He will have spoken He will have been speaking

We shall/will have spoken We shall/will have been speaking

They willhave spoken They will have been speaking

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR-45
Point out the Verbs in the following sentences and name their Moods and Tenses.
1. The river flows under the bridge. 16. lam hoping toget aholiday soon.
2. Ishall answerthe letter tonight. 17. Perhaps it were better to obey him.
3. lknew he was there, for I had seen him come. 18. Do noble deeds, not dream them allthe day.
4. It has been raining all night. 19. Ishallhave plenty of time tormorrow.
5. lhear he has passed all right. 20. Though this be madness, yet there is method in it.
6. Ihad fnished when he came. 21. The king had never before led his troops in battle.
7. He takes but little pride in his work. 22. Ifhe was guilty, his punishment was too light.
8. Ihave been living here for months. 23. We have heard a strange story.
9. Be good, sweet maid. 24. The travellers, all of whom had seen the chameleon, could
10. 8y this time tomorrow Ishall have reached my home. not agree about its colour.
11. It is time we left. 25. Beware lest something worse should happen to you.
12. He told me that he had finished the work. 26. The farmer is cutting the corn which has ripened.
13. God forgive you! 27. Iwish my brother were here.
14. He is waiting for you in the compound. 28. She would rather we stayed till tomorrow.
15. Piper, pipe that song again.

CHAPTER Z : THE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES

resent Tenses
mple Present Tense
17. The Simple Present is used:
(1) To express a habitual action ; as,
He drinks tea every morning
Iget up everyday at five o'clock.
My watch keeps good time.
(2) To express general truths ;as,
The sun rises in the east.
Honey is sweet.
Fortune fa vours the brave.
(3) In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually taking place
in the present ; as,
Here comes the bus !
There she goes !
(4) In vivid narrative, as substitute for the Simple Past ; as,
Sohrab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blowto Rustam.
Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.
(5) To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme,
The next flight is at 7.00 tomorrow morning.
The match starts at 9 o'clock.
The train leaves at 5.20.
When does the coffee house reopen?

THE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES 75

 Simple Present Tense.
218. Note also the other uses of the
(1) It isused to introduce quotations ; as,
for ever.
Keats says, 'A thing of beauty is a joy
Tense. in clausesof time and of condition ; as,
Simple Future
(2) It isused, instead of the
Ishall wait till you finish your lunch.
instead offthe Present
If it rains we shall get wet.
events, the Simple Present is used, of
(3) As in broadcast commentaries on sporting
Continuous, to describe activities in progress
where there is stress on the
succession
happening
rather than on the duration. reterred t
instead of the Present Continuous, with the type of verbs
(4) The Simple Present is used,
in (§ 221) below.
Present Continuous Tense
219. The Present Continuous is used:
(1) For an action going on at thetime of speaking ;as,
She is singing (now).
The boys are playing hockey.
actually happening at the time of speaking; as,
(2) For a temporary action which may not be
Iam reading 'David Copperfield' (but I am not reading at this moment).
near future ; as,
(3) For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the
Iam going to the cinema tonight.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
220. It has been pointed out before that the Simple Present is used for a habitual action. However, when th
reference is toa particularly obstinate habit-something which persists, for example, in spite of advie
or warning-we use the Present Continuous with an adverb like always, continually, constantly.
My dog is very silly ; he is always running out into the roa.
221. The following verbs, on account of their meaning, are not normally used in the continuous form:
(1) Verbs of perception, e.g., see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.
(2) Verbs of appearing,e.g., appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion, e.g., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, und
stand, imagine, mean, mind.
(5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, be
e.g.
(except when used in the passive
Wrong Right
These grapes are tasting sour.
These grapes taste sour.
Iam thinking you are wrong. I think you are
She is seeming sad. She seems sad.
wrong.
He is having a cellphone.
He has a
However, the verbs listed above can be used in the
cellphone.
She is tasting the soup to see if it
(taste = test the flavour of )
needs more salt. continuous tenses with a change of meani
Iam thinking of going to Malaysia.
(think of =consider the idea of )
They are having lunch. (have =eat)

76 HiGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Present
Pertect
Tense
used.
Perfectis
Present activitiesinthe immediate past (with just); as,
) The indicate completed
()To goneout.
just
Hehas struckten. andI not definite; as,
Ithas
just
actions whosetimeis not given
expresspast '2
(2) To Gulliver's Travels
Haxe vou read angry.
Anowm him to be
Lhave never
been to Japan. more oftheir effect in the present than of the action itself : as
MrHarihas when we think
describe past events
(3)To catenallIthe biscuits (i.e.,therenow). aren't any left for you).
Gopi has finger (and it is bleeding
lhae cut my l am free).
finished my work (= now and continuing up to the present moment
| have
beginning at some time in the past
To denote an action for-phrases); as,
(often with since- and
a long time. CA
lhave known him for week.
bcenillsince last
He has
We have lived here for ten
years. cnhe uto the paeset
for several months.
We haven tseen Padma the Present Perfect (apart from those
phrases can also be used with
The following adverbs or adverb only), so far, tillnow, yet (in negatives and questions). al
mentioned above): never, ever (in questions
ready, today;, this week, this
month, etc.
example.
adverbs of past time. We should not say, for
Note: The Present Perfect is never used with Simple Past should be used ('He went
'He has goneto Kolkata yesterday'. In such cases the
toKolkata yesterday').

