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Mastering MySQL Notes

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27 views5 pages

Mastering MySQL Notes

Uploaded by

Sahithya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mastering MySQL - Comprehensive Notes

1. Introduction to MySQL

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured

Query Language (SQL).

Key features include scalability, multi-user access, and support for complex queries.

It is widely used in web applications and enterprise systems.

2. Basic SQL Commands

**DDL (Data Definition Language)**:

- CREATE: Create databases or tables.

- ALTER: Modify table structure.

- DROP: Delete a table or database.

**DML (Data Manipulation Language)**:

- INSERT: Add data to a table.

- UPDATE: Modify data.

- DELETE: Remove data.

**DQL (Data Query Language)**:

- SELECT: Retrieve data from tables.

**TCL (Transaction Control Language)**:

- COMMIT: Save changes.

- ROLLBACK: Undo changes.


**DCL (Data Control Language)**:

- GRANT: Assign privileges.

- REVOKE: Remove privileges.

3. Database Design

**Schema Design**:

A schema is the logical structure of a database.

**Normalization**:

Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy:

- 1NF: Eliminate duplicate columns.

- 2NF: Ensure no partial dependencies.

- 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies.

**Relationships**:

- One-to-One

- One-to-Many

- Many-to-Many

4. Advanced Querying

**Joins**:

- INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows from both tables.

- LEFT JOIN: All rows from the left table, matching rows from the right.

- RIGHT JOIN: All rows from the right table, matching rows from the left.

- FULL OUTER JOIN: All rows when there is a match in either table.
**Subqueries**:

Nested queries to filter data.

**Window Functions**:

Enable calculations across a set of rows.

5. Indexes and Optimization

**Indexes**:

Indexes improve query performance.

- Syntax: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name(column_name);

**Optimization Techniques**:

- Use EXPLAIN to analyze query performance.

- Avoid SELECT *; instead, specify columns.

6. Stored Procedures and Functions

**Stored Procedures**:

Reusable blocks of SQL code.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE GetUser(IN userId INT) BEGIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id =

userId; END;

**Functions**:

Return a single value.

Example:
CREATE FUNCTION GetTotalSalary() RETURNS DECIMAL BEGIN RETURN (SELECT

SUM(salary) FROM employees); END;

7. Transactions and Locking

**ACID Properties**:

- Atomicity: All operations succeed or none.

- Consistency: Database remains valid.

- Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not interfere.

- Durability: Changes persist after commit.

**Commands**:

- START TRANSACTION

- COMMIT

- ROLLBACK

8. Security and User Management

**Creating Users**:

CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

**Granting Privileges**:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON database_name.* TO 'username'@'host';

**Revoking Privileges**:

REVOKE INSERT ON database_name.* FROM 'username'@'host';

9. Backup and Recovery


**Backup**:

- Using mysqldump: mysqldump -u username -p database_name > backup.sql

**Restore**:

- mysql -u username -p database_name < backup.sql

10. Replication and Clustering

**Replication**:

- Master-Slave: Changes in the master are replicated to slaves.

- Multi-Master: Updates are possible from multiple servers.

**Clustering**:

High availability solution where data is distributed across nodes.

11. Practical Projects

**Examples**:

- Library Management System

- E-commerce Database

- Real-Time Analytics Dashboard

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