-way/) . TechCrunch. AOL.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170330003410/https://techcrunch.com/2
016/08/10/app-store-to-reach-5-million-a
pps-by-2020-with-games-leading-the-wa
y/) from the original on March 30, 2017.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
48. Bangeman, Eric (September 17, 2007).
"The iPod meets the iPhone: a review of
the iPod Touch" (https://arstechnica.com/
apple/2007/09/the-ipod-meets-the-iphone
-a-review-of-the-ipod-touch/) . Ars
Technica. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20160618215925/http://arstechni
ca.com/apple/2007/09/the-ipod-meets-th
e-iphone-a-review-of-the-ipod-touch/)
from the original on June 18, 2016.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
49. Rose, Michael (January 27, 2013).
"January 27, 2010: Apple announces the
iPad" (https://www.engadget.com/2013/0
1/27/january-27-2010-apple-announces-t
he-ipad/) . Engadget. AOL. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2018071602492
1/https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/2
7/january-27-2010-apple-announces-the-i
pad/) from the original on July 16, 2018.
Retrieved April 18, 2017.
50. Foresman, Chris (January 27, 2010).
"Apple announces the iPad" (https://arste
chnica.com/apple/2010/01/apple-announ
ces-ipad-attempts-to-change-the-world/) .
Ars Technica. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20170419103354/https://arst
echnica.com/apple/2010/01/apple-annou
nces-ipad-attempts-to-change-the-worl
d/) from the original on April 19, 2017.
Retrieved April 18, 2017.
51. "Apple Launches iPad" (https://www.appl
e.com/pr/library/2010/01/27Apple-Launc
hes-iPad.html) . Apple Press Info. Apple
Inc. January 27, 2010. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20110703062209/htt
p://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/2
7Apple-Launches-iPad.html) from the
original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved
April 18, 2017.
52. "Apple Tablet Media Event Today: "Come
See Our Latest Creation" " (https://www.m
acrumors.com/2010/01/27/apple-tablet-
media-event-today-come-see-our-latest-cr
eation/) . MacRumors. January 27, 2010.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200920032548/https://www.macrumors.
com/2010/01/27/apple-tablet-media-eve
nt-today-come-see-our-latest-creation/)
from the original on September 20, 2020.
Retrieved September 4, 2020.
53. Tony Bradley (January 29, 2010). "AT&T
Beefing Up Network for iPad and iPhone"
(https://www.pcworld.com/article/18814
9/atandt_beefing_up_network_for_ipad_a
nd_iphone.html) . PC World. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201002010141
34/https://www.pcworld.com/article/188
149/atandt_beefing_up_network_for_ipad
_and_iphone.html) from the original on
February 1, 2010. Retrieved January 29,
2010.
54. Patel, N. (June 7, 2010). "iPhone OS 4
renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with
1500 new features" (https://www.engadge
t.com/2010-06-07-iphone-os-4-renamed-i
os-gets-1500-new-features.html) .
Engadget. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20220523171310/https://www.en
gadget.com/2010-06-07-iphone-os-4-rena
med-ios-gets-1500-new-features.html)
from the original on May 23, 2022.
Retrieved June 25, 2022.
55. Chartier, David (June 7, 2010). "iPhone OS
gets new name, video calling" (https://ww
w.macworld.com/article/205857/iphone_
os_4_wwdc.html) . Macworld. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20220622234
009/https://www.macworld.com/article/2
05857/iphone_os_4_wwdc.html) from
the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved
June 25, 2022.
56. Tartakoff, Joseph (June 7, 2010). "Apple
Avoids iPhone-Like Trademark Battle
Thanks To Cisco, FaceTime Deals" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2011051120000
2/http://paidcontent.org/article/419-deja-
vu-apples-new-ios-brand-is-already-used-b
y-cisco/) . paidContent. Archived from the
original (http://paidcontent.org/article/41
9-deja-vu-apples-new-ios-brand-is-already-
used-by-cisco/) on May 11, 2011.
Retrieved February 2, 2011.
57. Garun, Natt (September 9, 2014).
"Everything Apple announced at its
September 2014 keynote" (https://thenext
web.com/apple/2014/09/09/everything-a
pple-announced-september-2014-keynot
e/) . The Next Web. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210403193928/http
s://thenextweb.com/apple/2014/09/09/e
verything-apple-announced-september-20
14-keynote/) from the original on April 3,
2021. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
58. Savov, Vlad (September 9, 2014). "Apple
Watch announced: available for $349
early next year" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2014/9/9/6125873/apple-watch-smart
watch-announced) . The Verge. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201409091
83047/http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/
9/6125873/apple-watch-smartwatch-ann
ounced) from the original on September
9, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
59. Machkovech, Sam (March 9, 2015). "Apple
Watch starts at $349, launching April 24"
(https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/03/
apple-watch-launching-on-april-24-startin
g-at-349/) . Ars Technica. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017032409041
4/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/0
3/apple-watch-launching-on-april-24-starti
ng-at-349/) from the original on March
24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
60. Gibbs, Samuel; Hern, Alex (March 9,
2015). "Apple Watch: available 24 April for
between $349 and $17,000" (https://www.
theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/0
9/apple-watch-available-april-24-for-betwe
en-349-and-10000) . The Guardian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170416162230/https://www.theguardian.
com/technology/2015/mar/09/apple-wat
ch-available-april-24-for-between-349-and-
10000) from the original on April 16,
2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
61. Kastrenakes, Jacob (March 9, 2015).
"Apple Watch release date is April 24th,
with pricing from $349 to over $10,000" (h
ttps://www.theverge.com/2015/3/9/8162
455/apple-watch-price-release-date-201
5) . The Verge. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20171011181924/https://ww
w.theverge.com/2015/3/9/8162455/appl
e-watch-price-release-date-2015) from
the original on October 11, 2017.
Retrieved March 23, 2017.
62. Hamburger, Ellis (September 9, 2014).
"Activity and Workout apps for Apple
Watch track your moves 24/7" (https://ww
w.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6127523/fitne
ss-and-workout-apps-apple-watch) . The
Verge. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
63. Juli Clover (October 5, 2016). "Apple's
First iOS Developer Academy Opens
October 6 at University of Naples" (http://
www.macrumors.com/2016/10/05/apple-
developer-academy-university-of-naple
s/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20161223132037/http://
www.macrumors.com/2016/10/05/apple-
developer-academy-university-of-naple
s/) from the original on December 23,
2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
64. Mike Wuerthele (October 5, 2016).
"Apple's first European iOS Developer
Academy opening on Thursday in Naples,
Italy" (http://appleinsider.com/articles/1
6/10/05/apples-first-european-ios-develo
per-academy-opening-on-thursday-in-napl
es-italy) . AppleInsider. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20161221205057/h
ttp://appleinsider.com/articles/16/10/05/
apples-first-european-ios-developer-acade
my-opening-on-thursday-in-naples-italy)
from the original on December 21, 2016.
Retrieved December 22, 2016.
65. "Chi è entrato, chi è scappato e cosa c'è
dentro alla iOS Developer Academy di
Napoli" (https://www.wired.it/mobile/app/
2016/10/07/dentro-alla-ios-developer-aca
demy-di-napoli/) . Wired (in Italian).
October 7, 2016. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20191108090453/https://
www.wired.it/mobile/app/2016/10/07/de
ntro-alla-ios-developer-academy-di-napol
i/) from the original on November 8,
2019. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
66. "Dopo Apple in arrivo a Napoli altri big
dell'hi-tech" (https://www.ilsole24ore.co
m/art/dopo-apple-arrivo-napoli-altri-big-de
ll-hi-tech-ACXIJns) . Il Sole 24 ORE (in
Italian). October 18, 2019. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2020081512393
1/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/dopo-
apple-arrivo-napoli-altri-big-dell-hi-tech-AC
XIJns) from the original on August 15,
2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
67. "iOS Developer Academy aprirà a Napoli |
In Ateneo" (https://www.unina.it/-/127443
01-ios-developer-academy-aprira-a-napol
i) . University of Naples Federico II.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210421023213/http://www.unina.it/-/127
44301-ios-developer-academy-aprira-a-na
poli) from the original on April 21, 2021.
Retrieved August 12, 2020.
68. "Developer Academy | Università Federico
II" (https://www.unina.it/ateneo/developer
-academy) . University of Naples Federico
II. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20200810122720/http://www.unina.it/ate
neo/developer-academy) from the
original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved
August 12, 2020.
69. "Apple Developer Academy di Napoli, al
via le nuove iscrizioni" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20191219031831/https://ww
w.lastampa.it/tecnologia/news/2019/05/
15/news/apple-developer-academy-di-nap
oli-al-via-le-nuove-iscrizioni-1.33702119) .
lastampa.it (in Italian). May 15, 2019.
Archived from the original (https://www.la
stampa.it/tecnologia/news/2019/05/15/
news/apple-developer-academy-di-napoli-
al-via-le-nuove-iscrizioni-1.33702119) on
December 19, 2019. Retrieved August 12,
2020.
