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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Caterina Rizzi ·
Angelo Oreste Andrisano ·
Francesco Leali · Francesco Gherardini ·
Fabio Pini · Alberto Vergnano Editors

Design Tools
and Methods
in Industrial
Engineering
Proceedings of the International
Conference on Design Tools and
Methods in Industrial Engineering,
ADM 2019, September 9–10, 2019,
Modena, Italy
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-
ments in Mechanical Engineering - quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new
challenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology
To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Springer
Editor in your country:
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Rest of Asia, Australia, New Zealand: Swati Meherishi at
[email protected]
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To submit a proposal for a monograph, please check our Springer Tracts in
Mechanical Engineering at http://www.springer.com/series/11693 or contact
[email protected]
Indexed by SCOPUS. The books of the series are submitted for indexing to
Web of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

Caterina Rizzi Angelo Oreste Andrisano
• •

Francesco Leali Francesco Gherardini

• •

Fabio Pini Alberto Vergnano

•

Editors

Design Tools and Methods

in Industrial Engineering
Proceedings of the International
Conference on Design Tools
and Methods in Industrial Engineering,
ADM 2019, September 9–10, 2019,
Modena, Italy

123
Editors
Caterina Rizzi Angelo Oreste Andrisano
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Gestionale, Dipartimento Di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”
dell‘Informazione e della Produzione Università Di Modena E Reggio Emilia
Università di Bergamo Modena, Italy
Dalmine, Italy
Francesco Gherardini
Francesco Leali Dipartimento Di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”
Dipartimento Di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari” Università Di Modena E Reggio Emilia
Università Di Modena E Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
Modena, Italy
Alberto Vergnano
Fabio Pini Dipartimento Di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”
Dipartimento Di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari” Università Di Modena E Reggio Emilia
Università Di Modena E Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
Modena, Italy

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-030-31153-7 ISBN 978-3-030-31154-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31154-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The ADM 2019 International Conference, organized by the Italian Association of

Design Methods and Tools for Industrial Engineering (ADM), brings the tradition
of dissemination meetings back to life. The event in fact represents the reopening
of the biennial international conferences organized by ADM in the years in which
the JCM Conference (joint conference of ADM, INGEGRAF and S.mart) is not
held.
The opportunity arose from the intention of all members of the Italian
Association of Design Methods and Tools for Industrial Engineering to express
gratitude to Prof. Angelo O. Andrisano, Rector of the University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia.
As a member, adviser and President of the ADM board, Prof. Andrisano has
with his skills, excellent professionalism, vision and passion offered a significant
contribution to raising the works of the association to the highest levels.
As a very appreciated rector, Prof. Andrisano has moreover brought prestige to
the association, stimulating the pride of all its members.
The ADM 2019 International Conference has been made possible with will and
support of all the members of the ADM board, as well as the sensitivity of all the
members of the Scientific Council, in particular the Coordinator, Prof. Caterina
Rizzi. Moreover, a fundamental contribution was given by the Scientific Societies,
INGEGRAF and S.mart, whom I sincerely thank.
I also thank all the members of the scientific and the organizing committees and
Eng. Francesco Gherardini, who has effectively taken care of significant
organizational aspects.
Special thanks go to all the authors and all the Italian and international reviewers
for the high scientific level achieved by the papers, which has led to the publication
of the research works in this prestigious book.
Finally, I thank all the ADM members. Their contribution has been fundamental
for the organization of the ADM 2019 International Conference.

