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 Contents

Preface xv
•
About the Authors XXl

1 Introduction 1
I. I Geotechnical Engineering 2
I.2 Foundation Engineering 2
1.3 Soil Exploration 2
1.4 Ground Improvement 3
1.5 Solution Methods 4
1.6 Numerical Modeling 4
I .7 Empiricism 5
1.8 Literature 5
REFERENCES 6

Part 1 Geotechnical Properties and Soil Exploration 7

2 Geotechnical Properties of Soil 8
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Grain-Size Distribution 9
2.3 Size Limits for Soil 12
2.4 Weight-Volume Relationships 12
2.5 Relative Density 16
2.6 Atterberg Limits 18
2. 7 Liquidity Index 19
2.8 Activity 19
2. 9 Soil Classification Systems 20
2.10 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil 27
2.1 I Steady-State Seepage 32
2.12 Effective Stress 33
2.13 Consolidation 36
2. I 4 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement 41
2.15 Time Rate of Consolidation 42
2. I 6 Range of Coefficient of Consolidation, cv 48
2.17 Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading 49
2.1 8 Shear Strength 51
2.19 Unconfined Compression Test 56
2.20 Comments on Friction Angle, </>' 57
2.21 Correlations for Undrained Shear Strength, cu 60
2.22 Selection of Shear Strength Parameters 60
2.23 Sensitivity 61

v
vi CONTENTS

2.24 Summary 62
PROBLEMS 62
REFERENCES 65

3 Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration 67

3.1 Introduction 68
Natural Soil Deposits 68
3.2 Soil Origin 68
3.3 Residual Soil 69
3.4 Gravity-Transported Soil 70
3.5 Alluvial Deposits 71
3.6 Lacustrine Deposits 73
3. 7 Glacial Deposits 74
3.8 Aeolian Soil Deposits 75
3. 9 Organic Soil 76
3. I O Some Local Terms for Soil 7 6

Subsurface Exploration 77
3.1 I Purpose of Subsurface Exploration 77
3.12 Subsurface Exploration Program 77
3. I 3 Exploratory Borings in the Field 80
3.14 Procedures for Sampling Soil 83
3.15 Split-Spoon Sampling and Standard Penetration Test 83
3.16 Sampling with a Scraper Bucket 92
3.17 Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube 93
3.18 Sampling with a Piston Sampler 93
3.19 Observation of Water Tables 95
3.20 Vane Shear Test 96
3.21 Cone Penetration Test 100
3 .22 Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 108
3.23 Dilatometer Test 111
3.24 Iowa Borehole Shear Test 114
3.25 K 0 Stepped-Blade Test 116
3.26 Coring of Rocks 117
3.27 Preparation of Boring Logs 120
3.28 Geophysical Exploration 121
3.29 Subsoil Exploration Report 127
3.30 Summary 128
PROBLEMS 129
REFERENCES 131

4 Instrumentation and Monitoring in Geotechnical

Engineering 134
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Need for Instrumentation 135
4.3 Geotechnical Measurements 136
4.4 Geotechnical Instruments 137
4.5 Planning an Instrumentation Program 142
4.6 Typical Instrumentation Projects 143
4.7 Summary 143
REFERENCES 143
 ••
CONTENTS VII

Part2 Soil Improvement 145

E
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.:.::
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5.3 Empirical Relationships for Compaction 150
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5.4 Field Compaction 154
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(.) 5.5 Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers 156
z
5.6 Vibroflotation 160
5.7 Blasting 164
5.8 Precompression 165
5.9 Sand Drains 170
5.10 Prefabricated Vertical Drains 179
5.1 I Lime Stabilization 184
5.12 Cement Stabilization 187
5.13 Fly-Ash Stabilization 189
5.14 Stone Columns 189
5.15 Sand Compaction Piles 194
5.16 Dynamic Compaction 195
5.17 Jet Grouting 198
5.18 Deep Mixing 199
5.19 Summary 201
PROBLEMS 201
REFERENCES 202

Part3 Foundation Analysis 205

E
6 Shallow Foundations: Ultimate
0
(.)

Bearing Capacity 206

6. I Introduction 207
6.2 General Concept 208
6.3 Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory 212
6.4 Factor of Safety 216
6.5 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water
Table 217
6.6 The General Bearing Capacity Equation 218
6. 7 Other Solutions for Bearing Capacity, Shape, and Depth
Factors 225
6.8 Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity 227
6. 9 Effect of Soil Compressibility 231
6.10 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations 235
6.1 I Ultimate Bearing Capacity Under Eccentric
Loading One-Way Eccentricity 236
6.12 Bearing Capacity Two-Way Eccentricity 242
6.13 A Simple Approach for Bearing Capacity with Two-Way
Eccentricity 249
6.14 Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected
to Eccentrically Inclined Loading 251
6.15 Plane-Strain Correction of Friction Angle 254
viii CONTENTS

6. 16 Summary 254
PROBLEMS 254
REFERENCES 256

7 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow

Foundations: Special Cases 258
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7 .2 Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow
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Depth 259
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7 .3 Foundations on Layered Clay 266
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7 .4 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Underlain

by Weaker Soil (c' - </>' soil) 268
7 .5 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Weaker Soil Underlain
by Stronger Soil 275
7 .6 Continuous Foundation on Weak Clay with a Granular
Trench 278
7. 7 Closely Spaced Foundations Effect on Ultimate Bearing
Capacity 280
7 .8 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope 282
7. 9 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope 285
7. IO Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular
Soil 286
7. I I Foundations on Rock 289
7.12 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Wedge-Shaped
Foundations 291
7 .13 Uplift Capacity of Foundations 293
7.14 Summary 298
PROBLEMS 299
REFERENCES 300

E
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8 Vertical Stress Increase in Soil 302
.:,,,:.
8
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8.2 Stress Due to a Concentrated Load 303
?c:: 8.3 Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area 304
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8.4 Stress Due to a Line Load 305
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8.5 Stress Below a Vertical Strip Load of Finite Width
co
and Infinite Length 306
8.6 Stress Below a Horizontal Strip Load of Finite Width
and Infinite Length 310
8. 7 Stress Below a Rectangular Area 312
8.8 Stress Isobars 317
8. 9 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly
Loaded Area 318
8. I O Average Vertical Stress Increase Below the Center of
a Circularly Loaded Area 323
8.11 Stress Increase Under an Embankment 325
8. I 2 Westergaard' s Solution for Vertical Stress Due
to a Point Load 3 28
8.13 Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material 330
 •
CONTENTS IX

8. 14 Summary 333
PROBLEMS 333
REFERENCES 335

9 Settlement of Shallow Foundations 336

9. 1 Introduction 337
9.2 Elastic Settlement of Shallow Foundation on Saturated
Clay ( µ,s = 0.5) 337
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""!!! Elastic Settlement in Granular Soil 339