70. "Apple unveils iPadOS, adding features
specifically to iPad" (https://appleinsider.c
om/articles/19/06/03/apple-supplements
-ios-13-with-new-tablet-specific-ipad-os-br
anch) . AppleInsider. June 3, 2019.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
190713124824/https://appleinsider.com/
articles/19/06/03/apple-supplements-ios-
13-with-new-tablet-specific-ipad-os-branc
h) from the original on July 13, 2019.
Retrieved August 11, 2020.
71. "Interface Essentials – iOS – Human
Interface Guidelines – Apple Developer"
(https://developer.apple.com/design/hum
an-interface-guidelines/ios/overview/inter
face-essentials/) . developer.apple.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220210042116/https://developer.apple.c
om/design/human-interface-guidelines/io
s/overview/interface-essentials/) from
the original on February 10, 2022.
Retrieved August 11, 2020.
72. "Adaptivity and Layout – Visual Design –
iOS – Human Interface Guidelines –
Apple Developer" (https://developer.apple.
com/design/human-interface-guidelines/i
os/visual-design/adaptivity-and-layout/) .
developer.apple.com. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220210042116/htt
ps://developer.apple.com/design/human-i
nterface-guidelines/ios/visual-design/ada
ptivity-and-layout/) from the original on
February 10, 2022. Retrieved August 11,
2020.
73. "Widgets – System Capabilities – iOS –
Human Interface Guidelines – Apple
Developer" (https://developer.apple.com/
design/human-interface-guidelines/ios/sy
stem-capabilities/widgets) .
developer.apple.com. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20200809063632/htt
ps://developer.apple.com/design/human-i
nterface-guidelines/ios/system-capabiliti
es/widgets) from the original on August
9, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
74. "Access and customize Control Center on
your iPhone and iPod Touch" (https://supp
ort.apple.com/en-us/HT202769) . Apple
Support. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20171002011705/https://support.
apple.com/en-us/HT202769) from the
original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved
August 11, 2020.
75. "Use notifications on your iPhone, iPad,
and iPod Touch" (https://support.apple.co
m/en-us/HT201925) . Apple Support.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
140819154745/http://support.apple.com/
kb/HT3576) from the original on August
19, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
76. "How to find your notifications and
respond when you're ready" (https://www.i
more.com/how-use-notification-center-iph
one-and-ipad) . iMore. December 2, 2018.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210122094407/https://www.imore.com/h
ow-use-notification-center-iphone-and-ipa
d) from the original on January 22, 2021.
Retrieved March 3, 2021.
77. Alex, Anson (October 4, 2012). "How to
Take a Screenshot on the iPhone 5 and
iOS 6 [Video]" (https://ansonalex.com/tut
orials/how-to-take-a-screenshot-on-the-ip
hone-5-and-ios-6/) . AnsonAlex.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201204003206/https://ansonalex.com/tu
torials/how-to-take-a-screenshot-on-the-ip
hone-5-and-ios-6/) from the original on
December 4, 2020. Retrieved
December 31, 2020.
78. "How to Take a Screenshot on an iPhone
X and Newer Models" (https://www.digital
trends.com/mobile/how-to-take-a-screens
hot-on-an-iphone-x/) . Digital Trends.
December 1, 2020. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20201204003933/http
s://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/how-to
-take-a-screenshot-on-an-iphone-x/) from
the original on December 4, 2020.
Retrieved December 31, 2020.
79. "How Functional Animation Helps
Improve User Experience" (https://www.s
mashingmagazine.com/2017/01/how-fun
ctional-animation-helps-improve-user-exp
erience/) . Smashing Magazine. January
11, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210819215153/https://www.sm
ashingmagazine.com/2017/01/how-funct
ional-animation-helps-improve-user-experi
ence/) from the original on August 19,
2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021. "[Image:
shutter-animation-in-apple-ios-6-camera-
app.png] Shutter image in the iOS 6
camera app"
80. "Apple iPhone 5 Camera Review" (https://
www.dpreview.com/reviews/apple-iphone
-5-review/2) . DPReview. October 9, 2012.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210819220754/https://www.dpreview.co
m/reviews/apple-iphone-5-review/2)
from the original on August 19, 2021.
Retrieved August 19, 2021.
81. Cipriani, Jason (March 10, 2014). "How to
enable auto-HDR in iOS 7.1" (https://www.
cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/ho
w-to-enable-auto-hdr-in-ios-7-1/) . CNET.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210819220753/https://www.cnet.com/te
ch/services-and-software/how-to-enable-
auto-hdr-in-ios-7-1/) from the original on
August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19,
2021.
82. "Camera tests: Zoom on the iPhone 7 vs
iPhone 7 Plus" (https://www.imore.com/c
amera-tests-zoom-iphone-7-vs-iphone-7-pl
us) . iMore. September 21, 2016.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210506230737/https://www.imore.com/c
amera-tests-zoom-iphone-7-vs-iphone-7-pl
us) from the original on May 6, 2021.
Retrieved August 19, 2021.
83. "Record HD or 4K video with your iPhone
or iPad" (https://support.apple.com/en-u
s/HT209431) . Apple Support. December
14, 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210819220754/https://support.
apple.com/en-us/HT209431) from the
original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved
August 19, 2021.
84. "Context Menus – Controls – iOS –
Human Interface Guidelines – Apple
Developer" (https://developer.apple.com/
design/human-interface-guidelines/ios/c
ontrols/context-menus/) .
developer.apple.com. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20200803085459/htt
ps://developer.apple.com/design/human-i
nterface-guidelines/ios/controls/context-
menus/) from the original on August 3,
2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
85. "Technical Q&A QA1686: App Icons on
iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch" (https://de
veloper.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1
686/_index.html) . developer.apple.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200730234505/https://developer.apple.c
om/library/archive/qa/qa1686/_index.ht
ml) from the original on July 30, 2020.
Retrieved August 11, 2020.
86. Kastrenakes, Jacob (June 9, 2017). "Apple
won't let apps annoy you with their own
review prompts anymore" (https://www.th
everge.com/2017/6/9/15768196/apple-e
nding-annoying-app-store-review-prompt
s) . The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017060920012
2/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/9/1
5768196/apple-ending-annoying-app-stor
e-review-prompts) from the original on
June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
87. Mayo, Benjamin (June 9, 2017). "App
Store now requires developers to use
official API to request app ratings,
disallows custom prompts" (https://9to5
mac.com/2017/06/09/app-rating-custom
-prompts-app-store-banned/) . 9to5Mac.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170612140318/https://9to5mac.com/201
7/06/09/app-rating-custom-prompts-app-
store-banned/) from the original on June
12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
88. Kim, Arnold (March 6, 2008). "Apple
Releases iPhone SDK, Demos Spore,
Instant Messaging" (https://www.macrum
ors.com/2008/03/06/apple-releases-ipho
ne-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messagin
g/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20160311195044/http://
www.macrumors.com/2008/03/06/apple-
releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-
messaging/) from the original on March
11, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
89. Siegler, MG (June 8, 2009). "State Of The
iPhone Ecosystem: 40 Million Devices and
50,000 Apps" (https://techcrunch.com/20
09/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-tou
ches-and-50000-apps/) . TechCrunch.
AOL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20090610235745/http://www.techcru
nch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-
and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/)
from the original on June 10, 2009.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
90. "Apple Announces Over 100,000 Apps
Available on the App Store" (https://www.
macrumors.com/2009/11/04/apple-anno
unces-over-100000-apps-available-on-the-
app-store/) . MacRumors. November 4,
2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20190330120948/https://www.macru
mors.com/2009/11/04/apple-announces-
over-100000-apps-available-on-the-app-st
ore/) from the original on March 30,
2019. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
91. Brian, Matt (August 28, 2010). "Apple's
App Store Now Features 250,000 Apps" (h
ttps://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/2
8/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-
apps/) . The Next Web. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170329233606/h
ttps://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/2
8/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-
apps/) from the original on March 29,
2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
92. Grothaus, Michael (October 4, 2011).
"More than 18 billion apps downloaded
from App Store" (https://www.engadget.c
om/2011/10/04/more-than-18-billion-app
s-downloaded-from-app-store/) .
Engadget. AOL. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20170421125437/https://w
ww.engadget.com/2011/10/04/more-tha
n-18-billion-apps-downloaded-from-app-st
ore/) from the original on April 21, 2017.
Retrieved March 31, 2017.
93. Ingraham, Nathan (October 22, 2013).
"Apple announces 1 million apps in the
App Store, more than 1 billion songs
played on iTunes radio" (https://www.thev
erge.com/2013/10/22/4866302/apple-an
nounces-1-million-apps-in-the-app-store) .
The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170512171633/htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/486
6302/apple-announces-1-million-apps-in-t
he-app-store) from the original on May
12, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
94. Golson, Jordan (June 13, 2016). "Apple's
App Store now has over 2 million apps" (h
ttps://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/119
22926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016) .
