Mastering MySQL - Comprehensive Notes
1. Introduction to MySQL
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured
Query Language (SQL).
Key features include scalability, multi-user access, and support for complex queries.
It is widely used in web applications and enterprise systems.
2. Basic SQL Commands
**DDL (Data Definition Language)**:
- CREATE: Create databases or tables.
- ALTER: Modify table structure.
- DROP: Delete a table or database.
**DML (Data Manipulation Language)**:
- INSERT: Add data to a table.
- UPDATE: Modify data.
- DELETE: Remove data.
**DQL (Data Query Language)**:
- SELECT: Retrieve data from tables.
**TCL (Transaction Control Language)**:
- COMMIT: Save changes.
- ROLLBACK: Undo changes.
**DCL (Data Control Language)**:
- GRANT: Assign privileges.
- REVOKE: Remove privileges.
3. Database Design
**Schema Design**:
A schema is the logical structure of a database.
**Normalization**:
Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy:
- 1NF: Eliminate duplicate columns.
- 2NF: Ensure no partial dependencies.
- 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies.
**Relationships**:
- One-to-One
- One-to-Many
- Many-to-Many
4. Advanced Querying
**Joins**:
- INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows from both tables.
- LEFT JOIN: All rows from the left table, matching rows from the right.
- RIGHT JOIN: All rows from the right table, matching rows from the left.
- FULL OUTER JOIN: All rows when there is a match in either table.
**Subqueries**:
Nested queries to filter data.
**Window Functions**:
Enable calculations across a set of rows.
5. Indexes and Optimization
**Indexes**:
Indexes improve query performance.
- Syntax: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name(column_name);
**Optimization Techniques**:
- Use EXPLAIN to analyze query performance.
- Avoid SELECT *; instead, specify columns.
6. Stored Procedures and Functions
**Stored Procedures**:
Reusable blocks of SQL code.
Example:
CREATE PROCEDURE GetUser(IN userId INT) BEGIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id =
userId; END;
**Functions**:
Return a single value.
Example:
CREATE FUNCTION GetTotalSalary() RETURNS DECIMAL BEGIN RETURN (SELECT
SUM(salary) FROM employees); END;
7. Transactions and Locking
**ACID Properties**:
- Atomicity: All operations succeed or none.
- Consistency: Database remains valid.
- Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not interfere.
- Durability: Changes persist after commit.
**Commands**:
- START TRANSACTION
- COMMIT
- ROLLBACK
8. Security and User Management
**Creating Users**:
CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
**Granting Privileges**:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON database_name.* TO 'username'@'host';
**Revoking Privileges**:
REVOKE INSERT ON database_name.* FROM 'username'@'host';
9. Backup and Recovery
**Backup**:
- Using mysqldump: mysqldump -u username -p database_name > backup.sql
**Restore**:
- mysql -u username -p database_name < backup.sql
10. Replication and Clustering
**Replication**:
- Master-Slave: Changes in the master are replicated to slaves.
- Multi-Master: Updates are possible from multiple servers.
**Clustering**:
High availability solution where data is distributed across nodes.
11. Practical Projects
**Examples**:
- Library Management System
- E-commerce Database
- Real-Time Analytics Dashboard