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9.3 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 339
9 .4 Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement 350
9.5 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain
Influence Factor 354
9 .6 Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based
on Standard Penetration Resistance 361
9. 7 Settlement Considering Soil Stiffness Variation
with Stress Level 366
9.8 Settlement Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 370
9.9 Settlement Estimation Using the L 1 - L2 Method 375
9. 10 Effect of the Rise of Water Table on Elastic Settlement 378
Consolidation Settlement 380
9. 1 I Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships 380
9. I 2 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation
Settlement 382
9. 13 Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation 386
9. 14 Field Load Test 388
9. I 5 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 389
9. 16 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings 390
9. 17 Summary 392
PROBLEMS 392
REFERENCES 394

10 Mat Foundations 396

I 0. 1 Introduction 397
I 0.2 Combined Footings 397
I 0.3 Common Types of Mat Foundations 401
I 0.4 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 403
I 0.5 Differential Settlement of Mats 406
I 0.6 Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations 407
I 0.7 Compensated Foundation 407
I 0.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 411
I 0.9 Summary 424
PROBLEMS 425
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REFERENCES 425
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11 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD} 427
I 1. 1 Introduction 428
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x CONTENTS

I 1.3 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) 431

I 1.4 Limit State Design (LSD) and Partial Safety
Factors 432
I 1.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 433
11.6 Summary 436
PROBLEMS 436
REFERENCES 437

12 Pile Foundations 438

12.1 Introduction 439
12.2 Pile Materials 440
12.3 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles 450
12.4 Point Bearing and Friction Piles 451
12.5 Installation of Piles 452
12.6 Pile Driving 453
12. 7 Load Transfer Mechanism 458
12.8 Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity 461
12.9 Meyerhof' s Method for Estimating Qp 463
12.10 Ve sic' s Method for Estimating Qp 466
12.1 I Coyle and Castello's Method for Estimating Qp
in Sand 469
12.12 Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT and CPT Results
in Granular Soil 473
12.13 Frictional Resistance (Qs ) in Sand 47 4
12.14 Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay 480
12.15 Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger Pile 485
12.16 Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock 487
12.17 Pile Load Tests 493
I 2. 18 Elastic Settlement of Piles 497
I 2. I 9 Lateral!y Loaded Piles 502
12.20 Pile-Driving Formulas 514
12.21 Pile Capacity for Vibration-Driven Piles 520
12.22 Wave Equation Analysis 521
12.23 Negative Skin Friction 524
Group Piles 528
12.24 Group Efficiency 528
12.25 Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay 531
12.26 Elastic Settlement of Group Piles 534
12.27 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 536
12.28 Piles in Rock 538
12.29 Summary 539
PROBLEMS 539
REFERENCES 543

13 Drilled-Shaft Foundations 546

13.1 Introduction 547
13.2 Types of Drilled Shafts 547
13.3 Construction Procedures 548
13.4 Other Design Considerations 554
 •
CONTENTS XI

13.5 Load Transfer Mechanism 555

13.6 Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity 556
13. 7 Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil 558
13.8 Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil Based
on Settlement 561
13.9 Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay 568
13.10 Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay Based on Settlement 570
13.11 Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load 575
13.12 Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity Characteristic Load
and Moment Method 576
13.13 Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock 583
13.14 Summary 588
PROBLEMS 589
REFERENCES 590

~ 14 Piled Rafts: An Overview 592

14.1 Introduction 593
14.2 Load-Settlement Plots of Unpiled and Piled Rafts Under
Different Design Conditions 594
14.3 Poulos-Davis-Randolph Simplified Design Method 595
14.4 Case Study: Burj Khalifa Tower in Dubai 600
14.5 Summary 602
PROBLEMS 602
REFERENCES 602

15 Foundations on Difficult Soil 603

I 5.1 Introduction 604
Collapsible Soil 604
I 5.2 Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil 604
I 5.3 Physical Parameters for Identification 606
I 5.4 Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement 608
I 5.5 Foundations in Soil Not Susceptible
to Wetting 609
I 5.6 Foundations in Soil Susceptible to Wetting 611
Expansive Soil 612
I 5. 7 General Nature of Expansive Soil 612
I 5.8 Unrestrained Swell Test 615
I 5. 9 Swelling Pressure Test 617
I 5.10 Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis
of Index Tests 621
I 5.1 I Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soil 624
I 5.12 Construction on Expansive Soil 626
Sanitary Landfills 630
I 5.13 General Nature of Sanitary Landfills 630
I 5.14 Settlement of Sanitary Landfills 631
I 5.15 Summary 633
PROBLEMS 633
REFERENCES 634
xii CONTENTS

Part4 Lateral Earth Pressure and Earth

Retaining Structures 637
16 Lateral Earth Pressure 638
16.1 Introduction 639
16.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 640
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16.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure 644
a.
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I 6.4 A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure Granular
Backfill 649
16.5 Generalized Case for Rankine Seismic Active Earth
Pressure Granular Backfill 653
16.6 Rankine Active Pressure with Vertical Wall Backface
and Inclined c' - </>' Soil Backfill 655
16. 7 Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure 658
16.8 Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge 665
16.9 Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions Granular
Backfill 668
I 6. I O Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Condition (Vertical
Backface of Wall and c' - </>' Backfill) 672
Passive Pressure 676
I 6. I I Rankine Passive Earth Pressure 67 6
16. 12 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure Vertical Backface and
Inclined Backfill 679
16.13 Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure 681
I 6. 14 Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for
Coulomb's Pressure Calculations 683
I 6. I 5 Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure
(Granular Backfill) 684
I 6.16 Solution for Passive Earth Pressure by the Lower Bound
Theorem of Plasticity (Granular Backfill) 686
16.17 Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces 688
16.18 Summary 691
PROBLEMS 691
REFERENCES 693

17 Retaining Walls 694

I 7. I Introduction 695
Gravity and CantileverWalls 697
17.2 Proportioning Retaining Walls 697
I 7.3 Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories
to Design 698
17.4 Stability of Retaining Walls 699
17.5 Check for Overturning 701
17.6 Check for Sliding Along the Base 703
17. 7 Check for Bearing Capacity Failure 706
17.8 Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill 714
 •••
CONTENTS XIII

I 7. 9Comments on Design of Retaining Walls

and a Case Study 717
17.10 Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake
Conditions 720
Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls 722
I 7. I I Soil Reinforcement 723
I 7. 12 Considerations in Soil Reinforcement 723
I 7. I 3 General Design Considerations 727
17.14 Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement 728
17.15 Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip
Reinforcement 734
I 7.16 Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement 738
I 7.17 Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement-
General 744
17.18 Design Procedure for Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining
Wall 746
17.19 Summary 748
PROBLEMS 749
REFERENCES 750