The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170210135527/htt
p://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922
926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016)
from the original on February 10, 2017.
Retrieved March 31, 2017.
95. "Apple's Revolutionary App Store
Downloads Top One Billion in Just Nine
Months" (https://www.apple.com/pr/librar
y/2009/04/24Apples-Revolutionary-App-S
tore-Downloads-Top-One-Billion-in-Just-Ni
ne-Months.html) . Apple Press Info. Apple
Inc. April 24, 2009. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20170315100024/http://
www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/04/24Ap
ples-Revolutionary-App-Store-Downloads-
Top-One-Billion-in-Just-Nine-Months.htm
l) from the original on March 15, 2017.
Retrieved March 29, 2017.
96. "Home button – Apple" (http://help.apple.
com/iphone/8/#/iph3bd00bbb) .
help.apple.com. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20181118200222/https://h
elp.apple.com/iphone/8/#/iph3bd00bb
b) from the original on November 18,
2018. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
97. "About iOS passcodes – Apple Support"
(https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204
060) . support.apple.com. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2015042809293
1/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT20
4060) from the original on April 28, 2015.
Retrieved May 24, 2015.
98. "Apple's iOS 7 brings quick Spotlight
search access to every app page" (http://a
ppleinsider.com/articles/13/06/10/apple
s-ios-7-embeds-search-bar-into-every-app-
screen) . AppleInsider. June 10, 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
131007171934/http://appleinsider.com/a
rticles/13/06/10/apples-ios-7-embeds-se
arch-bar-into-every-app-screen) from the
original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved
September 18, 2013.
99. "Search on iPad with iOS 7" (http://www.s
martipadguide.com/search-on-ipad-with-s
potlight-on-ios-7) . October 21, 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
150113004543/http://www.smartipadgui
de.com/search-on-ipad-with-spotlight-on-i
os-7) from the original on January 13,
2015. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
100. "Hands-on with the new, proactive
Spotlight in iOS 9" (https://www.macworl
d.com/article/2984323/hands-on-with-the
-new-proactive-spotlight-in-ios-9.html) .
September 16, 2015. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200923040843/http
s://www.macworld.com/article/2984323/
hands-on-with-the-new-proactive-spotlight
-in-ios-9.html) from the original on
September 23, 2020. Retrieved
September 25, 2020.
101. Seifert, Dan (September 13, 2016). "iOS
10 will make you love your lock screen" (ht
tps://www.theverge.com/2016/7/8/12128
150/ios-10-hands-on-preview-lockscree
n) . The Verge. Vox Media. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017021015590
3/http://www.theverge.com/2016/7/8/12
128150/ios-10-hands-on-preview-lockscre
en) from the original on February 10,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
102. Zibreg, Christian (September 26, 2016)
[June 28, 2013]. "A closer look at iOS 7
parallax effect" (https://www.idownloadbl
og.com/2013/06/28/ios-7-parallax-effect-
explained/) . iDownloadBlog.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220519000418/https://www.idownloadbl
og.com/2013/06/28/ios-7-parallax-effect-
explained/) from the original on May 19,
2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
103. Matthias Böhmer, Antonio Krüger. A Study
on Icon Arrangement by Smartphone
Users (http://matthiasboehmer.de/2013/0
1/study-on-icon-arrangement/) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201305121
83243/http://matthiasboehmer.de/2013/
01/study-on-icon-arrangement/) May 12,
2013, at the Wayback Machine. In
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems
(CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, US, 2137–
2146.
104. Gruber, John (June 29, 2010). "4" (https://
daringfireball.net/2010/06/4) . Daring
Fireball. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20171009111438/https://daringfir
eball.net/2010/06/4) from the original on
October 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15,
2017.
105. Stinson, Elizabeth (June 9, 2015). "Why
Apple abandoned the world's most
beloved typeface" (https://www.wired.co
m/2015/06/apple-abandoned-worlds-belo
ved-typeface/) . Wired. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20150613012051/h
ttp://www.wired.com/2015/06/apple-aba
ndoned-worlds-beloved-typeface/) from
the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved
October 15, 2017.
106. Koetsier, John (July 9, 2013). "Apple
'fontgate' ends with thicker Helvetica
Neue in iOS 7 beta 3" (https://venturebeat.
com/2013/07/09/apple-fontgate-ends-wit
h-thicker-helvetica-neue-in-ios-7-beta-3/) .
VentureBeat. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20171015203655/https://vent
urebeat.com/2013/07/09/apple-fontgate-
ends-with-thicker-helvetica-neue-in-ios-7-b
eta-3/) from the original on October 15,
2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
107. Guarino, Sarah (September 21, 2013). "iOS
7 How-to: Make text more readable/larger
on your iPad and iPhone" (https://9to5ma
c.com/2013/09/21/ios-7-how-to-make-te
xt-more-readablelarger-on-your-ipad-and-i
phone/) . 9to5Mac. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160731183723/htt
p://9to5mac.com/2013/09/21/ios-7-how-
to-make-text-more-readablelarger-on-your-
ipad-and-iphone/) from the original on
July 31, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
108. Kazmucha, Allyson (November 20, 2013).
"How to increase or decrease font sizes
on iPhone and iPad in iOS 7 with Dynamic
Type" (https://www.imore.com/how-incre
ase-or-decrease-font-sizes-iphone-and-ipa
d-ios-7-dynamic-type) . iMore. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20170508115
332/http://www.imore.com/how-increase-
or-decrease-font-sizes-iphone-and-ipad-io
s-7-dynamic-type) from the original on
May 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
109. Strange, Adario (September 17, 2015). "All
hail Apple's new iOS 9 font, San
Francisco" (http://mashable.com/2015/0
9/16/apple-ios-9-font/) . Mashable.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
171221035219/http://mashable.com/201
5/09/16/apple-ios-9-font/) from the
original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved
October 15, 2017.
110. "Apple drops Helvetica for San Francisco
in iOS 9" (http://appleinsider.com/article
s/15/09/16/first-look-apple-drops-helvetic
a-for-san-francisco-in-ios-9) .
AppleInsider. September 16, 2015.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170306092414/http://appleinsider.com/a
rticles/15/09/16/first-look-apple-drops-he
lvetica-for-san-francisco-in-ios-9) from
the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved
October 15, 2017.
111. Frakes, Dan (June 21, 2010). "Hands on
with iOS 4 folders" (https://www.macworl
d.com/article/1152168/ios4folders.htm
l) . Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
171101033003/https://www.macworld.co
m/article/1152168/ios4folders.html)
from the original on November 1, 2017.
Retrieved October 15, 2017.
112. Friedman, Lex (June 20, 2011). "How to
create and organize iOS folders" (https://
www.macworld.com/article/1160291/tab
lets/create-organize-ios-folders.html) .
Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
171015202624/https://www.macworld.co
m/article/1160291/tablets/create-organiz
e-ios-folders.html) from the original on
October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15,
2017.
113. Costello, Sam (March 20, 2017). "How
Many Apps and Folders Can an iPhone
Have?" (https://www.lifewire.com/how-m
any-apps-allowed-iphone-2000752) .
Lifewire. Dotdash. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20170806182301/https://
www.lifewire.com/how-many-apps-allowe
d-iphone-2000752) from the original on
August 6, 2017. Retrieved October 15,
2017.
114. Miller, Chance (July 8, 2015). "iOS 9 lets
you store 105 more apps per folder on the
iPad" (https://9to5mac.com/2015/07/08/
new-folders-ios-9/) . 9to5Mac. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201710151
50809/https://9to5mac.com/2015/07/0
8/new-folders-ios-9/) from the original
on October 15, 2017. Retrieved
October 15, 2017.
115. "iPhone 4S – Always know what's up in
Notification Center" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20120214123941/http://www.app
le.com/au/iphone/features/notification-c
enter.html) . Apple Inc. Archived from the
original (https://www.apple.com/au/iphon
e/features/notification-center.html) on
February 14, 2012.
116. Tanasychuk, Mike (September 15, 2016).
"How to use VoiceOver on iPhone and
iPad" (http://www.imore.com/how-use-voi
ceover-iphone-and-ipad) . iMore. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201612201
31037/http://www.imore.com/how-use-vo
iceover-iphone-and-ipad) from the
original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved
March 31, 2017.
117. Tibken, Shara (March 25, 2016). "Seeing
eye phone: Giving independence to the
blind" (https://www.cnet.com/news/apple
-iphone-voiceover-technology-for-the-blin
d/) . CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201704010606
28/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iph
one-voiceover-technology-for-the-blind/)
from the original on April 1, 2017.
Retrieved March 31, 2017.
118. Tibken, Shara (November 3, 2016). "Apple
iPhone tech helps reinvent the hearing
aid" (https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-i
phone-hearing-aid-tech-deaf-ios-accessibi
lity-cochlear-starkey-bluetooth-watch/) .
CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170401063911/htt
ps://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-h
earing-aid-tech-deaf-ios-accessibility-coch
lear-starkey-bluetooth-watch/) from the
original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved
March 31, 2017.
119. Wing Kosner, Anthony (August 16, 2014).
"Made For iPhone Hearing Aids: Hands On
With Halo, A Mission-Critical Wearable" (h
ttps://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykos
ner/2014/08/16/made-for-iphone-hearing
-aids-hands-on-with-halo-a-mission-critica
l-wearable/) . Forbes. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170401062155/htt
ps://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosn
er/2014/08/16/made-for-iphone-hearing-
aids-hands-on-with-halo-a-mission-critical
-wearable/) from the original on April 1,
2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
120. Aquino, Steven (June 26, 2016).
"Accessibility was all around this year's
WWDC" (https://techcrunch.com/2016/0
6/26/accessibility-was-all-around-this-yea
rs-wwdc/) . TechCrunch. AOL. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20170401055
914/https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/26/
accessibility-was-all-around-this-years-ww
dc/) from the original on April 1, 2017.
Retrieved March 31, 2017.
121. Kornowski, Liat (May 2, 2012). "How the
Blind Are Reinventing the iPhone" (https://
www.theatlantic.com/technology/archiv
e/2012/05/how-the-blind-are-reinventing-t
he-iphone/256589/) . The Atlantic.
Atlantic Media. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20170401055505/https://ww
w.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/20
12/05/how-the-blind-are-reinventing-the-ip
hone/256589/) from the original on April
1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
122. Aquino, Steven (May 19, 2016). "When it
comes to accessibility, Apple continues to
lead in awareness and innovation" (http
s://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/when-it-
comes-to-accessibility-apple-continues-to
-lead-in-awareness-and-innovation/) .
TechCrunch. AOL. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20170401144536/https://
techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/when-it-co
mes-to-accessibility-apple-continues-to-le
ad-in-awareness-and-innovation/) from
the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved
March 31, 2017.
123. Haslam, Karen. "How to activate an
iPhone without a SIM card (or Wi-Fi)" (http
s://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/activate-
iphone-without-sim-3643294/) .
Macworld UK. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20201213221343/https://ww
w.macworld.co.uk/how-to/activate-iphone
-without-sim-3643294/) from the original
on December 13, 2020. Retrieved
December 31, 2020.
124. "How to Activate iPhone without SIM?" (ht
tps://www.wootechy.com/activation-bypa
ss/how-to-activate-an-iphone-without-si
m/) . www.wootechy.com. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2020123122242
2/https://www.wootechy.com/activation-
bypass/how-to-activate-an-iphone-without
-sim/) from the original on December 31,
2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
125. "iOS 4 iPhone Update RELEASED: A Guide
To iOS 4" (http://www.huffingtonpost.co
m/2010/06/21/ios-4-iphone-update-relea
_n_619343.html) . The Huffington Post.
June 21, 2010. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20111229042916/http://ww
w.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/21/ios-4-i
phone-update-relea_n_619343.html)
from the original on December 29, 2011.
Retrieved April 13, 2013.
126. Albanesius, Chloe (June 21, 2010). "Apple
iPhone iOS 4 Software Update Expected
Monday" (https://www.pcmag.com/article
2/0,2817,2365351,00.asp) . PC
Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20140623143241/http://www.pc
mag.com/article2/0,2817,2365351,00.as
p) from the original on June 23, 2014.
Retrieved April 14, 2013.
127. Cheng, Jacqui (June 21, 2010). "Ars
reviews iOS 4: what's new, notable, and
what needs work" (https://arstechnica.co
m/apple/2010/06/ars-reviews-ios-4-what
s-new-and-notable/) . Ars Technica.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170402081218/https://arstechnica.com/
apple/2010/06/ars-reviews-ios-4-whats-n
ew-and-notable/) from the original on
April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
128. Ray, Bill (November 22, 2010). "iOS 4.2
multi-tasking comes to the iPad" (https://
www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/09/ipad
-ios42/) . Wired. The Register. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130613233
244/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/20
10/09/ipad-ios42) from the original on
June 13, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
129. Newman, Jared (June 22, 2010).
"Multitasking With iOS 4 is Horrible: Apple
Blew It" (http://www.pcworld.com/article/
199528/Multitasking_With_iOS_4_is_Horri
ble_Apple_Blew_It.html) . PC World.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130629185931/http://www.pcworld.com/
article/199528/Multitasking_With_iOS_4_i
s_Horrible_Apple_Blew_It.html) from the
original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved
April 14, 2013.
130. "iOS 4 walkthrough" (https://www.imore.c
om/ios-4-review) . June 14, 2010.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
180615111736/https://www.imore.com/i
os-4-review) from the original on June
15, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
131. "Apple announces multitasking for iPhone
OS 4 (iPhone 3GS/iPod Touch G3 only)" (h
ttps://www.imore.com/apple-announces-
multitasking-iphone-40) . April 8, 2010.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200924015005/https://www.imore.com/a
pple-announces-multitasking-iphone-40)
from the original on September 24, 2020.
Retrieved September 25, 2020.
132. "iOS Application Programming Guide –
Background Execution" (https://developer.
apple.com/library/ios/documentation/iPh
one/Conceptual/iPhoneOSProgrammingG
uide/BackgroundExecution/BackgroundE
xecution.html) . Developer.apple.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
150727054318/https://developer.apple.c
om/library/ios/documentation/iPhone/Co
nceptual/iPhoneOSProgrammingGuide/B
ackgroundExecution/BackgroundExecutio
n.html) from the original on July 27,
2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
133. Yoni Heisler (June 12, 2013). "Jon
Rubinstein: OS X and iOS 7 borrow
features from webOS" (http://www.tuaw.c
om/2013/06/12/jon-rubinstein-os-x-and-i
os-7-borrow-features-from-webos/) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130928040445/http://www.tuaw.com/20
13/06/12/jon-rubinstein-os-x-and-ios-7-bo
rrow-features-from-webos/) from the
original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved
September 23, 2013.
134. Prabhu, Gautam (June 17, 2015). "iOS 9
vs. iOS 8: A look at the UI changes in iOS
9" (http://www.iphonehacks.com/2015/0
6/ios-9-vs-ios-8-a-look-at-the-ui-changes-i
n-ios-9.html) . iPhone Hacks. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20151107041
632/http://www.iphonehacks.com/2015/
06/ios-9-vs-ios-8-a-look-at-the-ui-changes-
in-ios-9.html) from the original on
November 7, 2015. Retrieved
September 20, 2015.
135. "iOS: Force an app to close" (http://suppor
t.apple.com/kb/HT5137) . Apple Inc.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
120930234318/http://support.apple.com/
kb/HT5137) from the original on
September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 9,
2012.
136. "iOS 7 multitasking" (http://www.tuaw.co
m/2013/09/18/ios-7-multitasking-has-a-b
rand-new-look/) . Tuaw. September 18,
2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20140221045014/http://www.tuaw.co
m/2013/09/18/ios-7-multitasking-has-a-b
rand-new-look/) from the original on
February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21,
2014.
137. Snell, Jason (April 8, 2010). "Inside iPhone
4.0's multitasking" (http://www.macworld.
com/article/1150496/multitasking_iphon
e.html) . Macworld. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20130530231748/htt
p://www.macworld.com/article/1150496/
multitasking_iphone.html) from the
original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved
April 14, 2013.
138. German, Kent (June 23, 2010). "Apple
iPhone 4 AT&T review" (https://www.cnet.
com/products/apple-iphone-4-at-t/revie
w/) . CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201704020808
55/https://www.cnet.com/products/apple
-iphone-4-at-t/review/) from the original
on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
139. Hollington, Jesse (June 21, 2010).
"Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iOS
4" (http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/art
icles/comments/instant-expert-secrets-fe
atures-of-ios-4/) . iLounge. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2012122116513
6/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/arti
cles/comments/instant-expert-secrets-fe
atures-of-ios-4/) from the original on
December 21, 2012. Retrieved April 14,
2013.