Vincenzo Nigrelli
ADM President

v
Letter to the Authors

Dear Attendees and Authors,

It is a great honour and a pleasure to welcome you to the ADM 2019
International Conference, held in Modena, Italy, 9–10 September 2019. The
conference is hosted by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, a globally
renowned university located in the heart of the Italian Motor Valley.
The conference aims at sharing knowledge, experience and up-to-date scientific
information in the areas of design and manufacturing, with links between industry
and academia. It provides a forum for researchers, educators and professional
engineers for the dissemination and exchange of their latest research results.
Through the exchange of ideas, ADM 2019 intends to facilitate the creation of
multidisciplinary cooperation and developments and discoveries for new product
design and manufacture, health care, transportation and environment.
This book collects more than 80 scientific papers across a wide range of session
topics that cover a broad spectrum of themes including theoretical issues, methods,
tools, processes and case studies. The topics span from technical representation and
geometric modelling to virtual/augmented reality, virtual ergonomics, human
factors, human–machine interactions, knowledge management, additive manufac-
turing and many other subjects applied in different contexts, such as automotive,
agriculture, cultural heritage and health care. They provide opportunities for
interaction and for understanding how the application of emerging technologies
impact on critical engineering issues activities such as product design, manufac-
turing, management and integration of information throughout the life cycle.
We have also the privilege to host three outstanding keynote speakers. The first
is Prof. Angelo Oreste Andrisano (Rector of the University of Modena and Reggio
Emilia, Italy) at the opening plenary session with a speech dealing with four
decades of changes in the university and in our scientific sector. The others are two
experts from industry: Dr. Massimo Giannozzi (Materials Engineering Manager, F1
Team Ferrari), with a speech on materials and processes for automotive design with
a focus on additive manufacturing technologies, and Dr. Cécile Doan (Head of
CATIA Strategy, Market Development and Finance—Dassault Systèmes,

vii
viii Letter to the Authors

Vice President) with a speech on simulation-driven design in industry: tools and

future trends.
To conclude, I would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contribution
to the book and each and every one of you for making ADM 2019 successful with
your expertise, commitment and active engagement. Special thanks go to the
Program Chair, Prof. Francesco Leali, and to the members of the Organizing
Committee for their tremendous efforts for making this conference possible.
We sincerely hope that you will enjoy the conference, the Gala Dinner
@ MEF—Museo Enzo Ferrari—and the beautiful Modena city.

Caterina Rizzi
Conference Chair
Introduction

This book collects the proceedings of the ADM 2019 International Conference,
entitled “Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering”, held in Modena,
Italy, on 9–10 September 2019.
This is not the first time that an event organized by ADM (formerly known as
Italian Association of Machines Design, today renamed the Italian Association of
Design Methods for Industrial Engineering) or by our scientific sector
(ING-IND/15) takes place in Modena. I am pleased to remember the “ADM day”
held at the Military Academy of Modena in 2008, as well as the ING-IND/15
workshop organized in 2009 in the hills of Bologna, not far from Modena.
However, this conference is particularly significant, for the reasons I wish to
summarize here.
Firstly, the ADM Conference constitutes a new international, permanent event
held in Italy, aimed at disseminating cutting-edge research to a national and
international audience. For several years, our association has had a collaborative
relationship with the Spanish members of INGEGRAF and the French members of
S.mart (formerly AIP-PRIMECA), with whom we organize the International Joint
Conference on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing
(JCM) every two years. This event is hosted alternately by one of our three
countries. Therefore, the ADM International Conference was born from the need for
an event “in the middle”, to strengthen the international research network and to
meet our colleagues in Italy. As a matter of fact, the ADM 2019 scientific com-
mittee was joined by Spanish and French colleagues, as well as German, Swedish,
Norwegian and American ones, thanks to partnerships created by our “Enzo
Ferrari” Department of Engineering (Modena) over the years.
Secondly, I am honoured to play the role of conference chair, a position that has
led me to be one of the editors of this book. In more than 45 years of experience in
this sector, I have seen many developments and evolutions. From the first use of
CAD in the industrial sector, today we have reached a high multidisciplinary level
and integration with information technology and electronics. The integration of
novel tools and approaches in the industrial world is also due to the activity of our