18 Sheet-Pile Walls 752

18.1 Introduction 753
18.2 Construction Methods 756
18.3 Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls 757
18.4 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soil 758
18.5 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy
Soil 764
18.6 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay 7 67
18. 7 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay 772
18.8 Cantilever Sheet Piles Penetrating Sandy Soil A Simplified
Approach 77 5
I 8. 9 Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls 779
18.10 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy
Soil A Simplified Approach 780
18.1 I Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy
Soil Net Lateral Pressure Method 782
I 8. 12 Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration
into Sandy Soil) 785
18.13 Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls
Penetrating into Sand 789
I 8.14 Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration
into Sandy Soil 792
18.15 Field Observations for Anchor Sheet-Pile Walls 795
18.16 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay 797
I 8. I 7 Anchors 802
18.1 8 Holding Capacity of Deadman Anchors 804
I 8. I 9 Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand 804
I 8.20 Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Clay
(</> = 0 Condition) 811
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XIV CONTENTS

I 8.21 Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks 811

18.22 Summary 812
PROBLEMS 812
REFERENCES 813

19 Braced Cuts 814

I 9. I Introduction 815
19.2 Braced-Cut Analysis Based on General Wedge Theory 817
19.3 Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design 820
I 9 .4 Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil 822
19.5 Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut 823
19.6 Case Studies of Braced Cuts 831
19. 7 Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay 835
19.8 Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand 839
I 9. 9 Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground
Settlement 843
I 9. I O Summary 845
PROBLEMS 845
REFERENCES 846

Answers to Problems 847

Index 851
Preface

oil mechanics and foundation engineering have developed rapidly during the
last seventy years. Intensive research and observation in the field and the labo-
ratory have refined and improved the science of foundation design. Originally
published in the fall of 1983, Principles of Foundation Engineering is now in the
ninth edition. It is intended primarily for use by undergraduate civil engineering stu-
dents. The use of this text throughout the world has increased greatly over the years.
It has also been translated into several languages. New and improved materials that
have been published in various geotechnical engineering journals and conference
proceedings, consistent with the level of understanding of the intended users, have
been incorporated into each edition of the text.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

Based on the increased developments in the field of geotechnical engineering, the
authors have added three new chapters to this edition. The ninth edition of Principles
of Foundation Engineering contains a total of 19 chapters. Listed here is a summary
of the major revisions from the eighth edition and new additions to this edition.
• Numerous new photographs in full color have been included in various chap-
ters as needed.
• The Introduction Chapter (Chapter 1) has been entirely revised and expanded
with sections on geotechnical engineering, foundation engineering, soil explo-
ration, ground improvement, solution methods, numerical modeling, empiri-
cism, and literature.
• Chapter 2 on Geotechnical Properties of Soil includes new sections on the
range of coefficient of consolidation and selection of shear strength parameters
for design. All of the end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 3 on Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration has an im-
proved figure on soil behavior type chart based on cone penetration test.
Approximately half of the end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 4 on Instrumentation and Monitoring in Geotechnical Engineering
is a new chapter that describes the use of instruments in geotechnical projects,
such as piezometer, earth pressure cell, load cell, inclinometer, settlement
plate, strain gauge, and others.
• Soil Improvement (Chapter 5) has some details on typical compaction re-
quirements as well as improved figures in the section of precompression. About
half of the problems at the end of the chapter are new.
• Chapter 6 on Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity has new
sections on a simple approach for bearing capacity with two-way eccentricities,
and plane strain correction of friction angle.
• Chapter 7 on Ultimate Bearing Capacity on Shallow Foundation: Special
Cases has a section on ultimate bearing capacity of a wedge-shaped founda-
tion. About half of the end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 8 on Vertical Stress Increase in Soil has a new section on stress
below a horizontal strip load of finite width and infinite length. The majority of
the end-of-chapter problems are new.

xv
 •
XVI PREFACE

• In Chapter 9 on Settlement of Shallow Foundations, Section 9 .3 on settle-

ment based on the theory of elasticity has been thoroughly revised with the
addition of the results of the studies of Poulos and Davis ( 1974) and Giroud
(1968). In Section 9.6, which discusses the topic of settlement of foundation
on sand based on standard penetration resistance, Terzaghi and Peck's method
(1967) has been added. Elastic settlement considering soil stiffness variation
with stress level is given in a new section (Section 9.7). Other additions include
settlement estimation using the L 1 - L 2 method (Section 9.9) (Akbas and
Kulhawy, 2009) and Shahriar et al.'s (2014) method to estimate elastic settlement
in granular soil due to the rise of ground water table (Section 9.10). The section
on tolerable settlement of buildings has been fully revised. More than half of the
end-of-chapter problems are new.
• In Chapter 10 on Mat Foundations, the reinforcement design portion for the
mats was removed to concentrate more on the geotechnical portion. All end-of-
chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 11 on Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is a new chapter.
It provides the design philosophies of the allowable stress design (ASD) and
load and resistance factor design in a simple way.
• Chapter 12 on Pile Foundations has a new section defining point bearing and
friction piles (Section 12.5). Section 12.5 on installation of piles has been thor-
oughly revised. Factor of safety for axially loaded piles suggested by USACE
(1991) has been incorporated in Section 12.8 on equations for estimating pile
capacity. The analysis by Poulos and Davis ( 1974) for estimation of elastic
settlement of piles has been included in Section 9 .17. About half of the end-of-
chapter problems are new.
• In Chapter 13 on Drilled Shaft Foundations, several figures have been im-
proved to aid in better interpolation for solving problems. More than half of the
end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 14 on Piled Rafts An Overview is a new chapter. It describes
optimizations of the advantages of pile foundations and raft foundations for
construction of very tall buildings.
• In Chapter 15 on Foundations on Difficult Soil, all but two of end-of-chapter
problems are new.
• Chapter 16 on Lateral Earth Pressure has two new sections on (a) general-
ized case for Rankine seismic active pressure granular backfill (Section 16.5),
and (b) solution for passive earth pressure by lower bound theorem of plasticity
(Section 16.15). The section on passive force on walls with earthquake forces
(Section 16.7) has been expanded. All end-of-chapter problems are new.
• In Chapter 17 on Retaining Walls, a new section (Section 17 .10) on gravity
retaining wall design for earthquake conditions has been added. Discussion on
the properties of geotextile has been expanded along with some new geotextile
photographs. More than half of the end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Chapter 18 on Sheet-Pile Walls has three new sections added: (a) cantilever
sheet piles penetrating sandy soil a simplified approach (Section 18.8);
(b) free earth support method for penetration of sandy soil a simplified ap-
proach (Section 18.10); and (c) holding capacity of deadman anchors (Section
18.18). All end-of-chapter problems are new.
• In Chapter 19 on Braced Cuts, all end-of-chapter problems are new.
• Each chapter now includes a Summary section. New and revised example
problems are presented in various chapters as needed.

INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
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chapter problems, an image bank with figures and tables in the book, and Lecture
Note PowerPoint Slides are available via a secure, password-protected Instructor
Resource Center at https://login.cengage.com.
 ••
PREFACE XVII

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• We are deeply grateful to Janice Das for her assistance in completing the revi-
sion. She has been the driving force behind this textbook since the preparation
of the first edition.
• Special thanks are due to Rohini Sivakugan for her help during the preparation
of the manuscript for this edition.
• It is fitting to thank Rose P. Kernan of RPK Editorial Services. She has been
instrumental in shaping the style and overseeing the production of this edition
of Principles of Foundation Engineering as well as several previous editions.
• We also wish to thank the Global Engineering team at Cengage who worked in
the development of this edition. Especially, we would like to extend our thanks
to Timothy Anderson, Product Director; Angie Rubino, Associate Content
Developer; Kristin Stine, Marketing Manager; and Alexander Sham, Product
Assistant.
Braja M. Das
N agaratnam Sivakugan
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Chapter 3: Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration

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 CHAPTER XXVI
THE CHILD
General Montcalm was slowly pacing up and down the room he
occupied at his headquarters on the St. Charles; the only other
person present was Langlade, called by courtesy Captain Langlade.
A look of great annoyance was on the General’s face.
“You cannot do this,” he said. “What you have engaged to
accomplish you must carry out to the end. If you withdraw yourself
from the Indians, you will do our cause incalculable harm. They know
you; they obey you; you are a power with them. With the Canadians
you are no one; they have their own officers. In my opinion, you are
bound to retain your present position until the end of the campaign;
the wrongs you deplore would be greatly increased if your influence
were withdrawn. I entreat of you, make no change at the present
critical moment. As far as lies in my power, I will lighten your duties;
but you must remain with your Indians, to hold them in hand and to
restrain them.”
“I have promised my people I would have nothing further in
common with the Indians,” said Charles.
“You pledged yourself first to me,” said the General. “You cannot
desert me; you would do far greater harm by withdrawing yourself. I
entreat of you not to do this thing.” And he went up to the young
man, and took his hand with the persuasive eloquence for which he
was so noted.
Charles knew full well that the General was right; that, once his
authority removed, the Indians would be more difficult than ever to
hold under restraint, and that their natural cruelty would have free
scope. Scalps without number! they had no other ambition. The
Iroquois, if they were foremost in war and in eloquence, were also
foremost in savage acts. They were proud to have a white man as
their leader, and would revenge his desertion, perhaps even by
withdrawing themselves from the French cause. He realised for the
first time how difficult it is to retrace false steps, and to undo
wrongdoing. He had joined himself to the Indians, he had sworn to
serve the French cause, of his own free will and for his own personal
ends: was he justified in withdrawing himself at so critical a moment
for reasons equally personal? His sense of justice told him he was
not. After a few minutes’ reflection, during which the General
watched him anxiously, he said, in serious, measured tones, very
different from the eager, impetuous voice of old,—
“I will remain with you. I have done harm enough already. It is no
longer with me a question of right, but what is least wrong. I have
studied my own inclinations all my life; now I am going against
them.”
“And you do well, believe me,” said Montcalm. “No one can hate
the Indians more than I do; my whole soul recoils from them. How
you ever came to join them has been a wonder to me; but having
done so, it is but fair that you should remain at your post until the war
is over. I should never know an hour’s tranquillity if you were not their
leader. Thank you for your decision; some day I may perhaps find
means of proving my gratitude.”
“You could render me a service now at once, if you would,” said
Charles.
“Name it,” answered the General.
“I told you I had a son,” said Charles quickly; “his mother died
trying to save the Marshes. She had carried the child with her in her
long journeyings, and when the Indians attacked the village, she hid
him in the trunk of a tree while she went to the rescue. When the fray
was over she told my sister Loïs where to find the child, but when
she sent to look for it, it had disappeared. I have been a long time
tracing it, but at last discovered that a half-brother of Nadjii’s, the lad
who had warned Roger of the meditated attack, had found the child,
brought it up here, and given it in charge of a Huron woman, living at
Lorette. At first I doubted the story; but I went to see the child two
days ago, and recognised him as my son. I cannot leave him where
he is—it is not safe; and, moreover, I never wish him to know that he
has Indian blood in his veins. I have thought that at the Convent of
the Ursulines they would take him in, and care for him, if you would
obtain admission for him.”
 “Nothing can be simpler,” answered Montcalm. “You know that
three months ago Mercèdes entered as a novice. After that affair of
Montreal I never allowed her to return to Madame Péan: indeed, she
had no desire to do so; she begged me to let her enter the convent
at once. In fact, she pined and drooped from that time, until I brought
her back to Quebec, and she and Marthe both entered the Ursulines
together. Since then she has recovered, and whenever I can
manage to find time to go and see her, she is as bright and happy as
I can wish. Yes, certainly, I will give you a letter to the Superior. Take
your child there; it will be well cared for. I will write it at once;” and
sitting down, he drew the writing materials towards him. “There,” he
said, handing the letter to Charles, “if you present yourself to-
morrow, and ask to see the Superior in my name, you will gain
admittance. Give her this. I have explained everything; the child will
be safe there.”
“Thank you,” said Charles; “and now I will leave you. I shall be in
Quebec to-morrow. You may trust me; I am yours until the war is
over,” he added.
“I have your word,” answered Montcalm; “surely that is enough,”
and accompanying him to the door, they shook hands, and then he
watched the young man go down the hill-side, on his way to the
Indian quarters.
“A fine fellow, but a ruined life,” he thought. “Thank goodness I
have persuaded him to remain with his Indians; the game would
have been as good as played out if he had deserted us.”
It was early morning as Charles Langlade strode rapidly along the
road leading from the hamlet of Lorette to Quebec. Through
meadows and rye-fields it wound, crossing and recrossing the swift
St. Charles, a somewhat lonely road with a few cottages scattered
here and there, and irregular, shabby-looking cabins along the lanes,
at the doors of which lounged Indian boys and girls of all shades and
colours. This was the Huron village of Lorette. They were Christians
after their fashion, the poor remnant of the mighty Huron nation,
converted by the Jesuits and crushed by the Iroquois in the far
western wilderness.
But Charles Langlade was not alone. He carried on his shoulder a
boy of some three years old. The two resembled each other most
curiously, except that the child’s skin was still fair and soft, whilst the
father’s was bronzed and weather-beaten. There were the same
deep blue eyes and curling chestnut hair, the same pose of the head
slightly tossed back. They looked very picturesque, the hunter in his
crimson shirt, one arm raised, holding the half-naked child, who sat
proudly aloft, clutching at his father’s hair, beating his little bare feet
against the broad chest, and laughing aloud for glee; so bubbling
over with life, that the passers-by turned to look back at them.
It was a goodly sight; and so they reached the heavy stone
gateway leading into the city, set thick with mighty bolts and spikes.
Here Charles Langlade paused, and showed his pass before he
could gain admittance; but he was not detained long, and went his
way through a squalid lane, the old “Sault au Matelot,” looking its
best this bright summer morning, creeping under the shelter of the
city walls and overhanging rock, from which drooped weeds and
grass, with just a few rays of sunlight penetrating here and there,
glistening on the abundant moisture which slowly trickled down, until
at last he reached the flight of steps leading from the lower to the
upper town, and having climbed them stood at the convent gates. He
paused a moment before pulling the great bell, lifted the child from
off his shoulder, and placed it on the ground. As it stood thus beside
him he looked at it, and passed his hand over the rough curly head,
straightening the short crimson cotton blouse, which, with
innumerable strings of coloured beads round its neck, was all the
clothes it boasted; then with an impatient sigh he pulled the rope
dangling at the gateway. The sound rang through the silent court and
garden, and presently a small panel was pushed on one side, and a
voice asked,—
“Who is there?”
“From his Excellency General Montcalm. I am the bearer of a
letter to the reverend mother,” said Langlade.
The little panel was clapped quickly to again, and he heard the
receding footsteps of the doorkeeper.
He was not kept long waiting. This time the little door let into the
big gateway was unbarred, and he was bidden to enter; and, after
she had carefully rebolted the door, the nun preceded him through
the garden, full of flowers, clumps of lilac bushes, roses, and
hollyhocks, blossoming within the shelter of the high surrounding
walls, while the bright morning sun poured down on the alleys and
greensward with all the glory of the short Canadian summer.
He was ushered into a long whitewashed room, the only furniture
of which was a deal table, a few common chairs, and a tall crucifix
on the wall.
The nun pointed to a chair, and disappeared with that soft gliding
movement habitual to her class; but Charles Langlade, picking the
child up, carried it to the open window and looked out on the quiet
scene; and as he caught a glimpse of black robes moving among the
trees, he wondered in his secret heart if Mercèdes were there. A
strange longing had been upon him all that day to see her face once
more, and then—well, then it would be over.
The door opened, and a tall thin woman in black robes and veil,
her face framed in white linen, entered noiselessly. Behind her was
another figure dressed in the same fashion, only she wore a long
white robe and veil; her face was very pale and her eyes downcast,
but in her Charles Langlade recognised Mercèdes; and thus it was
these two stood once more in each other’s presence.
“I have read the General’s letter, Mr. Langlade, and understand
that you wish to leave your child with us for a time. You can do so;
we will take all care of it, and when this terrible war is over you can
claim it of us.”
So said the reverend mother, and advancing, she tried to take the
little hand; but the child, terrified, clung to his father, uttering Indian
words indicative of fear at the strange figure before him, such as he
had never seen before.
“He will soon get accustomed to us,” said the mother gently.
“Sister Mercèdes, will you try your influence?”
Charles whispered a few words to the boy, and, sitting down,
placed him on his knee, and as Mercèdes approached, he said,—
“Mademoiselle, your father bade me enquire after your health and
well-being.”
“Tell my dear father I am well and happy,” she answered; “and that
we pray unceasingly for his success.”
 She spoke quite calmly, and the colour had come back into her
face.
“I will not forget,” he answered; then again he spoke to the child.
The boy looked up at the young novice, who, trembling slightly, held
out her arms and smiled upon him, speaking a few soft words such
as she had been wont to use to her little sister at home, and he
answered with a wild cry, like a bird.
“He is only a little savage; you must tame him,” said Charles,
rising and placing the child in her arms; and bowing low before her
and the mother, he went towards the door. He paused one second
on the threshold, and the last thing he saw was the white figure of
the nun, clasping in her arms the child in its red robe and gaudy
beads.
Would they ever meet again?
 CHAPTER XXVII
TWO HEROES
Late one evening Loïs was startled by an Indian youth creeping
round the house. Going out to him, he gave her a folded paper,
which proved to be a letter from Charles. It ran thus:—