140. Schonfeld, Erick (February 4, 2010). "Siri's
IPhone App Puts A Personal Assistant In
Your Pocket" (https://techcrunch.com/20
10/02/04/siri-iphone-personal-assistan
t/) . TechCrunch. AOL. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170728114439/htt
ps://techcrunch.com/2010/02/04/siri-iph
one-personal-assistant/) from the
original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
141. Wortham, Jenna (April 29, 2010). "Apple
Buys a Start-Up for Its Voice Technology"
(https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/t
echnology/29apple.html) . The New York
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170728084120/http://www.nytim
es.com/2010/04/29/technology/29apple.
html) from the original on July 28, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
142. Marsal, Katie (April 28, 2010). "Apple
acquires Siri, developer of personal
assistant app for iPhone" (http://appleinsi
der.com/articles/10/04/28/apple_acquire
s_siri_developer_of_personal_assistant_a
pp_for_iphone) . AppleInsider. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20170527081
510/http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/0
4/28/apple_acquires_siri_developer_of_pe
rsonal_assistant_app_for_iphone) from
the original on May 27, 2017. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
143. Rao, Leena (April 28, 2010). "Confirmed:
Apple Buys Virtual Personal Assistant
Startup Siri" (https://techcrunch.com/201
0/04/28/apple-buys-virtual-personal-assis
tant-startup-siri/) . TechCrunch. AOL.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170623060933/https://techcrunch.com/2
010/04/28/apple-buys-virtual-personal-as
sistant-startup-siri/) from the original on
June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
144. Golson, Jordan (October 4, 2011). "Siri
Voice Recognition Arrives On the iPhone
4S" (https://www.macrumors.com/2011/
10/04/siri-voice-recognition-arrives-on-the
-iphone-4s/) . MacRumors. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017072808240
8/https://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/
04/siri-voice-recognition-arrives-on-the-ip
hone-4s/) from the original on July 28,
2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
145. Velazco, Chris (October 4, 2011). "Apple
Reveals Siri Voice Interface: The
"Intelligent Assistant" Only For iPhone 4S"
(https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/04/app
le-reveals-siri-voice-interface-the-intelligen
t-assistant/) . TechCrunch. AOL. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201707281
15128/https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/
04/apple-reveals-siri-voice-interface-the-in
telligent-assistant/) from the original on
July 28, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
146. Kumparak, Greg (October 4, 2011). "The
Original Siri App Gets Pulled From The
App Store, Servers To Be Killed" (https://te
chcrunch.com/2011/10/04/the-original-si
ri-app-gets-pulled-from-the-app-store-serv
ers-killed/) . TechCrunch. AOL. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201208211
41157/http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/0
4/the-original-siri-app-gets-pulled-from-th
e-app-store-servers-killed/) from the
original on August 21, 2012. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
147. Purewal, Sarah Jacobsson; Cipriani,
Jason (February 16, 2017). "The complete
list of Siri commands" (https://www.cnet.
com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-com
mands/) . CNET. CBS Interactive.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170624114306/https://www.cnet.com/ho
w-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-command
s/) from the original on June 24, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
148. Sumra, Husain (June 13, 2016). "Apple
Opens Siri to Third-Party Developers With
iOS 10" (https://www.macrumors.com/20
16/06/13/apple-siri-api-third-party-develo
pers/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170728080623/http
s://www.macrumors.com/2016/06/13/ap
ple-siri-api-third-party-developers/) from
the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
149. Olivarez-Giles, Nathan (June 13, 2016).
"Apple iOS 10 Opens Up Siri and
Messages, Updates Music, Photos and
More" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/appl
e-ios-10-opens-up-siri-and-messages-upd
ates-music-photos-and-more-146585148
4) . The Wall Street Journal. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201707281152
46/https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-io
s-10-opens-up-siri-and-messages-updates
-music-photos-and-more-1465851484)
from the original on July 28, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017. (subscription
required)
150. Matney, Lucas (June 5, 2017). "Siri gets
language translation and a more human
voice" (https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/
05/siri-gets-voice-translation-and-a-more-
human-voice/) . TechCrunch. AOL.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170615141047/https://techcrunch.com/2
017/06/05/siri-gets-voice-translation-and-
a-more-human-voice/) from the original
on June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 21,
2017.
151. Gartenberg, Chaim (June 5, 2017). "Siri on
iOS 11 gets improved speech and can
suggest actions based on how you use it"
(https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/5/15
732136/apple-siri-update-announced-new
-features-wwdc-2017) . The Verge. Vox
Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170619081752/https://www.theve
rge.com/2017/6/5/15732136/apple-siri-u
pdate-announced-new-features-wwdc-201
7) from the original on June 19, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
152. "What's New in iOS 4" (https://developer.a
pple.com/technologies/iphone/whats-ne
w.html#gamecenter) . Apple. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20100617053
052/http://developer.apple.com/technolo
gies/iphone/whats-new.html#gamecente
r) from the original on June 17, 2010.
Retrieved June 14, 2010.
153. "Apple's Game Center debuts next week –
Game Hunters: In search of video games
and interactive awesomeness" (http://con
tent.usatoday.com/communities/gamehu
nters/post/2010/09/apples-game-center-
debuts-next-week/1) . USA Today.
January 9, 2010. Archived (https://archiv
e.today/20120525161111/http://content.
usatoday.com/communities/gamehunter
s/post/2010/09/apples-game-center-deb
uts-next-week/1) from the original on
May 25, 2012. Retrieved September 1,
2010.
154. Holt, Chris (September 1, 2010). "iOS 4.1's
GameCenter to Hit iPhone Next Week" (htt
ps://www.macworld.com/article/207470/
ios-gamecenter.html) . Macworld.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220222020825/https://www.macworld.co
m/article/207470/ios-gamecenter.html)
from the original on February 22, 2022.
Retrieved February 21, 2022.
155. "iOS 4.2 Software Update for iPad" (http
s://support.apple.com/kb/DL1060) .
Apple Inc. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20130306014058/http://support.
apple.com/kb/dl1060) from the original
on March 6, 2013. Retrieved October 9,
2012.
156. "Game Center" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20101223055005/https://www.apple.c
om/game-center) . Apple. December 23,
2010. Archived from the original (https://
www.apple.com/game-center) on
December 23, 2010.
157. A. Usman (October 31, 2012). "How to
Install Game Center on iPhone 3G [Guide]"
(https://www.shoutpedia.com/how-to-ena
ble-game-centre-iphone-3g/) .
Shoutpedia. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20181215222557/https://ww
w.shoutpedia.com/how-to-enable-game-c
entre-iphone-3g/) from the original on
December 15, 2018. Retrieved
December 12, 2018.
158. Wollman, Dana (September 10, 2013).
"iOS 7 will be 64-bit, just like the iPhone
5s' new A7 chip" (https://www.engadget.c
om/2013/09/10/ios-7-64-bit/) .
Engadget. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20150924141559/http://www.eng
adget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-64-bit/)
from the original on September 24, 2015.
159. Souppouris, Aaron (September 12, 2013).
"Why Apple's 64-bit iPhone chip is a
bigger deal than you think" (https://www.t
heverge.com/2013/9/12/4722470/iphone
-5s-64-bit-processor-is-a-bigger-deal-than-
you-think) . The Verge. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170428174943/h
ttp://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4722
470/iphone-5s-64-bit-processor-is-a-bigge
r-deal-than-you-think) from the original
on April 28, 2017.
160. Cunningham, Andrew (July 2, 2015). "The
state of the 64-bit transition in iOS, and
what's left to be done" (https://arstechnic
a.com/apple/2015/07/the-state-of-the-64
-bit-transition-in-ios-and-whats-left-to-be-d
one/) . Ars Technica. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170131202530/http
s://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/07/the-s
tate-of-the-64-bit-transition-in-ios-and-wha
ts-left-to-be-done/) from the original on
January 31, 2017.
161. Cunningham, Andrew (June 5, 2017). "iOS
11 drops the iPhone 5 and 5C and the
fourth-gen iPad" (https://arstechnica.co
m/apple/2017/06/goodbye-32-bit-ios-11-
ends-support-for-the-iphone-5-and-the-ipa
d-4/) . Ars Technica. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170605192202/http
s://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/good
bye-32-bit-ios-11-ends-support-for-the-iph
one-5-and-the-ipad-4/) from the original
on June 5, 2017.
162. Mayo, Benjamin (June 6, 2017). "32-bit
apps will not launch on iOS 11, Mac App
Store transition to 64-bit from 2018" (http
s://9to5mac.com/2017/06/06/ios-11-32-
bit-mac-app-store-64-bit/) . 9to5Mac.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170620040920/https://9to5mac.com/201
7/06/06/ios-11-32-bit-mac-app-store-64-b
it/) from the original on June 20, 2017.
163. Cunningham, Andrew (April 13, 2017).
"What the death of 32-bit iOS could mean
for Apple's hardware and software" (http
s://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/04/what
-the-death-of-32-bit-ios-could-mean-for-ap
ples-hardware-and-software/) . Ars
Technica. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20170429003555/https://arstech
nica.com/apple/2017/04/what-the-death-
of-32-bit-ios-could-mean-for-apples-hardw
are-and-software/) from the original on
April 29, 2017.
164. "Jobs' original vision for the iPhone: No
third-party native apps" (https://9to5mac.
com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-t
he-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/) .
9to5Mac. October 21, 2011. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201706110633
24/https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/job
s-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-pa
rty-native-apps/) from the original on
June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
165. Duncan, Geoff (October 17, 2007). "Apple
confirms iPhone SDK coming next year"
(https://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/ap
ple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-yea
r/) . Digital Trends. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20170828010954/http
s://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-c
onfirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/)
from the original on August 28, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
166. "Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK
by February" (http://appleinsider.com/arti
cles/07/10/17/steve_jobs_confirms_nativ
e_iphone_sdk_by_february) . AppleInsider.
