Energy

Unit Two

Engr. Jaerell Brent Pedro, RChT

Instructor I
[email protected]

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences

 CHAPTER 2
Energy
1. Introduction to Energy 3. Nuclear Chemistry and Energy
a. Definition of Energy a. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
b. Forms and Units of Energy b. Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
c. Heat and Work: Forms of Energy Transfer c. Nuclear Stability
d. Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
d. Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
e. Transmutation, Fission, and Fusion
e. Introduction to Calorimetry
f. The Interaction of Radiation and Matter
2. Electrochemical Energy
4. Fuels
a. Redox Reaction
a. Meaning of Fuels
b. Galvanic Cells b. Classification of Chemical Fuels
c. Standard Reduction Potential c. Gaseous Fuels
d. Batteries d. Liquid Fuels
e. Corrosion e. Solid Fuels

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences

Electrochemical Energy
What is Electrochemistry?

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that

deals with the interconversion of electrical energy
and chemical energy.
Electrochemical processes are redox (oxidation-
reduction) reactions in which the energy
released by a spontaneous reaction is converted to
electricity or in which electrical energy is used to
cause a nonspontaneous reaction to occur.
Electrochemical Energy
Redox Reaction

The term oxidation reaction refers to the half-reaction that involves loss of electrons.
Meanwhile, a reduction reaction is a half-reaction that involves gain of electrons. Note
that the number of electrons lost by a reducing agent must be equal to the number of
electrons gained by an oxidizing agent.

Mnemonics are used to finely understand the redox reactions, which are:

LEORA Loss Electrons, Oxidation, Reducing Agent

GEROA Gain Electrons, Reduction, Oxidizing agent
Electrochemical Energy
Balancing Redox Reaction

• The oxidation number of a free element is always 0.

• The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals the charge of the ion.
• Fluorine in compounds is always assigned an oxidation number of -1.
• The alkali metals (group I) always have an oxidation number of +1.
• The alkaline earth metals (group II) are always assigned an oxidation
number of +2.
• Oxygen almost always has an oxidation number of -2, except in peroxides
(H2O2) where it is -1 and in compounds with fluorine (OF2) where it is
+2.
Electrochemical Energy
Balancing Redox Reaction

• Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 when combined with non-metals,

but it has an oxidation number of -1 when combined with metals.
• The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of elements in a compound
is zero.
• The algebraic sum of the oxidation states in an ion is equal to the charge
on the ion.
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, and Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq)

Ionic Equation
Spectator Ions

Na+(aq)+ HCO3−(aq)+ H+(aq)+ Cl−(aq)→ H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

Net Ionic Equation HCO3−(aq)+ H+(aq)→ H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, and Net Ionic Equations
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, and Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation CsCN(aq) + HCl(aq) → HCN(aq) + CsCl(aq)

Ionic Equation

Net Ionic Equation

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, and Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation H3PO4(aq) + CoBr2(aq) → HBr(aq) + Co3(PO4)2(s)

Ionic Equation

Net Ionic Equation

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, and Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Ionic Equation

Net Ionic Equation

Electrochemical Energy
Balancing Redox Reaction

Step 1: Write the net ionic equation

Step 2: Separate the process into half reactions

a. Assign oxidation numbers for each atom
b. Identify and write out all redox couples in reaction
c. Combine these redox couples into two half reactions
Step 3: Identify which is the reduction and oxidation process
Electrochemical Energy
Balancing Redox Reaction

Step 4: Balance the atoms in each half reaction

• Balance all other atoms except H and O
• Balance the oxygen atoms with H2O
• Balance the hydrogen atoms with H+
Step 5: Balance the charges by adding electrons.
• Add up the total charge on each side.
• Add electrons to the more positive side to balance the charge on both
sides.
Electrochemical Energy
Balancing Redox Reaction

Step 5: Multiply to balance the electrons gained/lost between the two half-
reactions and add reactions together
Step 6: Cancel common species on both sides of the reaction

6Fe2+ + 14H+ + Cr2O72- ⟶ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Electrochemical Energy
Galvanic Cells
 The experimental apparatus for
Electrochemical Energy generating electricity through the use
Galvanic Cells of a spontaneous reaction is called a
galvanic cell or voltaic cell, after the
Italian scientists Luigi Galvani and
Alessandro Volta, who constructed
early versions of the device.
Electrochemical Energy
Galvanic Cells

The zinc and copper bars are called electrodes. This

particular arrangement of electrodes (Zn and Cu) and
solutions (ZnSO4 and CuSO4) is called the Daniell
cell. By definition, the anode in a galvanic cell is the
electrode at which oxidation occurs and the cathode
is the electrode at which reduction occurs.

