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36 views19 pages

01 Lec

Uploaded by

SHERRIE MAE BIJASA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HYDROGRAPHIC

SURVEYS
HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
▪ Originated with the need for the production of maps for marine
▪ It is of great importance the charts which are the results of the hydrographic
surveyor's work.
▪A seafarer has been provided with hydrographic information with some
description for centuries.
▪ Early Greek and Roman rely only on descriptions of coasts for seaman's use,
▪ These were intended to be used in conjunction with maps.
▪ The compass was applied to nautical use as early as the twelfth century. From that
time onwards voyages became longer and the need of special types of maps for
nautical purposes were more essential.
▪ Difference of maps and charts?
HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
▪ Charts were drawn in Italy in the fourteenth century; these were of the loxodromic
type, being covered with loxodromes (or rhumb lines) radiating from a number of
points and extending all over the map.
▪ At that time there was no ideas as to what was the shape of the earth
▪ Charts were not drawn on any projection that could represent a small part of the
earth's surface with any degree of accuracy.
▪ Cartographers of those days endeavored to show the various known parts of the
land in some approximately true relation to each other
▪ Charts were first printed towards the end of the fifteenth century.
HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
▪ In the 15th century, Mercator published his well-known " Universal Map" of the
world.
▪ The first real attempt to produce a map on a mathematical projection.
▪ In the 17th century, the French established a central chart office in Paris
▪ The exploratory voyages of Cook, Vancouver and many others provided a wealth of
hydrographic information and material on which the publication of more
dependable charts could be based.
▪ At the end of the 17th century this material had accumulated to such an extent.
▪ 1795 the Hydrographic Department was founded " to take custody of plans and
charts to select and compile information that appear to be requisite for the
purpose of improving navigation.
HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
▪ In the 19th century, almost every civilized maritime country founded a department
for the sole purpose of dealing with the publication of charts
▪ Also for the coordination and execution of marine surveys.
▪ Immense progress has been achieved in the production of charts.
▪ As long as people and goods continue to be carried by sea, hydrographic work
must continue, for
▪ Even today, only a small proportion of the seas is adequately charted.
▪ Constant changes in the sea-bed and coasts in many parts of the world necessitate
frequent revision of existing work.
HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
▪ Because of increasing size and draught of ships and commercial importance of
speedy voyages now require far more exacting standards survey.
▪ The need for charts was so urgent in the last century that the hydrographic
surveyor was sometimes obliged to subordinate completeness and accuracy to
speed.
▪ By Modern standards, many of the charts are sketchy and incomplete due to the
volume of work and often done in the face of great difficulty thus lacking accuracy.
▪ Any chart is better than none.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
▪ Projection - A chart represents on a reduced scale the position of various
physical features of some of the earths surface.
- The position of points on the earths surface are usually defines in
terms of their geographical coordinates, Latitude and Longitude.
(north or south of the equator, east or west of the prime meridian)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
- Mercator Projection
it is a cylindrical projection on which the meridians are straight and
equidistant and right angles
But the distance apart varies with the latitude, increasing towards the poles.
In high latitudes this projection cannot be used its normal form owing to the
great distortion introduced.
- Gnomonic Projection
a projection of the zenithal type and is formed by projecting from the centre
of the sphere onto a plane in contact with the surface at some particular
point.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
▪ Scale
The proportion between actual distances on the earth’s surface and the
distance on the chart.
▪ Triangulation
Trigonometrical stations will provide control points for the survey.
These stations must be marked on the chart in the same relative position that
they occupy on the earth’s surface providing a fixed framework which every
detail may be accurately located.
▪ Azimuth
Required for the correct orientation of the entire work.
obtained by astronomical observations
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)
- The lowest level that can be predicted to occur under average
meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions.
- Can only be obtained by studying tidal predictions covering several years,
(ideally 18.6 years)

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT)


- The highest level that can be predicted to occur under average
meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions.
PURPOSE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
▪ Hydrography
Is the science that measures and describes the physical features of bodies of
water and the land areas adjacent to those bodies of water.
Is the wet equivalent of topographic surveying.
Its objective is to delineate the shape of a portion of the earth's surface
concealed by water.
▪ Nautical Charts
Maps essential for safe marine navigation.
▪ Hydrographic Models
Baseline data for research and marine geospatial products and services.
PURPOSE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
5 Parameters to Consider
- Time and Position
- Depth of Water
- Geographic Location
- Bottom Type
- Purpose and Activities
PURPOSE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Uses of Hydrographic Surveying
▪ Depth of sea bed can be determined
▪ Shorelines can be determined
▪ Navigation Chart Preparation
▪ Location Mean Sea Level
▪ Irregularities of the sea bed can be identified
▪ Tide Measurement
▪ River and stream discharge measurement
▪ Massive Structure Planning
PURPOSE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Differences of Nautical Chart and Map

Nautical Chart Map


Working Document Static Document
A detailed and Accurate representation of the Emphasizes land forms
coastline
Varying tidal levels and water forms Shorelines represented less accurately
Detailed information on the area beneath the Indicates a Safe Path
water surface
Used to plot courses for navigators to follow Serves as a reference guide
Critical for safe and efficient navigation
PURPOSE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Applications of Hydrographic Survey
▪ Offshore engineering and the shipping industry have continued to expand
▪ Drilling rigs (extracting oil, gas etc from deep sea) locating up to 125miles offshore
▪ Search for resources particularly oil and gas
▪ Offshore islands are constructed
▪ Harbor depth up to 80m is required to accommodate larger ships and tankers.
▪ Containerization has become an efficient and preferred method of cargo handling.
▪ The demand for recreational transportation ranges from large cruise ships to small sail boats.
▪ Hydrographic surveys are made to present data on oceans, lakes and harbors. It comprises all surveys made for:
▪ The determination of shore lines, soundings (measurement of depth below the water level) characteristics of bottom areas
subject to Scouring and silting, depth available for navigation and velocity as well as characteristics of flow of water.
▪ The location of lights rocks sand balls, buoys (anything that floats on the surface of water)
BASIC OPERATIONS
The execution of a hydrographic survey can be divided into four components:
(1) Preliminary office preparations
(1) Planning – Extracting current survey data
(2) Calibration – Elimination of systematic errors from survey instruments before survey
(2) Preliminary field work
(1) Verification – Configuration of equiptment collecting data to correct standard
(2) Observations – Data Collection
(3) Data Logging – Ensure data is logged to correct parameters
(3) Data Processing
(4) Data preparation
BASIC OPERATIONS
The execution of a hydrographic survey can be divided into four components:
(1) Preliminary office preparations
(2) Preliminary field work
(3) Data Processing
(1) Data Cleaning, Data Selection, Data Storage
(4) Data preparation
(1) Data Analysis – Ensure quality and checking Coverage
(2) Data Rendering – Reports, Plots, Digital Data, and Field Records
BASIC OPERATIONS

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