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

some time in the past and is still
The Present Perfect Continuous is used for an action which began at
continuing;as,
He has been sleeping for five hours (and is still sleeping).
They have been building the bridge for several months.
They have been playing since four o'clock.
5. This tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished. In such cases the continuity of the
activity is emphasized as an explanation of something.
"Why are your clothes so wet ?'- Ihave been watering the garden.
Pest
Simple Pest Tense
20 Ihe Simple Past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or
adverb phrases of past time.
The steamer sailed yesterday.
Ireceived his letter a week ago.
She left school last year.
227. Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may
or indicated by the be either implied
Ilearnt Hindi in
context.
Nagpur.
Ididn't sleep well (i.e., last
night).

THE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES 77

 Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.
228. The Simple Past is also used for past habits ; as,
He studied many hours everyday.
She always carried an umbrella.

Past Continuous Tense

229. lhe Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of t%
action may or may not be indicated.
We were listening to the radio all evening.
It wasgetting darker.
The light went out while I was reading.
When Isaw him, he was playing chess.
when a ne
As in the last two examples above, the Past Continuous and Simple Past are used together action.
for the new
action happened in the middle of a longer action. The Simple Past is used
230. This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past.
He was always grumbling.
Past Perfect Tense
231. The Past Perfect describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past ; as,
Imet him in New Delhi in 1996. I had seen him last five years before.
happened earlier that
232. If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action in one clause and
the other. The Past Perfect is mainlyused in such situations. The Simple Past is used
the Past Perfect in theother ;as,
When I reached the station the train had started (so I couldn't get into the train).
Ihad done my exercise when Hari came to see me.
Ihad written the letter before he arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

233. The Past Perfect Continuous is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past an
continuedup to that time ;as,
At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.
When Mr. Mukerji carme to the school in 1995, Mr Anand had already been teaching there for five years.

EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION-46
Choose the correct verb form from those in hrackets.
1. The earth round the sun. (move, moves, moved) a r d

2. My friends the Prime Minister yesterday. (see, have seen, saw)

him only one letter up to now. (sent, have Sent, send)
4. She worried about something. (looks, looking, is lookjng)
5. It started to rain while we tennis. (are playing, were playing, had played)
6. He fast when the accident happened. (js driving, waa driving, drove)
7. He asleep while he was driving. (falls, fel), has fallen)
8. I'n sure i him at the party last night. (saw, have seen, had seen)
9. He a mill in this town. (have,has, is having)
10. He here for the last five years. (worked, is working, has been working)
11. He thanked me for what (have orne, had done, have been doing) Y
12. I a strange noise. (hear, am hearing, have been hearing)
13. I him for a long time. (know, have known, am knowing)
14. I English for five years. (study, am studying, have been studying)

78 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 300ste tases stasting
has oe had oe went

havent en t see t seeng

the mof s mending
WSmending mnd

taternative from those gilven in brkets

to spek to vo wants is wanting was anting
bde ast wee bugh have bouht had bought/
themst ciean st cleaned hve st cleaned
NE i iraned s raining has been aning

ometng buming smel am smeling have been smelling

to vst even week buthe no rare comës is ranely coDming has rarety come
to s cal since 420are waiting have been
wating were wating
Evervday ast week my 3unt_ate breks broke was brekng
nbrnat becase t twice sw have seen had seen
they are Sttngnthe garden aTved hve artved had aTed
ne we met a year ag dont see havet seen hadnt seen)
e _ breaktasthat an hou aga (hnished have fnished had inished
themoe o the bus whet moved had moved was mvng
hen we went to the onema the fim
already started hadaready started wouid aread start
tor hatf an hour when it sudoenly started to rain (have wakad
have been waing had been walking
s Dic you thnk you me somewhere before ? (have seen hadseen were seeing
Nhe tow its appearance completely snce 1980. (s changing changed has
Shela
changed
her case kook (packed has packed had packed
when iwas n Sni Lanka I Negomba Beruwela and Nilavel (visited was visited have visited
meant to repair the radio but time to do it today (am not having havent had hadnt)
my dinner Iwent to bed (had have had had had
SNen to abolish wars up to now, but maybe they willfind a way in the
future (never managed have never managed wl have
never managed

CHAPTER 26: THE FUTURE

34 There are several wavs of talking about the future in English: the Simple
torm. the Simple Present Tense, etc. Future Tense, the gung o
Simple Future Tense
33 lhe Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control It expresses the future
as fact
Ishall be twenty next Saturday
It will be Diwali inaweek
We will know our exam results in May
0. We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe willhappen in the future.