October 17, 2007. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20170828020104/http://a
ppleinsider.com/articles/07/10/17/steve_
jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_febr
uary) from the original on August 28,
2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
167. Dalrymple, Jim (March 6, 2008). "Apple
unveils iPhone SDK" (http://www.macworl
d.com/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html) .
Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170828015010/http://www.macworld.co
m/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html)
from the original on August 28, 2017.
Retrieved June 21, 2017.
168. Block, Ryan (March 6, 2008). "Live from
Apple's iPhone SDK press conference" (htt
ps://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live
-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/) .
Engadget. AOL. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20170614212140/https://w
ww.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-
apples-iphone-press-conference/) from
the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
169. Guevin, Jennifer (March 6, 2008). "FAQ:
What does the iPhone SDK mean?" (http
s://www.cnet.com/news/faq-what-does-t
he-iphone-sdk-mean/) . CNET. CBS
Interactive. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20160913135508/http://www.cn
et.com/news/faq-what-does-the-iphone-s
dk-mean/) from the original on
September 13, 2016. Retrieved June 21,
2017.
170. Kim, Arnold (March 6, 2008). "Apple
Releases iPhone SDK, Demos Spore,
Instant Messaging" (https://www.macrum
ors.com/2008/03/06/apple-releases-ipho
ne-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messagin
g/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20160311195044/http://
www.macrumors.com/2008/03/06/apple-
releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-
messaging/) from the original on March
11, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
171. Mayo, Benjamin (September 11, 2015).
"Apple now allowing developers to submit
iOS 9, OS X El Capitan and native Watch
apps to the App Store" (https://9to5mac.c
om/2015/09/11/apple-developers-os-9-a
pps/) . 9to5Mac. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20160822090552/https://
9to5mac.com/2015/09/11/apple-develop
ers-os-9-apps/) from the original on
August 22, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
172. Sande, Steven (June 10, 2013). "New iOS
SDK features for developers" (https://ww
w.engadget.com/2013/06/10/new-ios-sd
k-features-for-developers/) . Engadget.
AOL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20180115215751/https://www.engad
get.com/2013/06/10/new-ios-sdk-feature
s-for-developers/) from the original on
January 15, 2018. Retrieved June 21,
2017.
173. Sinicki, Adam (June 9, 2016). "Developing
for Android vs developing for iOS – in 5
rounds" (http://www.androidauthority.co
m/developing-for-android-vs-ios-69730
4/) . Android Authority. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170626191841/h
ttp://www.androidauthority.com/developi
ng-for-android-vs-ios-697304/) from the
original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
174. Paul, Ryan (September 15, 2009).
"MonoTouch drops .NET into Apple's
walled app garden" (https://arstechnica.c
om/information-technology/2009/09/mo
notouch-drops-net-into-apples-walled-app-
garden/) . Ars Technica. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2015112212331
1/http://arstechnica.com/information-tec
hnology/2009/09/monotouch-drops-net-i
nto-apples-walled-app-garden/) from the
original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved
June 21, 2017.
175. Dove, Jackie (April 11, 2010). "Adobe
unleashes Creative Suite 5" (http://www.m
acworld.com/article/1150522/cs5launch.
html) . Macworld. International Data
Group. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20140924005201/http://www.macw
orld.com/article/1150522/cs5launch.htm
l) from the original on September 24,
2014. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
176. "App Store – Support – Apple Developer"
(https://developer.apple.com/support/ap
p-store/) . developer.apple.com. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201711012
33112/https://developer.apple.com/supp
ort/app-store/) from the original on
November 1, 2017. Retrieved January 26,
2022.
177. Caldwell, Serenity (October 15, 2011). "Up
close with iOS 5: Wireless syncing and
updating" (http://www.macworld.com/arti
cle/1163060/up_close_with_ios_5_wireles
s_syncing_and_updating.html) .
Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170808112956/http://www.macworld.co
m/article/1163060/up_close_with_ios_5_
wireless_syncing_and_updating.html)
from the original on August 8, 2017.
Retrieved June 20, 2017.
178. "About that $20 upgrade..." (https://www.c
net.com/news/about-that-20-upgrade/)
CNET. CBS Interactive. January 15, 2008.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
171031215628/https://www.cnet.com/ne
ws/about-that-20-upgrade/) from the
original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved
June 20, 2017.
179. Dalrymple, Jim (February 7, 2008).
"Accounting rules behind iPod Touch
update charge" (https://www.macworld.c
om/article/189247/ipodtouch-3.html) .
Macworld. International Data Group.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220216222015/https://www.macworld.co
m/article/189247/ipodtouch-3.html)
from the original on February 16, 2022.
Retrieved February 16, 2022.
180. Oliver, Sam (June 25, 2009). "Upgrade fee
sees few iPod Touch users updating to
3.0 software" (http://appleinsider.com/arti
cles/09/06/25/upgrade_fee_sees_few_ip
od_touch_users_updating_to_3_0_softwar
e) . AppleInsider. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20170305192021/http://a
ppleinsider.com/articles/09/06/25/upgra
de_fee_sees_few_ipod_touch_users_upda
ting_to_3_0_software) from the original
on March 5, 2017. Retrieved June 20,
2017.
181. Foresman, Chris (September 14, 2009).
"Accounting rules change could end iPod
Touch update fee" (https://arstechnica.co
m/apple/2009/09/accounting-rules-chan
ge-could-end-ipod-touch-update-fee/) .
Ars Technica. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20170708034000/https://arst
echnica.com/apple/2009/09/accounting-
rules-change-could-end-ipod-touch-updat
e-fee/) from the original on July 8, 2017.
Retrieved June 20, 2017.
182. Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (September 14,
2009). "Accounting rule change in Apple's
favor" (http://fortune.com/2009/09/14/ac
counting-rule-change-in-apples-favor/) .
Fortune. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20170711122406/http://fortune.c
om/2009/09/14/accounting-rule-change-i
n-apples-favor/) from the original on July
11, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
183. "Infographic: How Long Does Apple
Support Older iPhone Models?" (https://w
ww.statista.com/chart/5824/ios-iphone-c
ompatibility/) . Statista Infographics.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200807035858/https://www.statista.co
m/chart/5824/ios-iphone-compatibility/)
from the original on August 7, 2020.
Retrieved August 11, 2020.
184. "Here's how long Apple supports older
iPhone models" (https://www.imore.com/
apples-continual-software-support-iphone
s-major-reason-theyre-popular) . iMore.
July 3, 2019. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200818214108/https://ww
w.imore.com/apples-continual-software-s
upport-iphones-major-reason-theyre-popul
ar) from the original on August 18, 2020.
Retrieved August 11, 2020.
185. Available in iOS 5 to iOS 7 via General >
About > Diagnostics & Usage >
Diagnostics & Usage Data >(date and
time).panic.plist, after a kernel crash
Available in iOS 8 to iOS 10 via Privacy >
Diagnostics & Usage > Diagnostics &
Usage Data > JetsamEvent-(date and
time).ips, when low in memory
Available in iOS 11 and 12 via Privacy >
Analytics > Analytics Data > JetsamEvent-
(date and time).ips, when low in memory
Available in iOS 13 via Privacy > Analytics
& Improvements > Analytics Data >
SystemMemoryReset-(date and time).ips,
when low in memory
186. "Source Browser" (https://opensource.app
le.com/source/xnu/) .
opensource.apple.com. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20180218095814/h
ttps://opensource.apple.com/source/xn
u/) from the original on February 18,
2018. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
187. "The 3-Clause BSD License | Open Source
Initiative" (https://opensource.org/license
s/BSD-3-Clause) . opensource.org. May
22, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210303132019/https://opensou
rce.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause) from the
original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved
March 3, 2021.
188. "Apple Public Source License, Version 1.0"
(https://images.apple.com/publicsource/
pdf/apple-public-source-license.pdf)
(PDF). March 16, 1999. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210814035339/h
ttps://images.apple.com/publicsource/pd
f/apple-public-source-license.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on August 14, 2021.
Retrieved March 3, 2021.
189. Ricker, Thomas (July 10, 2007). "iPhone
Hackers: "we have owned the filesystem" "
(https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/10/
iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesy
stem/) . Engadget. AOL. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017040123305
2/https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/1
0/iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-file
system/) from the original on April 1,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
190. Healey, Jon (August 6, 2007). "Hacking
the iPhone" (http://www.latimes.com/new
s/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,345626
7.story) . Los Angeles Times. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20071106035
917/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinio
n/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story)
from the original on November 6, 2007.
Retrieved August 6, 2007.
191. "Apple's Joswiak: We Don't Hate iPhone
Coders" (https://www.geek.com/apple/ap
ples-joswiak-we-dont-hate-iphone-coders-
1374199/) . September 11, 2007.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170220092613/https://www.geek.com/a
pple/apples-joswiak-we-dont-hate-iphone-
coders-1374199/) from the original on
February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19,
2017.