“Yes, Loïs, I have found the boy, and I have placed him in
safety in the Ursuline Convent in Quebec, with Mercèdes
Montcalm. When the war is over, if you will have him he shall be
conveyed to you; at present it would be impossible to do so with
any safety. After my assurance to you that I would separate
myself from the Indians, you will be surprised to hear that at
General Montcalm’s entreaty I have retained my command. He
represented to me, and I think justly, that I had no right for any
private consideration, any personal quarrel, to bring disunion
into his army, which, by throwing up my Indian command, and
attaching myself to the Canadian contingent, I should most
assuredly do. It would be a breach of honour. My first
engagement was made to him. The Indians are only held in
check by my influence; if that were removed, their cruelty and
licence would be unbounded.
“All this I know to be true, and therefore I have decided not to
inflict further wrong on others; what is done I must abide by.
Bitterly as I deplore the past, at the present moment I feel bound
to those who, knowing nothing of my private life, have placed
confidence in me. It cannot last long. General Wolfe is pushing
on towards Quebec, but our positions are strong. It is now July.
In less than three months the winter will force the English to
retreat, probably to return to England; the Indians will then
disperse and I shall be released. In the meantime, I am almost
face to face with Roger. I am stationed with General Levis on
the heights of Montmorenci, and I have every reason to believe
 that Roger, with his Rangers, is in the forest, trying to discover a
ford across the river. We are on the same search. If it be so, we
can scarcely do otherwise than meet one day. Pray for us, Loïs,
and that this cruel war may end, and that we may once more all
dwell together in peace!
“Your loving brother,
”Charles Langlade.

“P.S.—An Indian will be the bearer of this letter; you may trust
him to send me back news of what is going on at the Marshes. I
am watching over you; you need fear no fresh aggression.”

