Key Notes we weNe CHAPTER - 2 POLYNOMIALS Polynomials in one Variable Zeroes of a Polynomial Remainder Theorem Factorisation of Polynomials Algebraic Identities Constants: A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant. Variables: A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is known as variable. Algebraic expressions: A combination of constants and variables. Connected by some or all of the operations +, -, X and is known as algebraic expression. ‘Terms: The several parts of an algebraic expression separated by '*" or '~' operations are called the terms of the expression. Polynomials: An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non- negative integral powers is called a polynomial. @ —5x?—4x?—6x-3 isa polynomial in variable x. (i) (i) 54.8x? +4x7 is an expression but not a polynomial. Polynomials are denoted by p(x), q(x) and r(xJete. Coefficients: In the polynomial x’ +3x’ +3x +1, coefficient of x’, x’, x are 1,3, 3 respectively and we also say that +1 is the constant term in it. Degree of a polynomial in one variable: In case of a polynomial in one variable the highest power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial. Classification of polynomials on the basis of degree. Degree Polynomial Example (a)1 Linear x41, 2x +3ete. (b)2 Quadratic ax’ +bx+e ete, (3 Cubic X'43x741 ete. ete. (a4 Biquadratic 1 Classification of polynomials on the basis of no. of termsKey Notes No. of terms Polynomial & Examples. @ 1 Monomial - Sanay ete. Gi) 2 Binomial- (3+6x),(x-Sy) ete. (iii) 3 ‘Trinomial- 2x7 +4x +2etc. etc. Constant polynomial: A polynomial containing one term only, consisting a constant term is called a constant polynomial the degree of non-zero constant polynomial is zero. Zero polynomial: A polynomial consisting of one term, namely zero only is called a zero polynomial. The degree of zero polynomial is not defined. Zeroes of a polynomial: Let p(x) be a polynomial. If p(c)=0, then we say that is a zero of the polynomial of p(x). Remark: Finding the zeroes of polynomial p(x) means solving the equation p(x)=0. Remainder theorem: Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n21 and let a be any real number. When f(x) is divided by (x—a) then the remainder is f (a) Factor theorem: Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n > 1 and let a be any real number. (i) If f(a) =0 then (x-a) factor of F(x) Gi) If (xa) is factor of f(x)then f(a) =0 Factor: A polynomial p(x) is called factor of q(x) divides q(x) exactly. Factorization: To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials each of degree less than that of the given polynomial such that no such a factor has a factor of lower degree, is called factorization. Some sigebrai erties usetul in fectorzaton Wty)? = xt 4 2xyty? Wi) ey) @ xt -2xy+y? (ii) x8 -y? = (y+ y) (iv) G@+a)e+d) = 22+ (@+d)x+ab W) Getytatertsytests anys 2yzt2ee (i) Gety)? =x ty? tary ety) (i) Gy) = x -y* 3-9) (vi) 2 + y8 429 — Baye = Oty $2)? ty? +2? —3y- yz) Ptytteainr if xtytz=0