Salt bridge - an inverted U tube containing an inert

electrolyte solution whose ions will not react with
other ions in solution or with the electrodes
Electrochemical Energy
Galvanic Cells

Experimentally, the difference in electrical

potential between the anode and the cathode
is measured by a voltmeter. The voltage across
the electrodes of a galvanic cell is called the
cell voltage, or cell potential. Another common
term for cell voltage is the electromotive
force (emf) (E).
Electrochemical Energy
Cell Diagram

The conventional notation for representing galvanic

cells is the cell diagram. For the Daniell cell shown, if
we assume that the concentrations of Zn2+ and Cu2+
ions are 1 M, the cell diagram is
Zn(s)|Zn2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu(s)

The single vertical line represents a phase boundary

The double vertical lines denote the salt bridge.
Electrochemical Energy
Cell Diagram Rules

1.The anode half-cell is described first; the cathode half-cell follows. The description of
the oxidation reaction is first, and the reduction reaction is last; Spectator ions are not
included.
2.A single vertical line ( | ) is drawn between two chemical species that are in different
phases but in physical contact with each other. A double vertical line ( || ) represents a
salt bridge or porous membrane separating the individual half-cells.
3.The phase of each chemical (s, l, g, aq) is shown in parentheses. If the electrolytes in the
cells are not at standard conditions, concentrations and/or pressure, they are included in
parentheses with the phase notation. If no concentration or pressure is noted, the
electrolytes in the cells are assumed to be at standard conditions (1.00 M or 1.00 atm
and 298 K).
Electrochemical Energy
Cell Diagram – Exercise

Write the cell diagram for the following redox reaction, where the concentrations of the
Fe2+ and Al3+ ions are both 1 M.
3Fe2+(aq) + 2Al(s) ⟶ 3Fe(s) + 2Al3+(aq)
Electrochemical Energy
Cell Diagram – Exercise

Write the balanced redox reaction corresponding to the following cell diagram:
Cu(s)|Cu2+(1M)||Ag+(1M)|Ag(s)
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

Hydrogen Half Cell A half cell consists of an electrode and the species to be
oxidized or reduced. If the material conducts electricity, it
may be used as an electrode. The hydrogen electrode
consists of a Pt electrode, H2 gas and H+. This half cell is
represented by:
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

Hydrogen Half Cell Under standard-state conditions (when the pressure of H2

is 1 atm and the concentration of the HCl solution is 1 M),
the potential for the reduction of H+ at 25°C is taken to be
exactly zero:

2H+(1M) + 2e- ⟶ H2 (1 atm) E°= 0 V

The superscript “°” denotes standard-state conditions, and

E° is the standard reduction potential, or the voltage
associated with a reduction reaction at an electrode when all
solutes are 1 M and all gases are at 1 atm.
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode

Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

Zn(s) ∣ Zn2+(1 M) ∥ H+(1 M) ∣ H2 (1 atm) ∣ Pt(s)

= -0.76 V
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

Pt(s) ∣ H2(1 atm) ∣ H+(1 M) ∥ Cu2+(1 M) ∣ Cu(s)

= 0.34 V
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential

Zn(s)|Zn2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu(s)

For SRPs you can visit:

https://sites.google.com/site/chempendix/potentials
Electrochemical Energy
Standard Reduction Potential – Exercise Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s) Eº = 0.80 V
Mg2+(aq) + 2e- → Mg(s) Eº = -2.37 V
A galvanic cell consists of a Mg electrode in a 1.0 M Mg(NO3)2 solution and a Ag
electrode in a 1.0 M AgNO3 solution. Calculate the standard emf of this cell at 25°C.
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