THE FuruRE 79
 Ithink Pakistan will win the match.
I'm sure Helen will get afirst class.
As in the above sentences, we often use this tense with /think, and I'm sure. We also say Iexpect
Ibelieve Probably , etc.
237. We can use this tense when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
It is raining. Iwill take an umbrella.
"Mr Sinha is very busy at the moment." "All right. I'll wait."
Going to
238. We use the going to form (be going to +base of theverb) when we have decided to do something be
talking about it.
"Haveyou decided what todo?" "Yes. Ian going to resign the job."
"Why do you want to sell your motorbike?" - "I'm going to buy a car.
Remember that if the action isalready decided upon and preparations have been made, we shoul .
the going to form, not the Simple Future Tense. The Simple Future Tense is used for an instant decis
R0 We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain, when there is somethine
the present which tellsus about thefuture.
It is going to rain; look at those clouds.
The boat is full of water. It is going to sink.
She is going to have a baby.
240. The going to form may also express an action which ison the point of happening.
Let's get into the train. It's going to leave.
Look! The cracker is going to explode.
Be about to
241. Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future.
Let's get into the train. It's about to leave.
Don't go out now. We are about to have lunch.
Simple Present Tense
212. The Simple Present Tense is used for official programmes and timetables.
Thecollege opens on 23rd June.
The film starts at 6.30 and finishes at 9.00.
When does the next train leave for Chennai?

243. The Simple Present is often used for future time in clauses with if, unless, when, while, as (= whik
before, after, until, by the time and as soon as. The Simple Future Tenseis not used in such cases.
Iwon't goout if it rains. (not: will rain)
Can Ihave some milk before I go to bed?
Let's wait till he finishes his work.
Please ring me up as soon as he comes.

Present Continuous Tense

213. We use the Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something that we have planned to do t
the future.
Iam going to Shimlatomorrow.
We are eating out tonight.
Mr Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening.
Youare advised to use the Present Continuous (not the Simple Present) for personal arrangements
80 HiGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR
FutureContinuousTense
Continuous Tense to talk
cabout actions which will be progress at atime the future.
in in
WeusetheFuture we start.
45.
Isuppose it will be raining when
tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.
This time o'clock?" "Please don't come then. I will be watching the tennis match on TV"
see vou at 5
Can I
Wealso use this tense to talk
about actions in the future which are already planned or which are ex-
2lo. happeninthe normalcourse of things.
pectedto
f till Sunday.
Iwill be staying here next week.
He will be meeting us
coming soon.
The postman will be

Se To
form to talk about official plans and arrangements.
We use be to + base
visit America next month.
The Prime Minister is to
"Nuclear Tests."
The conference is to discuss headlines, e.g. "Prime
a formal style, often in news reports. Be is usually left out in
Be tois used in
Minister to visit America"

Future Perfect Tense future time.

Tense is used to talk about actions that will be completed by a certain
8 The Future Perfect
then.
Ishall have written my exercise by
He will have left before you go to see him.
for five years.
Bv the end of this month I will have worked here

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous tense is used for actions which willbe in progress over a period of time that
249. The
will end in the future.
By next March we shall have been living here for four
years.
Il have been teaching for twenty years next July.
This tense is not very common.

EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION.48
in the blanks.
Choose the correct or more suitablforms of the verbs to fill
1. The plane at 3.30. (arrives, will arrive),
back. (comes, will come)
2. I willphone you when he
3. When Iget home, my dog at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting)
4 the Joshis this evening. (visit, am vis*ting)
5. Look at those black clouds. It .(will rain, isgoing to rain)
6. The train before we reach the station. (arrives, will have arrived)
7. Perhaps we Mahabaleshwar next month. (visit, will visit)
8. Unless we now we can't be on time. (start, will start)
9
intotown later on. Do you want a lift? (drjve, will be driving)
10. The next term on 16th November. (begins, is beginning)
11. Oh dear! (will sneeze, am going to sneeze)
taken over)
12. By 2020, robots many of the jobs that people do today. (willbe taking over, will have
13. l'm sure she the exam. (passes, wyill pass)
14. home next Sunday. (go, am gðing)
15. you one of these days, Iexpect. (see, will be seeing)
16. Help!I fall. (will, am goiñg to) herself a blouse. (will make, is going to make)
17. She has bought some cloth; she (will be passing, am passing)
18. your house this afternoon. It is on my way home from work.

THE FUTURE 8