The question of this ford, alluded to in the above letter, was of

great importance, and it was only discovered after many days of
close watching by the French. Early one morning, General Levis’s
aide-de-camp, a Scotchman, appeared in his tent bringing with him a
peasant, who explained that he had crossed a ford a few hours
earlier.
“Then you shall serve us as guide,” said Levis, and he told off
eleven thousand Canadians under their officer, Repentigny, with
orders to intrench themselves opposite the ford. Charles Langlade,
with four hundred Indians, went in advance, crossed the ford, and
discovered the English in the forest; not considering himself
sufficiently strong to attack, he returned and told Repentigny, who
sent to Levis, who again sent to Vaudreuil!
The Indians, thinking they would be baulked of their prey, became
mutinous at the delay, and Langlade found it impossible to restrain
them; they declared that if he would not lead them, they would attack
the Rangers without him, and, to avoid this, he recrossed the ford.
So savage was their onset that they drove the Rangers back on
the regulars, who, however, stood their ground and repulsed the
Indians with considerable loss. Nevertheless, they carried off thirty-
six scalps. Montcalm and Vaudreuil determined to remain on the
defensive; the English were powerless to injure them. Wolfe’s
position was a dangerous one; his army was separated into three
parts, at such distances that it would have been impossible for any
one of them to come to the assistance of the other.
 The deep and impassable Montmorenci flowed between the two
camps, but from the cliffs on either side a gunshot might easily reach
and hit a man.
The Canadians were also growing daily more and more dispirited.
They were ready for active service, but the inaction to which they
were condemned tried their patience severely.
It was summer-time. The harvest was at hand, and the militia men
thought of the crops waiting to be gathered in. Many deserted and
went home to their villages, notwithstanding the exhortations of their
priests; what was found most efficacious to keep them from so doing
was the Governor’s threat to let the Indians loose upon any who
should waver in their allegiance.
But in the midst of all these difficulties it was the characters of the
men who stood at the helm which filled those around them, and
indeed their enemies, with admiration.
Montcalm’s career in Canada was a struggle against an
inexorable destiny. He bore hunger, thirst, and fatigue without a
murmur, caring for his soldiers, but with no thought for himself. In the
midst of general corruption he stood forth immaculate, having but
one thought, the good of the colony; the savages themselves
declared they learnt from him patience in suffering.
A story is told of an Indian chief, when presented to Montcalm,
expressing his astonishment that a man who was capable of such
great deeds should be so diminutive in stature.
“Ah! how small thou art!” he exclaimed; then added, “but I see
reflected in thy eyes the height of the oak and the vivacity of the
eagle.”
His own soldiers and his officers worshipped him, but such men
as the Governor Vaudreuil and his satellites, Bigot, Cadet, and the
rest, both hated and feared him, as the evil man hates and fears the
just one.
In the opposite camp a dying man held sway. James Wolfe knew
that he was doomed; and his heart sank within him as the days went
by, and at the end of July he found himself no nearer taking Quebec
than upon the first day on which he landed. He could not move
Montcalm to attack. On the 31st of July he made a desperate
attempt on the French camp, on the heights of Montmorenci; but
notwithstanding acts of the most daring courage, the English were
driven back with enormous loss. The blow was such a severe one
that Wolfe, thoroughly disheartened, meditated fortifying the Île-aux-
Coudres, and then sailing for England with the remainder of his
army, to return the following year. But the following year! could he
even reckon on a month of life? and he had so hoped, when he
accepted his office from William Pitt, to return triumphant, having
blotted out and repaired the faults of his predecessors. Imbued with
an ardent love of glory, what must have been the feelings of such a
man at the prospect of issuing the order for the army he had
expected to lead to victory to sail homewards—if not conquered, at
least foiled! He could not make up his mind to such a step as long as
there still remained the shadow of a chance.
In the middle of August he issued another proclamation, couched
in the following terms:—
“Seeing that the people of Canada have shown so little
appreciation of my mercy, I am resolved to listen no longer to the
sentiments of humanity which have so far ruled me. It is a cause of
bitter sorrow to me to be obliged even remotely to imitate the acts of
barbarity perpetrated by the Canadians and Indians; yet in justice to
myself and my army, I feel bound to chastise the Canadian people.
From henceforth therefore any village or settlement which offers
resistance to British rule will be razed to the ground.”
The churches were to be respected, and women and children
treated with due honour. “If any violence is offered to a woman, the
offender shall be punished with death.”
The Rangers and Light Infantry were charged to carry out these
orders, and soon on the sunny plains around Quebec flames and
smoke arose from many a farmhouse and peaceful village, and the
population went forth in flocks, victims of the scourge of war. The
Governor Vaudreuil wrote despatches home in which he dilated at
great length upon the barbarity of the English, utterly ignoring the
fact that for years past he had sent his savages the length and
breadth of the English colonies to waste and murder at will, without
regard to either age or sex. Quebec was itself greatly injured; many
families had forsaken the city, and taken refuge at Pointe-aux-
Trembles, some eighteen miles up the river on the north shore.
Colonel Carleton landed here with six hundred men, and took
upwards of a hundred ladies, old men, and children prisoners. They
were conducted to Wolfe’s camp, where they were courteously
treated, the ladies being invited to dine at his table, and the following
day they were sent under escort back to Quebec.
The general aspect of affairs grew daily more and more serious
for English and French alike. Dysentery and fever broke out in the
English camp. On the French side the Canadians were deserting in
great numbers, and food was becoming daily so scarce that the
rations had to be again and again reduced. English ships prevented
food arriving from Montreal by the river, and the conveyance by land
was both slow and expensive. In Quebec there was real suffering.
To add to the English troubles, General Wolfe became so
seriously ill that it was feared the end could not be far off. He was
utterly prostrate, and could only at times rouse himself to attend to
business. But in his own mind he was maturing long-conceived
plans; and when at last an alleviation to his sufferings had been
obtained, he dictated a letter to Brigadier-Generals Monckton,
Townshend, and Murray, laying three different plans for attacking the
enemy before them. They answered that they considered none of
them feasible, but proposed placing part of the English army
between Quebec and its means of supply, thus forcing Montcalm
either to fight or surrender. Wolfe accepted this alternative; but he
was utterly dependent even for the power to act upon his physician.
“I know you cannot cure me,” he said; “but pray make me up so
that I may be without pain for a few days, and able to do my duty.
That is all I ask.”
“I will do my best,” answered the physician; and he so far
succeeded, that by the first days of September Wolfe was able to
mount his horse and show himself to his men. But the difficulty still
remained unsolved. How could they land the troops so as to surprise
the French and approach Quebec? As Montcalm had said, only by
treason could it be accomplished.
 CHAPTER XXVIII
AT LAST
“If you will allow me, I will reconnoitre. Disguised as an Indian, I
can approach both the Indian and Canadian camps. I can even
penetrate into Quebec itself. I know the language, I know their ways;
I am the man most fitted to undertake this task. Information you must
have before risking the safety of the whole army.”
“He is quite right, and Captain Roger is the only man who, with the