A battery is a galvanic cell, or a series of

combined galvanic cells, that can be used as a
source of direct electric current at a constant
voltage. Battery has the advantage of being
completely self-contained and requiring no
auxiliary components such as salt bridges.
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Benjamin Franklin – Luigi Galvani – animal Alessandro Volta – voltaic

Baghdad Batteries termed “battery” (1749) electricity from frog (1780) pile (1800)

John Frederic Daniell – William Robert Grove – Gaston Plante – first Georges Leclanche –
Daniel cell (1836) Grove cell (1844) rechargeable battery (1859) Leclanche cell (1866)
 Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Lewis Urry – an employee of what is

now know as Energizer, introduced
the common alkaline battery (1955)
Thomas Edison –
Carl Gassner – created patented a slightly
the first dry cell battery, Waldmar Jungner – 1970s – nickel hydrogen batteryas
created the nickel- modified design of
made of a zinc-carbon Jungner (1903) 1980s – nickel metal-hydride battery
cell (1887) cadmium battery and
the nickel-iron battery 1996 – lithium ion polymer battery
but failed to patent it but lithium batteries were created as
(1899) early as 1912
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Types of Batteries

Primary Batteries – are non-rechargeable and

disposable. The electrochemical reactions in these
batteries are non-reversible. e.g. used in smoke
detectors, flashlights and most remote controls

Secondary Batteries – are rechargeable. These

batteries undergo electrochemical reactions that can
be readily reversed. e.g. used in car batteries and
electronic devices
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Battery Cell Types

Wet cell batteries – contain a liquid electrolyte.

They can be either primary or secondary
batteries. Due to the liquid nature of wet cells,
insulator sheets are used to separate the anode
and the cathode. Types of wet cells include
Daniell cells, Leclanche cells (originally used in
dry cells), Bunsen cells, Weston cells, Chromic
acid cells, and Grove cells. The lead-acid cells in
automobile batteries are wet cells.
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Battery Cell Types

Dry cell batteries – In dry cell batteries, no free

liquid is present. Instead the electrolyte is a paste, just
moist enough to allow current flow. This allows the
dry cell battery to be operated in any position
without worrying about spilling its contents. This is
why dry cell batteries are commonly used in products
which are frequently moved around and inverted,
such as portable electronic devices. Dry cell batteries
can be either primary or secondary batteries. Most
common dry cell is the Leclanche cell.
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

Commonly used batteries

1. Mercury Battery
2. Lead storage Battery
3. Lithium-ion Battery
4. Solid State Batteries
5. Fuel Cells
Electrochemical Energy
Batteries

FUN FACT!

Batteries vary both in size and voltage due to the chemical properties and contents within
the cell. However, batteries of different sizes may have the same voltage. The reason for
this phenomenon is that the standard cell potential does not depend on the size of a
battery but rather on its internal content. Therefore, batteries of different sizes can have
the same voltage. Additionally, there are ways in which batteries can amplify their voltages
and current. When batteries are lined up in a series of rows it increases their voltage,
and when batteries are lined up in a series of columns it can increases their current.
Electrochemical Energy
Corrosion

Corrosion is the term

usually applied to the
deterioration of metals by
an electrochemical process.
Electrochemical Energy
Corrosion

A region of the metal’s surface serves as the

anode, where oxidation occurs:
Fe(s) ⟶ Fe2+(aq) + 2e-

The electrons given up by iron reduce

atmospheric oxygen to water at the cathode, +(aq) ⟶ 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H O(s)
which is another region of the same metal’s 2Fe(s) + O 2(g) + 4H 2

surface:
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- ⟶ 2H2O(l) The Fe2+ ions formed at the anode are further
oxidized by oxygen:
4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + (4 + 2x)H2O(l) ⟶ 2Fe2O3·xH2O(s) + 8H+(aq)
Electrochemical Energy
Corrosion

Aluminum rust Copper rust (patina) Silver rust

Al2O3 CuCO3 Ag2S
Electrochemical Energy
Corrosion

Corrosion Prevention
1. Painting the surface
2. Passivation – a thin oxide layer is formed when the metal is treated with a strong
oxidizing agent such as concentrated nitric acid
3. Alloying – making a metal stainless
4. Covering with a layer of another metal such as tin or zinc (galvanizing)

5. Cathodic Reaction (sacrificial anode)

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