ix
x Introduction

scientific sector, capable of developing and integrating innovative tools and

methodologies with the traditional themes of industrial engineering.
Finally, this conference is held in 2019, an important year for me, marking the
conclusion of my mandate as Rector of the University of Modena and Reggio
Emilia, as well as that of Full Professor for our scientific sector. As the Dean of the
ADM association and the scientific sector, I enthusiastically accepted the proposal
of Francesco Leali, my collaborator for years and now my colleague, to nominate
the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, and in particular our “Enzo Ferrari”
Department of Engineering, as the location for the ADM 2019 International
Conference. I would like to thank both him and my departmental colleagues, in
particular the researchers of my lab, LaPIS lab, for organizing this event at the
“Enzo Ferrari” Department of Engineering, so dear to me, having been one of its
first promoters and founders.
Equally, I would like to thank the ADM President Prof. Vincenzo Nigrelli, and
Prof. Caterina Rizzi, Coordinator of the ADM Scientific Council, whose members,
in turn, I gratefully thank. Further thanks go to the publisher, Springer, who
honoured us by publishing the proceedings of this first ADM International
Conference in the series “Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering”.
Therefore, as editor of this first book, I hope that it will be the first of a new
series of international conference proceedings underlining the leading role of our
scientific sector in the international scene. The colleagues who will be hosting the
next ADM conferences will have the burden, but above all the honour, of
continuing this project that today we have started in Modena.

Angelo Oreste Andrisano

Honorary Conference Chair
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Organization

ADM 2019 is organized by ADM—Italian Association of Design Methods and

Tools for Industrial Engineering—in cooperation with the “Enzo Ferrari”
Department of Engineering of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Organizing Committee

Francesco Leali Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy

Francesco Gherardini Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy
Fabio Pini Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy
Alberto Vergnano Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy

Scientific Committee

Conference Chair

Caterina Rizzi Università di Bergamo, Italy

(ADM Scientific
Committee Coordinator)

Honorary Chair

Angelo O. Andrisano Rector of Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,

Italy
Conference Program Chair

Francesco Leali Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy

xi
xii Organization

Members

Monica Bordegoni Politecnico di Milano, Italy (ADM)

Rainer Börret Aalen University, Germany
Pierre Castagna Université de Nantes, France (S.mart)
Francisco Cavas-Martínez Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
(INGEGRAF Scientific
Council Director)
Aitor Cazón TECNUM, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Vincent Cheutet INSA Lyon, France (S.mart)
Paolo Di Stefano Università dell’Aquila, Italy (ADM)
Benoit Eynard Université de Technologie de Compiègne,
France (S.mart)
Salvatore Gerbino Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”,
Italy (ADM)
Francesco Gherardini Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,
Italy (ADM)
Tim Grunwald Fraunhofer Institute for Production
Technology IPT, Germany
Sebastian Hähnel Fraunhofer Institute for Production
Technology IPT, Germany
Rafael Hidalgo Fernández Universidad de Córdoba, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Carlos León Robles Universidad de Granada, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Ruben Lostado Lorza Universidad de la Rioja, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Cristina Manchado del Val Universidad de Cantabria, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Ferruccio Mandorli Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy (ADM)
Cristina Martín Doñate Univesidad de Jaén, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Rikardo Minguez Gabiña Universidad del País Vasco, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Ramón Mirálbes Buil Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Maurizio Muzzupappa Università della Calabria, Italy (ADM)
Vincenzo Nigrelli Università di Palermo, Italy
(ADM President)
Marcello Pellicciari Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,
Italy (ADM)
Margherita Peruzzini Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,
Italy (ADM)
Fabio Pini Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,
Italy (ADM)
David Ranz Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain (INGEGRAF)
José Ignacio Rojas Sola Universidad de Jaén, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Terje Rølvåg Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Norway
Bengt-Göran Rosén Halmstad University, Sweden
Lionel Roucoules ENSAM Aix-en-Provence, France
(S.mart Scientific
Council Director)
Organization xiii

Max Schneckenburger Aalen University, Germany

Eneko Solaberrieta Universidad del País Vasco, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Miguel Suffo Pino Universidad de Cádiz, Spain (INGEGRAF)
Alberto Vergnano Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,
Italy (ADM)
Enrico Vezzetti Politecnico di Torino, Italy (ADM)
Matteo Zallio Stanford University, USA
Marc Zolghadri SupMéca, France
(S.mart Deputy Director)