least chance of success, can undertake to procure us that
information, without which it is almost madness for us to attempt a
landing. If he is willing to risk his life, we shall be his debtors,” said
Colonel Howe.
“I am willing,” answered Roger. “With my knowledge of Indian and
Canadian warfare, I run very little danger of being caught. You have
decided, I think, to take the fleet up the St. Lawrence, and to effect a
landing on the other side of Quebec. That there is a footpath or a
subterraneous passage somewhere in the neighbourhood of what is
called L’Anse de Foulon I am certain. I have heard that it is a spot
much favoured by smugglers. The Jesuits had a depôt in the
neighbouring cliffs; and since then Bigot and his crew are said to
make it their hiding place. The whole thing lies in a nutshell—to
discover the path and to assure myself to what extent it is fortified.”
“Just so,” exclaimed Wolfe excitedly. “If only we could secure a
footing on the plain and force the French to fight us!”
“In two days at latest if I am alive I will report to you; if I fail in my
attempt I will at least try to send you a message,” said Roger.
“Of all the services you have rendered us, Captain Roger, and
they have not been a few, this will be the greatest,” said the General,
holding out his hand. “If I could only bring this war to a close I should
die happy.”
“Let us hope you may live to enjoy the fruits of your long anxiety,
General,” said Roger; and he took his leave.
 As the door closed upon him Colonel Howe turned to Wolfe,
saying, “He’ll do it. There’s not such another fellow in the army; and
now my advice is to break up the camp here and embark a great
portion of the troops. The French will imagine we are preparing to
sail for England.”
This plan was carried out, General Wolfe going on board the
Sutherland.
Admiral Holmes’ fleet, with three thousand six hundred men on
board, sailed up and down the river, The French were thus kept night
and day on the watch to oppose their landing; and Montcalm, though
he fully believed the English were on the eve of their departure,
never for one moment relaxed his vigilance, feeling sure Wolfe would
not be satisfied to withdraw without striking one decisive blow. So by
night and by day he was on foot, trusting no one’s supervision save
his own. He had sent three thousand men to Bougainville, above
Quebec. Captain de Vergor, with a hundred Canadians, was posted
on the heights near the town; this spot was looked upon as perfectly
safe, being inaccessible, and was therefore considered sufficiently
protected.
The town of Quebec was suffering greatly from the effects of the
English fire. The handsome houses which adorned the quay were in
ruins, literally shelled out. Many of the churches were destroyed, the
cathedral dome was laid open, and the convent and garden of the
Ursulines were torn up by the falling bombs.
The nuns had dispersed, some taking refuge at the General
Hospital, going sadly from their cloistered schoolrooms and little
ones to the sad hospital wards, now filled with the wounded and
dying, and where their services were needed by night and by day.
Mercèdes with Marthe had found refuge in their old rooms, and had
taken with them Charles Langlade’s boy. They had managed to
inform the father of this, and he had sent back word entreating them
to guard the child, as Nadjii’s father Ominipeg—the “Black Eagle,” as
he was surnamed—was seeking for him, fearful lest he should fall a
prisoner into the hands of the English.
Charles himself had to feign ignorance of the child’s whereabouts,
so as not to rouse the chief’s anger at a moment when his services
were so requisite; therefore he commended the boy to their care until
such time as he could send for or fetch him, and they accepted the
charge, and from henceforth kept him concealed, never leaving him.
When Roger quitted General Wolfe’s presence, he was
determined at any risk to discover something, let it be what it might,
which would enable the English to reach the French. He was heartily
sick of the war; the ruined homesteads, the misery he saw at home
and abroad, and the many hardships he himself had endured, made
him long for peace, almost at any price.
If Wolfe set sail for England it would all have to be begun over
again. The Indians, encouraged by the French Government, would
once more commit depredations on the frontier settlements, and
rapine and ruin would ensue; and then with the spring the war would
be renewed. No, much as he might regret the alternative, he felt that
either the English must conquer, or they must be so beaten as to
allow of no return. It was France or England.
There was very little difference between the Rangers’ dress and
that of the Canadian scouts. The militia had a sort of uniform, but it
was never very strictly adhered to; especially as time went on, and
the difficulty of procuring materials of any sort increased.
The French guarded the river banks, and it would require great
skill to land; yet that night, after sunset, a boat ran along the coast,
and when the sentries challenged it, the answer seemed
satisfactory; for it passed on up the river towards Quebec, without
apparently attempting to avoid observation. One or two shots were
fired at it from English ships, but in the darkness they evidently
missed it, for the boat shot past and suddenly disappeared in a sort
of cove, on either side of which high cliffs rose almost
perpendicularly.
Roger had been absent four days. It was the evening of the 11th
of September. Autumn was settling down over the land, to be
succeeded by the bitter Canadian winter.
“He’s failed, probably been killed; he’d have been back before
now if he had discovered anything,” said Wolfe, in a voice of
hopeless despair, standing on the foredeck of the Sutherland. John
Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, and George Carleton, Lord Dorchester,
the friends of his boyhood, were beside him.
 “You have no right to speak so positively. It is only four days since
he started, and a man like Roger is certain to have taken his
precautions; he is not likely easily to allow himself to be trapped,”
said the former; and even while he spoke a shrill whistle fell on their
ears, and, looking down, they saw a canoe with an Indian in it lying
close under the bulwarks.
“It’s he!” said Lord Dorchester; and a few seconds later Roger
stood in their midst.
“Well, any news?” said Wolfe, coming forward.
“I should not be here now if I had none,” said Roger, in a low
voice; “but first let me take off these trappings and give me some
food. I have touched nothing for twenty-four hours, and then only a
crust of bread.”
“Come into my cabin,” said Wolfe, and he led the way.
Half an hour later the chief officers on board the Sutherland were
summoned to the General’s cabin.
Wolfe was walking up and down, two deep red spots on his pale
thin cheeks, his eyes glittering.
“Gentlemen,” he said, “Captain Roger will tell you what he has
seen and heard. You will judge whether the plan he proposes be
possible; myself I tell you at once that, notwithstanding all the
apparent difficulties, I consider it the only thing open for us to
attempt; there is a possible chance of success. Will you explain your
plan, Captain?”
“It is not necessary for me to tell you,” said Roger, “how I came by
the facts I am going to lay before you, and from them to the
conception of a plan which, though desperate, is in itself simple. You
saw my disguise. I have assumed several during the last few days,
by means of which, and by my knowledge of Indian and Canadian
habits, I have managed to approach the different camps, and at last
penetrated even into Quebec. Here, by means of bribery, I
succeeded in being introduced into Captain Vergor’s own quarters
on the heights overlooking Quebec, and can now assure you from
personal evidence that, fully persuaded of their secure position, they
are left practically unguarded. The officer in command goes quietly
to bed, and has, moreover, weakened his guards by allowing the
Canadians to go home to their villages to help get in their harvest.”
“But, taking all this for granted,” said Lord St. Vincent, “we have
still those heights to scale before we can dislodge even so poor a
watch.”
“I am coming to that,” said Roger. “Food is not only lacking in
Quebec, but the soldiers in camp are absolutely without bread, or
even flour. The commissariat declared yesterday it could distribute