192. Baig, Edward C. (June 26, 2007). "Apple's
iPhone isn't perfect, but it's worthy of the
hype" (https://www.usatoday.com/tech/c
olumnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-
review_N.htm) . USA Today. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/200706290122
06/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/colum
nist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-revie
w_N.htm) from the original on June 29,
2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
193. IPad, MAX (May 6, 2010). "Jailbreaking
Explained" (http://www.ipadforums.net/ip
ad-hacking/2838-jailbreaking-explained.ht
ml) . IPad Forums. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20121102053916/http://
www.ipadforums.net/ipad-hacking/2838-j
ailbreaking-explained.html) from the
original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved
November 4, 2012.
194. Kravets, David (July 26, 2010). "U.S.
Declares iPhone Jailbreaking Legal, Over
Apple's Objections" (https://www.wired.co
m/threatlevel/2010/07/feds-ok-iphone-jail
breaking/) . Wired. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20120803003029/http://
www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/07/feds
-ok-iphone-jailbreaking/) from the
original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved
December 13, 2011.
195. "U.S. Copyright Office Final 2010 Anti-
Circumvention Rulemaking" (https://www.
copyright.gov/fedreg/2010/75fr43825.pd
f) (PDF). U.S. Copyright Office. July 27,
2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20120501085441/http://www.copyrig
ht.gov/fedreg/2010/75fr43825.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on May 1, 2012.
Retrieved August 21, 2012.
196. Mobile, Know Your (May 19, 2010).
"Locked / Unlocked – a definition of the
terms Locked and Unlocked from the
Know Your Mobile mobile phone glossary"
(https://web.archive.org/web/201208310
61738/http://www.knowyourmobile.com/
glossary/l/488285/locked_unlocked.htm
l) . Know Your Mobile. Archived from the
original (http://www.knowyourmobile.co
m/glossary/l/488285/locked_unlocked.ht
ml) on August 31, 2012. Retrieved
November 4, 2012.
197. "AT&T – What are the eligibility
requirements for unlocking iPhone?" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2012080318572
4/https://www.att.com/esupport/article.js
p?sid=KB414532) . AT&T. Archived from
the original (http://www.att.com/esuppor
t/article.jsp?sid=KB414532) on August 3,
2012.
198. "iPhone: About unlocking" (http://support.
apple.com/kb/HT5014) . Apple Inc.
Website. March 4, 2021. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20121017021001/h
ttp://support.apple.com/kb/HT5014)
from the original on October 17, 2012.
199. "iPhone: Wireless Carrier Support and
Features" (http://support.apple.com/kb/ht
1937) . Apple Inc. Website. April 12, 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130424042251/http://support.apple.com/
kb/HT1937) from the original on April 24,
2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
200. Fleishman, Glenn (October 9, 2015). "New
iPhones use LTE on any American carrier,
despite the way they're listed" (https://ww
w.macworld.com/article/2991494/carrier
s/new-iphones-use-lte-on-any-american-c
arrier-despite-the-way-theyre-listed.html) .
MacWorld. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170713084749/http://www.m
acworld.com/article/2991494/carriers/ne
w-iphones-use-lte-on-any-american-carrier
-despite-the-way-theyre-listed.html) from
the original on July 13, 2017.
201. "Unauthorized modification of iOS can
cause security vulnerabilities, instability,
shortened battery life, and other issues"
(http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743) .
Apple Inc. June 15, 2018. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2013051012382
5/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743)
from the original on May 10, 2013.
202. Exemption to Prohibition on
Circumvention of Copyright Protection
Systems for Access Control Technologies
(https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/
2012-26308_PI.pdf) (PDF) (Report).
United States Copyright Office. October
26, 2012. 37 CFR Part 201 [Docket No.
2011-7]. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200925074248/https://www.co
pyright.gov/fedreg/2012/2012-26308_PI.
pdf) (PDF) from the original on
September 25, 2020. Retrieved
September 4, 2020.
203. "Tell Tim Cook: No more DRM for Apple"
(https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ipa
d) . Defective by Design. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2020092009065
0/https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ipa
d) from the original on September 20,
2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
204. Anderson, Nate (January 27, 2010).
"Protestors: iPad is nothing more than a
golden calf of DRM" (https://arstechnica.c
om/tech-policy/2010/01/protestors-ipad-i
s-nothing-more-than-a-golden-calf-of-dr
m/) . Ars Technica. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20170402081221/http
s://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/0
1/protestors-ipad-is-nothing-more-than-a-
golden-calf-of-drm/) from the original on
April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
205. "Mobile Devices and the Next Computing
Revolution" (http://thedianerehmshow.or
g/shows/2010-02-03/mobile-devices-and-
next-computing-revolution-0) . February 3,
2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20101201053215/http://thedianerehm
show.org/shows/2010-02-03/mobile-devi
ces-and-next-computing-revolution-0)
from the original on December 1, 2010.
Retrieved June 9, 2010.
206. Bobbie Johnson (February 1, 2010).
"Apple iPad will choke innovation, say
open internet advocates" (https://www.th
eguardian.com/technology/2010/feb/01/
apple-ipad-choke-innovation) . The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20140316141036/http://www.theg
uardian.com/technology/2010/feb/01/ap
ple-ipad-choke-innovation) from the
original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved
February 7, 2010.
207. "Microsoft PR spokesman condemns iPad
for being "locked down" " (http://technolog
izer.com/2010/01/28/microsoft-ipads-clo
sed-platfor-is-humorous/) . January 29,
2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20120305021357/http://technologize
r.com/2010/01/28/microsoft-ipads-close
d-platfor-is-humorous/) from the original
on March 5, 2012.
208. "Apple's Trend Away From Tinkering" (htt
p://apple.slashdot.org/story/10/01/31/16
57233/Apples-Trend-Away-From-Tinkerin
g) . Slashdot. January 31, 2010. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201002081
64828/http://apple.slashdot.org/story/1
0/01/31/1657233/Apples-Trend-Away-Fro
m-Tinkering) from the original on
February 8, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
209. Steve Wozniak (Interviewee) (January 22,
2011). Campus Party Brasil 2011 – Geek
Pride e Wozniak (https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=JDrJd7GkkNA) . Fragoso,
Victor. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20110512222742/http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=JDrJd7GkkNA) from
the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved
March 7, 2011.
210. Leander Kahney (January 30, 2010).
"Pundits On The iPad's Closed System: It's
Doom For PCs, No It's Great" (http://www.
cultofmac.com/pundits-on-the-ipads-clos
ed-system-its-doom-for-pcs-no-its-great/2
8440) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20100515124959/http://www.cultof
mac.com/pundits-on-the-ipads-closed-sys
tem-its-doom-for-pcs-no-its-great/28440)
from the original on May 15, 2010.
Retrieved June 9, 2010.
211. Apple Inc. (May 2016). "iOS Security
Guide" (https://www.apple.com/business/
docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf) (PDF).
Apple.com. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20160227071343/http://www.ap
ple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Gui
de.pdf) (PDF) from the original on
February 27, 2016.
212. "Secure Enclave" (https://support.apple.c
om/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59
b0b31ff/web) . Apple Support. Retrieved
June 22, 2023.
213. "I/O registry dump" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130923194253/http://winocm.c
om/images/ioregdump.txt) . winocm
blag. Archived from the original (http://wi
nocm.com/images/ioregdump.txt) on
September 23, 2013. Retrieved August 11,
2020.
214. Espósito, Filipe (August 1, 2020). "New
'unpatchable' exploit allegedly found on
Apple's Secure Enclave chip, here's what it
could mean" (https://9to5mac.com/2020/
08/01/new-unpatchable-exploit-allegedly-
found-on-apples-secure-enclave-chip-here
s-what-it-could-mean/) . 9to5Mac.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
211105064228/https://9to5mac.com/202
0/08/01/new-unpatchable-exploit-allegedl
y-found-on-apples-secure-enclave-chip-he
res-what-it-could-mean/) from the
original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved
November 5, 2021.
215. "All the apps and features Dynamic Island
Supports" (https://techspark.in/news/iph
one-14-pro-all-apps-dynamic-island-suppo
rts/) . techSpark. November 9, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
221101071705/https://techspark.in/new
s/iphone-14-pro-all-apps-dynamic-island-s
upports/) from the original on November
1, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
216. "ASLR – The iPhone Wiki" (https://www.th
eiphonewiki.com/wiki/ASLR) .
Theiphonewiki.com. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20161223020839/http
s://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/ASLR)
from the original on December 23, 2016.
Retrieved December 6, 2016.
217. "Crypto-shredding using effaceable
storage in iOS on stanford.edu" (https://ui
t.stanford.edu/security/data-sanitizatio
n) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20180911114417/https://uit.stanford.e
du/security/data-sanitization) from the
original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved
September 21, 2018.
218. "iOS Keychain Services Tasks" (https://de
veloper.apple.com/library/content/docum
entation/Security/Conceptual/keychainSe
rvConcepts/iPhoneTasks/iPhoneTasks.ht
ml) . developer.apple.com. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2016122012380
0/https://developer.apple.com/library/con
tent/documentation/Security/Conceptua
l/keychainServConcepts/iPhoneTasks/iPh
oneTasks.html) from the original on
December 20, 2016. Retrieved
December 6, 2016.
