BEE203: BASIC ELECTRONICS
Module 2 – Part 4
RECTIFIERS with capacitor filter, LC filter and pi filter
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HWR with Capacitive filter
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HWR with Capacitive filter
A laptop computer consumes an average power of 25 W
with a supply voltage of 3.3 V. Determine the average
current drawn from the batteries or the adaptor
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HWR with Capacitive filter
A laptop computer consumes an average power of 25 W with a
supply voltage of 3.3 V. Determine the average current drawn from
the batteries or the adaptor
the load can be represented by a simple resistor in some cases
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HWR with Capacitive filter
the load can be represented by a simple resistor in some cases
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HWR with Capacitive filter
the load can be represented by a simple resistor in some cases
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HWR with Capacitive filter
the load can be represented by a simple resistor in some cases
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HWR with Capacitive filter
The peak-to-peak amplitude of the ripple (VR) is equal to the
amount of discharge
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HWR with Capacitive filter
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HWR with Capacitive filter
Let Vr be the peak to peak value of the ripple voltage which is assumed to be
triangular waveform. It is known mathematically that the rms value of such a
triangular waveform is
Ripple factor:
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Full wave rectifier (FWR)
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Center-tap FWR
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Full wave rectifier working animation
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Output voltage of the full wave rectifier Animation
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HALF-WAVE FULL-WAVE
PARAMETERS
RECTIFIERS RECTIFIERS
FWR Rectification
Efficiency
40.6% 81.2%
Ripple Factor 1.21 0.482
Transformer 0.286 0.692
Utilization Factor
Voltage Good Better
Regulation
Fundamental Equal to Supply Double of Supply
frequency of ripple Frequency, f Frequency, 2f
Form Factor 1.57 1.11
Peak Factor 2 1.414
Number of diodes Only 1 Vary from 2 to 4, 4
in case of bridge
rectifier
Peak Inverse Vm 2 Vm
Voltage
DC Output Voltage Imax/π RL 2/π RL Imax
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1. A laptop computer consumes an average power of 25 W with a supply
voltage of 3.3 V. Determine the average current drawn from the batteries or
the adaptor.
2. In a full wave rectifier, the input is from 30-0-30V transformer. The load and
diode forward resistances are 100Ω and 10Ω respectively. Calculate the
average voltage, DC output power, ac input power, rectification efficiency
and percentage regulation
3. A transformer converts the 110-V, 60-Hz line voltage to a peak-to-peak swing
of 9 V. A half-wave rectifier follows the transformer to supply the power to the
laptop computer of Q.1. Determine the minimum value of the filter capacitor
that maintains the ripple below 0.1 V. Assume VD,on = 0.8 V.
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4. The applied input a.c. power to a half-wave rectifier is 100 watts. The d.c. output power
obtained is 40 watts.
(i) What is the rectification efficiency?
(ii) What happens to the remaining 60 watts?
5. An a.c. supply of 230 V is applied to a half-wave rectifier circuit through a transformer of turn
ratio 10: 1. Find (i) the output d.c. voltage and (ii) the peak inverse voltage. Assume the diode to
be ideal.
6. A half-wave rectifier is used to supply 50V d.c. to a resistive load of 800 Ω. The diode has a
resistance of 25 Ω. Calculate a.c. voltage required.
7. A full-wave rectifier uses two diodes, the internal resistance of each diode may be assumed
constant at 20 Ω. The transformer r.m.s. secondary voltage from center tap to each end of the
secondary is 50 V and the load resistance is 980 Ω. Find : (i) the mean load current (ii) the
r.m.s. value of load current.
8. In the center-tap FWR circuit, the diodes are assumed to be ideal
i.e. having zero internal resistance. Find :(i) d.c. output voltage(ii) peak inverse voltage (iii)
rectification efficiency.
9. Fig. 4(i) and Fig. 4 (ii) show the centre-bridge-typetap and bridge type circuits having the
same load resistance and transformer turn ratio. The primary of each is connected to
230V, 50 Hz supply. (i) Find the d.c. voltage in each case. (ii) PIV for each case for the same
d.c. output. Assume the diodes to be ideal.
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Inductor filter
• Filters are commonly made from passive components
including capacitors and inductors.
• Rectifier filters such as an inductor, or L-filter, are used to improve the output
of a rectifier by reducing the AC component and increasing the DC
component.
• An inductor filter, also known as a choke filter, is a circuit that uses
an inductor to improve the output signal of a rectifier.
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Inductor filters operate based on the principle of inductive reactance, which is
the opposition to an AC current by an inductor.
Inductive reactance (XL) is measured in Ohms, and is proportional to the
frequency of the AC signal as well as the inductance of the inductor:
XL = ωL = 2πfL
This means that higher frequencies are attenuated more highly by the inductor;
lower frequencies are attenuated less.
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• The inductor doesn’t simply provide impedance to AC signals; it
stores and releases energy in a magnetic field that opposes the
change in voltage.
• This means that when the voltage to the inductor starts to
decrease, it releases energy and generates a voltage that limits
the decline in voltage.
• When the voltage starts to increase, the inductor again
generates a voltage, this time limiting the maximum voltage.
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• The result is that the output of the inductor filter resembles a
sine wave with a much lower maximum and greater minimum
than the pulsed output it receives.
• This wave is boosted by the DC component of the voltage VDC,
so the final output is a relatively small sine wave centered
around VDC.
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The ripple factor of a full-wave or bridge rectifier with an inductor
filter is:
Inductor filters are particularly useful when the frequency of the AC signal is high or the
load resistance is low. In other words, when the inductive reactance is high.
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Pi filter
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In pi-filters, the major filtering action is accomplished
Pi filter by the capacitor at input C1. The residual AC ripples
are filtered by inductor coil L and capacitor C2.
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