no further rations. You may imagine the effect of this; but they were
buoyed up with the assurance that a number of boats are coming
from Quebec to the camp with provisions. Where these boats land,
we can,” said Roger, “and I discovered that the spot fixed upon is the
Anse de Foulon, the old smuggling cove. Last night, disguised as an
Indian, I paddled into it, accompanied by a man I have sworn not to
name. He pointed out to me what he called a path, and then left me
in terror lest we should be surprised. The moon was fitful, if you
remember, last night; nevertheless, it sufficed me to discover what
we want. It is a steep, precipitous ascent; half-way up trees have
been felled and laid across, forming a thick abattis; then there is a
deep gap some ten feet across and six feet deep; after this the road
widens out, and though the ascent is steep, it is comparatively easy.
I will undertake to lead a body of men to the top to-morrow night, if
you consent. We shall take Vergor and his guard by surprise; and
when this is accomplished you can land your troops under cover of
night, and by morning you can range them in order of battle on the
heights overlooking Quebec.”
“Land a whole army! It is incredible!” said Lord St. Vincent.
“Allowing that the path be unguarded, there are sentries all along the
river.”
“But they are expecting their own provision boats,” said Wolfe. “If
our boats go down in advance, they may easily mistake us for them
in the darkness. Howe, will you take the lead with Captain Roger?
He will show you the way.”
“Certainly I will,” said Colonel Howe. “I have implicit confidence in
the Captain. Give us a score of men, and we will see if we cannot
reach the top and dislodge a parcel of sleepy Frenchmen;” and he
laughed lightly, as if he had been proposing a pleasure party.
 “Then, gentlemen, that is settled; to-morrow night we make the
attempt,” said Wolfe, in a decided voice. “Captain Roger, you had
better turn in and take a good long rest,” and he held out his hand to
Roger.
“Thank you, I shall be all the better for a good sleep;” then, turning
to Colonel Howe, he added, “Unless I am very much mistaken,
Colonel, you and I shall see the sun rise over Quebec the day after
to-morrow. I am glad it should be so.”
“So am I,” answered the Colonel heartily, and they shook hands.
“I think we are all glad,” said several voices.
“Even if it be the dawn of my last day on earth, I shall greet it with
thankfulness,” said Wolfe, and the council broke up for a few hours.
 CHAPTER XXIX
ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM
The following day the English vessels and boats drifted up the
river with the tide, within sight of the French sentinels, as if they were
seeking a landing place; they had done this more or less for the last
week, so Bougainville, who was encamped on the St. Charles,
watched them without anxiety, satisfied that they would repeat the
same manœuvre on the morrow.
As night drew on, Admiral Saunders, stationed opposite Beauport,
opened fire upon the French, under cover of which the troops were
embarked. Whether due to the excitement or to the remedies
administered by his physician, Wolfe certainly for that day seemed to
have taken a new lease of life. But in his own mind, we are told, the
certainty that his end was near never for one moment forsook him.
As he paced up and down the Sutherland, gazing at the deep blue
autumnal sky overhead, to those who watched him his pale face
seemed almost transfigured by the light and fire in his eyes. A young
midshipman, John Robinson, to whom he had shown especial
kindness, standing near him, heard him slowly recite those words
which may truly be called his death elegy, so inseparably have they
become linked with his name:—
“The boast of Heraldry, the pomp of Pow’r,
And all that Beauty, all that Wealth e’er gave
Await alike the inevitable hour:
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.”
And, seeing that the lad was watching him, he laid his hand on his
shoulder, adding, “I had rather be the author of that poem than take
Quebec.”
At two o’clock on the morning of the 13th, the signal was given for
the troops to enter the boats, and seventeen hundred men took their
places in them, and slowly drifted down the stream to their
destination.
 The French sentries placed along the shore, notwithstanding the
darkness, became aware of a more than usual traffic on the river,
and challenged them.
“Qui vive?”
“France,” answered Colonel Howe.
“Which regiment?”
“La Reine,” answered the same officer, who knew that
Bougainville commanded part of that regiment, and so they passed
on. Lower down the river they were once more challenged. This time
the answer was, “Provision boats. Don’t make a noise, the English
will hear us.”
In the darkness, Captain Roger, Colonel Howe, and twenty-four
volunteers rowed up to the low sandy beach at the foot of the crags,
which seemed to rise perpendicularly from the water’s edge.
The volunteers were picked men. A few of Roger’s best Rangers
were amongst them. No sentry was on the shore; no alarm was
given.
The order for perfect silence had been issued, and Roger leading
the way, as noiselessly as possible the ascent was begun. Like
shadows they moved up the pathway, crawling often on their hands
and knees, the foremost removing obstacles for those who came
after, till at last they gained the top, and saw before them the cluster
of white tents. No word of command was given. That silent group of
brave men realised to the full at that moment that victory or defeat
was in their hands, and with the impulse to conquer or to die in the
attempt, they rushed into the sleeping camp before the slightest
sound announced their presence. Captain Vergor was in bed; he
was shot, but not mortally, and made prisoner. The same fate
awaited others, but in the darkness the greater number of the French
fled. Then there arose from the heights such a cheer as only true-
born Britons can give forth in the hour of triumph, and it was
answered from below by men waiting breathlessly in the boats to
know whether they too might scale the long dark slope of the woody
precipice—the path to victory! General Wolfe was the first to leap
ashore, and in his excitement he struck the earth with his sword’s
point, as if claiming it for Old England.
 And then the ascent began, each man with his musket slung over
his shoulder. Trenches were leapt, abattis were broken through; the
stream of men came pouring up from the boats, which, as soon as
they were emptied, rowed back to the ships and brought more, until
all the troops were landed.
The day was hardly dawning when Wolfe stood with the advanced
troops on the heights. Anxiously, with penetrating eyes, he gazed in
the direction from whence he supposed the French would come. At
the expiration of an hour, when almost all the English troops had
reached the summit, a cloud of dust, like smoke, with flashes of light,
was seen on the horizon.
“The French!” said Wolfe calmly, pointing to the long line growing
ever more and more distinct in the increasing morning light. On an
open tract of grass, interspersed with cornfields, having on one side
the St. Lawrence, and sloping down on the other to the St. Charles,
General Wolfe and his officers stationed the English army,
numbering in all three thousand five hundred men; and there, on the
ever-celebrated Plains of Abraham, they awaited their adversaries.
Montcalm, when first informed of the landing of the English,
exclaimed,—
“It can be but a small party come to burn a few houses and retire.”
He sent at once to Vaudreuil, who was quartered near Quebec,
but receiving no answer, at six o’clock he mounted, and,
accompanied by Langlade and Johnstone, rode towards the town.
As he crossed the St. Charles, he saw on the heights above Quebec
the long red line of the English army calmly awaiting him. He knew
now that it must be fought out. He turned his horse’s head to the
Governor’s quarters; a short and sharp altercation ensued, and then
Montcalm, joining his army, rode towards the battle-field, where
already the battalion of Guienne had taken up its position. The white-
and-blue uniforms of the regular French army, flanked by the
sombre-clad Canadians, were clearly visible; whilst the Indians in
their war-paint, with their waving plumes and steel hatchets, were
stationed some twenty paces in advance, with orders to throw
themselves into the first breach made in the English ranks by the
French balls.