Ch 1 Summary

• A computing device, also referred as computer, processes the input data as per given instructions to
generate desired output.
• Computer system has four physical components viz. (i) CPU, (ii) Primary Memory, (iii) Input Device and (iv)
Output Devices. They are referred to as hardware of computer.
• Computer system has two types of primary memories viz. (i) RAM, the volatile memory and (ii) ROM, the
non-volatile memory.
• System bus is used to transfer data, addresses and control signals between components of the computer
system.
• A microprocessor is a small-sized electronic component inside a computer that performs basic arithmetic
and logical operations on data.
• Microcontroller is a small computing device which has a CPU, a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other
peripherals embedded on a single chip.
• Software is a set of instructions written to achieve the desired tasks and are mainly categorised as system
software, programming tools and application software.
• Hardware of a computer cannot function on its own. It needs software to be operational or functional.
• Operating system is an interface between the user and the computer and supervises the working of
computer system, i.e., it monitors and controls the hardware and software of the computer system.

Ch 3 Summary
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) endeavours to simulate the natural intelligence of human beings into machines
thus making them intelligent.
• Machine learning comprises algorithms that use data to learn on their own and make predictions.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) facilitates communicating with intelligent systems using a natural
language.
• Virtual Reality (VR) allows a user to look at, explore and interact with the virtual surroundings, just like
one can do in the real world.
• The superimposition of computer-generated perceptual information over the existing physical
surroundings is called Augmented Reality.
• Robotics can be defined as the science or study of the technology primarily associated with the design,
fabrication, theory and application of robots.
• Big data holds rich information and knowledge which can be of high business value. Five characteristics of
big data are: Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity and Value.
• Data analytics is the process of examining data sets in order to draw conclusions about the information
they contain.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices that have an embedded hardware and software to
communicate (connect and exchange data) with other devices on the same network.
• A sensor is a device that takes input from the physical environment and uses built-in computing resources
to perform predefined functions upon detection of specific input and then processes data before passing it
on.
• Cloud computing allows resources located at remote locations to be made available to anyone anywhere.
Cloud services can be Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a
Service (SaaS).
• A grid is a computer network of geographically NOTES dispersed and heterogeneous computational
resources.
• Blockchain is a system that allows a group of connected computers to maintain a single updated and
secure ledger which is updated only after all the nodes in the network authenticate the transaction.

Ch 4 Summary
• An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step procedure designed to perform an operation which will lead to
the desired result, if followed correctly.
• Algorithms have a definite beginning and a definite end, and a finite number of steps.
• A good algorithm, which is precise, unique and finite, receives input and produces an output.
• In order to write effective algorithms we need to identify the input, the process to be followed and the
desired output.
• A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents the algorithm graphically using boxes of various kinds, in
an order connected by arrows.
• An algorithm where all the steps are executed one after the other is said to execute in sequence.
• Decision making involves selection of one of the alternatives based on outcome of a condition.
• An algorithm may have a certain set of steps, which are repeating for a finite number of times, such an
algorithm is said to be iterative.
• There can be more than one approach to solve a problem and hence we can have more than one
algorithm for a particular problem.
• The choice of algorithm should be made on the basis of time and space complexity.

Ch 5 Summary
• Python is an open-source, high level, interpreterbased language that can be used for a multitude of
scientific and non-scientific computing purposes.
• Comments are non-executable statements in a program.
• An identifier is a user defined name given to a variable or a constant in a program.
• The process of identifying and removing errors from a computer program is called debugging.
• Trying to use a variable that has not been assigned a value gives an error.
• There are several data types in Python — integer, boolean, float, complex, string, list, tuple, sets, None
and dictionary.
• Datatype conversion can happen either explicitly NOTES or implicitly.
• Operators are constructs that manipulate the value of operands. Operators may be unary or binary.
• An expression is a combination of values, variables and operators.
• Python has input() function for taking user input.
• Python has print() function to output data to a standard output device.