219. "Everything you need to know about
Facebook, Google's app scandal" (http://s
ocial.techcrunch.com/2019/02/01/faceb
ook-google-scandal/) .
Social.techcrunch.com. February 2019.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
230111095245/https://techcrunch.com/2
019/02/01/facebook-google-scandal/)
from the original on January 11, 2023.
Retrieved February 20, 2019.
220. "Facebook pays teens to install VPN that
spies on them" (http://social.techcrunch.c
om/2019/01/29/facebook-project-atla
s/) . Social.techcrunch.com. January 29,
2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201119184403/https://social.techc
runch.com/2019/01/29/facebook-project-
atlas/) from the original on November
19, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
221. Owen, Malcolm (January 30, 2019).
"Apple has revoked Facebook's enterprise
developer certificates after sideload
violations [u]" (https://appleinsider.com/ar
ticles/19/01/30/apple-has-revoked-faceb
ooks-enterprise-developer-certificates-aft
er-sideload-violations) . AppleInsider.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
190221000106/https://appleinsider.com/
articles/19/01/30/apple-has-revoked-face
books-enterprise-developer-certificates-af
ter-sideload-violations) from the original
on February 21, 2019. Retrieved
February 20, 2019.
222. Warren, Tom (January 30, 2019). "Apple
blocks Facebook from running its internal
iOS apps" (https://www.theverge.com/20
19/1/30/18203551/apple-facebook-block
ed-internal-ios-apps) . The Verge.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210203074632/https://www.theverge.co
m/2019/1/30/18203551/apple-facebook-
blocked-internal-ios-apps) from the
original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved
February 20, 2019.
223. "Google will stop peddling a data collector
through Apple's back door" (http://social.t
echcrunch.com/2019/01/30/googles-als
o-peddling-a-data-collector-through-apple
s-back-door/) . Social.techcrunch.com.
January 30, 2019. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20230111095243/https://
techcrunch.com/2019/01/30/googles-als
o-peddling-a-data-collector-through-apple
s-back-door/) from the original on
January 11, 2023. Retrieved February 20,
2019.
224. "Loophole allows pirated apps to be
installed on Apple iPhones" (https://www.
nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/loophole-a
llows-pirated-apps-be-installed-apple-ipho
nes-n971491) . NBC News. February 14,
2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20190220132917/https://www.nbcne
ws.com/tech/tech-news/loophole-allows-
pirated-apps-be-installed-apple-iphones-n
971491) from the original on February
20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
225. "Two-factor authentication for Apple ID"
(https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204
915) . Apple Suppor. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20161220123803/http
s://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204915)
from the original on December 20, 2016.
Retrieved December 6, 2016.
226. "XNU GitHub Page" (https://github.com/a
pple-oss-distributions/xnu) . GitHub.
Apple. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20221117141937/https://github.co
m/apple-oss-distributions/xnu) from the
original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved
November 17, 2022.
227. "Towards the next generation of XNU
memory safety: kalloc_type" (https://secu
rity.apple.com/blog/towards-the-next-gen
eration-of-xnu-memory-safety/) . Apple
Security Blog. Apple. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20221116131351/http
s://security.apple.com/blog/towards-the-
next-generation-of-xnu-memory-safety/)
from the original on November 16, 2022.
Retrieved November 17, 2022.
228. "Mobile Operating System Market Share
Worldwide" (https://gs.statcounter.com/o
s-market-share/mobile/worldwide/#mont
hly-202204-202304/) . Statcounter.
Retrieved June 10, 2022.
229. "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS,
Search Engine including Mobile Usage
Share" (https://gs.statcounter.com/#table
t-os-ww-monthly-201612-201612-map) .
StatCounter GlobalStats. Archived (http
s://archive.today/20120526/http://gs.stat
counter.com/%23mobile_browser-ww-mo
nthly-201012-201111-bar#tablet-os-ww-m
onthly-201612-201612-map) from the
original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved
September 4, 2020.
230. "iOS leapfrogs Android with 410 million
devices sold and 650,000 apps" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20120727000853/htt
p://www.insidemobileapps.com/2012/07/
24/ios-device-sales-leapfrog-android-with-
410-million-devices-sold/) .
InsideMobileApps. July 24, 2012.
Archived from the original (http://www.ins
idemobileapps.com/2012/07/24/ios-devi
ce-sales-leapfrog-android-with-410-million
-devices-sold) on July 27, 2012.
Retrieved July 24, 2012.
231. Ingraham, Nathan (June 2, 2014). "Apple
has sold more than 800 million iOS
devices, 130 million new iOS users in the
last year" (https://www.theverge.com/201
4/6/2/5772344/apple-wwdc-2014-stats-u
pdate) . The Verge. Vox Media. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201702101
35711/http://www.theverge.com/2014/6/
2/5772344/apple-wwdc-2014-stats-updat
e) from the original on February 10,
2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
232. Rossignol, Joe (January 27, 2015). "Tim
Cook: Apple Has Sold More Than 1 Billion
iOS Devices" (https://www.macrumors.co
m/2015/01/27/apple-one-billion-ios-devic
es/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160623144503/http://
www.macrumors.com/2015/01/27/apple-
one-billion-ios-devices/) from the original
on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 21,
2017.
233. Kahn, Jordan (January 27, 2015). "Apple
announces 1 billion iOS devices sold" (htt
ps://9to5mac.com/2015/01/27/apple-an
nounces-1-billion-ios-devices-sold/) .
9to5Mac. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20170704104006/https://9to5ma
c.com/2015/01/27/apple-announces-1-bil
lion-ios-devices-sold/) from the original
on July 4, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
234. Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave:
How Mobile Intelligence Will Change
Everything. Vanguard Press. p. 33.
ISBN 978-1-59315-720-3.
235. "Android and iOS Squeeze the
Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the
Smartphone Operating System Market for
Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC" (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20150225074
430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?cont
ainerId=prUS25450615) (Press release).
IDC. February 24, 2015. Archived from the
original (http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?c
ontainerId=prUS25450615) on February
25, 2015.
236. "Worldwide Tablet Growth Hits the Brakes,
Slowing to the Low Single Digits in the
Years Ahead, According to IDC" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20150313224458/htt
p://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=
prUS25480015) (Press release). IDC.
March 12, 2015. Archived from the
original (http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?c
ontainerId=prUS25480015) on March 13,
2015.
237. "StatCounter Global Stats: Top 7 Mobile
Operating Systems on Feb 2015" (https://
gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-month
ly-201502-201503-bar) . StatCounter
GlobalStats. Archived (https://archive.tod
ay/20120526/http://gs.statcounter.co
m/%23mobile_browser-ww-monthly-2010
12-201111-bar#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201
502-201503-bar) from the original on
May 26, 2012. Retrieved September 4,
2020.
238. Sui, Linda (November 2, 2016). "Strategy
Analytics: Android Captures Record 88
Percent Share of Global Smartphone
Shipments in Q3 2016" (https://www.strat
egyanalytics.com/strategy-analytics/new
s/strategy-analytics-press-releases/strate
gy-analytics-press-release/2016/11/02/st
rategy-analytics-android-captures-record-
88-percent-share-of-global-smartphone-sh
ipments-in-q3-2016#.WDqfU-YrKUl) .
Strategy Analytics. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20161127153018/http
s://www.strategyanalytics.com/strategy-a
nalytics/news/strategy-analytics-press-rel
eases/strategy-analytics-press-release/20
16/11/02/strategy-analytics-android-capt
ures-record-88-percent-share-of-global-sm
artphone-shipments-in-q3-2016#.WDqfU-
 YrKUl) from the original on November 27,
2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
239. Rossignol, Joe (November 2, 2016). "iOS
Adoption Remains at Lowest Levels Since
2014 as Android Captures Record 87.5%
Market Share" (http://www.macrumors.co
m/2016/11/02/ios-vs-android-market-sha
re-3q16/) . MacRumors. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20161127215126/h
ttp://www.macrumors.com/2016/11/02/i
os-vs-android-market-share-3q16/) from
the original on November 27, 2016.
Retrieved November 27, 2016.
240. Apple Inc., Newsroom Archive - Apple (htt
ps://www.apple.com/newsroom/archiv
e/) , Retrieved June 7, 2018.
241. Mactracker (mactracker.ca (http://www.m
actracker.ca/) ), Apple Inc. model
database, version as of 26 July 2007.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to IOS (Apple Inc.).

Official website (http://www.apple.co

m/ios)
Official website (http://developer.appl
e.com/ios) Dev Center at Apple
Developer Connection
iOS Reference Library (https://develope
r.apple.com/library/ios/navigation/) –
on the Apple Developer Connection
website
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=IOS&oldid=1165043242"

This page was last edited on 12 July 2023, at

17:12 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.