Ch 6 Summary
• The if statement is used for selection or decision making.
• The looping constructs while and for allow sections of code to be executed repeatedly under some
condition.
• for statement iterates over a range of values or a sequence.
• The statements within the body of for loop are executed till the range of values is exhausted.
• The statements within the body of a while are executed over and over until the condition of the while is
false.
• If the condition of the while loop is initially false, the body is not executed even once.
• The statements within the body of the while loop must ensure that the condition eventually becomes
false; otherwise, the loop will become an infinite loop, leading to a logical error in the program.
• The break statement immediately exits a loop, skipping the rest of the loop’s body. Execution continues
with the statement immediately following the body of the loop. When a continue statement is
encountered, the control jumps to the beginning of the loop for the next iteration.
• A loop contained within another loop is called a nested loop.

Ch 7 Summary
• In programming, functions are used to achieve modularity and reusability.
• Function can be defined as a named group of instructions that are executed when the function is invoked
or called by its name. Programmers can write their own functions known as user defined functions.
• The Python interpreter has a number of functions built into it. These are the functions that are frequently
used in a Python program. Such functions are known as built-in functions.
• An argument is a value passed to the function during function call which is received in a parameter
defined in function header.
• Python allows assigning a default value to the parameter.
• A function returns value(s) to the calling function using return statement.
• Multiple values in Python are returned through a Tuple.
• Flow of execution can be defined as the order in which the statements in a program are executed.
• The part of the program where a variable is accessible is defined as the scope of the variable.
• A variable that is defined outside any particular function or block is known as a global variable. It can be
accessed anywhere in the program.
• A variable that is defined inside any function or block is known as a local variable. It can be accessed only
in the function or block where it is defined. It exists only till the function executes or remains active.
• The Python standard library is an extensive collection of functions and modules that help the
programmer in the faster development of programs.
• A module is a Python file that contains definitions of multiple functions.
• A module can be imported in a program using import statement.
• Irrespective of the number of times a module is imported, it is loaded only once.
• To import specific functions in a program from a module, from statement can be used.

Ch 8 Summary
• A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single, double or triple quotes.
• Indexing is used for accessing individual characters within a string.
• The first character has the index 0 and the last character has the index n-1 where n is the length of the
string. The negative indexing ranges from -n to -1.
• Strings in Python are immutable, i.e., a string cannot be changed after it is created.
• Membership operator in takes two strings and returns True if the first string appears as a substring in the
second else returns False. Membership operator ‘not in’ does the reverse.
• Retrieving a portion of a string is called slicing. This can be done by specifying an index range. The slice
operation str1[n:m] returns the part of the string str1 starting from index n (inclusive) and ending at m
(exclusive).
• Each character of a string can be accessed either using a for loop or while loop.
• There are many built-in functions for working with strings in Python.

Ch 9 Summary
• Lists are mutable sequences in Python, i.e., we can change the elements of the list.
• Elements of a list are put in square brackets separated by comma.
• A list within a list is called a nested list. List indexing is same as that of strings and starts at 0. Two way
indexing allows traversing the list in the forward as well as in the backward direction.
• Operator + concatenates one list to the end of other list.
• Operator * repeats a list by specified number of times.
• Membership operator in tells if an element is present in the list or not and not in does the opposite.
• Slicing is used to extract a part of the list.
• There are many list manipulation functions including: len(), list(), append(), extend(), insert(), count(),
find(), remove(), pop(), reverse(), sort(), sorted(), min(), max(), sum().

Ch 10 Summary
• Tuples are immutable sequences, i.e., we cannot change the elements of a tuple once it is created.
• Elements of a tuple are put in round brackets separated by commas.
• If a sequence has comma separated elements without parentheses, it is also treated as a tuple.
• Tuples are ordered sequences as each element has a fixed position.
• Indexing is used to access the elements of the tuple; two way indexing holds in dictionaries as in strings
and lists.
• Operator ‘+’ adds one sequence (string, list, tuple) to the end of other.
• Operator ‘*’ repeats a sequence (string, list, tuple) by specified number of times
• Membership operator ‘in’ tells if an element is present in the sequence or not and ‘not in’ does the
opposite.
• Tuple manipulation functions are: len(), tuple(), count(), index(), sorted(), min(), max(),sum().
• Dictionary is a mapping (non-scalar) data type. It is an unordered collection of key-value pair; key-value
pair are put inside curly braces.
• Each key is separated from its value by a colon.
• Keys are unique and act as the index.
• Keys are of immutable type but values can be mutable.