Reviewers

Ambu, Rita Marconi, Marco

Bartalucci, Chiara Martorelli, Massimo
Bianconi, Francesco Marzullo, Domenico
Bici, Michele Meneghello, Roberto
Borgianni, Yuri Montorsi, Monia
Buonamici, Francesco Morabito, Anna Eva
Calì, Michele Motyl, Barbara
Campana, Francesca Mozzillo, Rocco
Cappetti, Nicola Naddeo, Alessandro
Carfagni, Monica Neri, Paolo
Caruso, Giandomenico Olivetti, Elena Carlotta
Cascini, Gaetano Paoli, Alessandro
Ceruti, Alessandro Papetti, Alessandra
Cocconcelli, Marco Parras-Burgos, Dolores
Concheri, Gianmaria Piazzolla, Pietro
Cristofolini, Ilaria Raffaeli, Roberto
Cucinotta, Filippo Razionale, Armando Viviano
De Crescenzio, Francesca Redaelli, Davide Felice
De Giorgi, Marta Regazzoni, Daniele
De Napoli, Luigi Rizzuti, Sergio
Di Angelo, Luca Rosa, Francesco
Favi, Claudio Rosso, Stefano
Ferro, Paolo Rossoni, Marco
Fiorineschi, Lorenzo Rotini, Federico
Furferi, Rocco Savio, Gianpaolo
Gadola, Marco Schneckenburger, Max
Germani, Michele Servi, Michaela
Governi, Lapo Speranza, Domenico
Grazioso, Stanislao Strozzi, Matteo
Grigolato, Luca Tamburrino, Francesco
Guardiani, Emanuele Uberti, Stefano
Ingrassia, Tommaso Uccheddu, Francesca
Liverani, Alfredo Vitali, Andrea
Mandolini, Marco Zippo, Antonio
Contents

Geometric Modelling and Analysis

Shape and Texture Analysis of Radiomic Data
for Computer-Assisted Diagnosis and Prognostication:
An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Francesco Bianconi, Mario Luca Fravolini, Isabella Palumbo,
and Barbara Palumbo
Mandible Morphing Through Principal Components Analysis . . . . . . . . 15
Giulia Pascoletti, Michele Calì, Cristina Bignardi, Paolo Conti,
and Elisabetta M. Zanetti
Flying Shape Sails Analysis by Radial Basis Functions
Mesh Morphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Michele Calì, Domenico Speranza, Ubaldo Cella,
and Marco Evangelos Biancolini
Effect of Cell Shape on Nanoindentation Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Antonio Boccaccio, Michele Fiorentino, Vito Modesto Manghisi,
Giuseppe Monno, and Antonio E. Uva

Industrial Design and Ergonomics

Nature Inspired Redesign of the Visual Appearance
of an Industrial Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Dolores Parras-Burgos, Francisco J. F. Cañavate,
Francisco Cavas-Martínez, and Daniel G. Fernández-Pacheco
Perceived Comfort and Muscular Activity: A Virtual Assessment
of Possible Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Nicola Cappetti, Alessandro Naddeo, Vittorio Maria Soldovieri,
Ivan Vitillo, and Iolanda Fiorillo

xv
xvi Contents

Experimental Comfort Assessment of a T-Shirt for Roadrunner . . . . . . 71

Enrico Avagnale, Rosaria Califano, and Iolanda Fiorillo

Virtual Reality and Interactive Design

Dynamic Projection for the Design of an Adaptive Museum Guide . . . . 85
Alma Leopardi, Silvia Ceccacci, and Maura Mengoni
Enhancing Spatial Navigation in Robot-Assisted Surgery:
An Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Marco Gribaudo, Sandro Moos, Pietro Piazzolla, Francesco Porpiglia,
Enrico Vezzetti, and Maria Grazia Violante
Informing the Use of Visual Assets in Industrial Augmented Reality . . . 106
Michele Gattullo, Giulia Wally Scurati, Alessandro Evangelista,
Francesco Ferrise, Michele Fiorentino, and Antonio Emmanuele Uva
Integrated Design Tools for Model-Based Development
of Innovative Vehicle Chassis and Powertrain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Emanuele Bonera, Marco Gadola, Daniel Chindamo, Stefano Morbioli,
and Paolo Magri
A Handheld Mobile Augmented Reality Tool for On-Site Piping
Assembly Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Fabio Bruno, Loris Barbieri, Emanuele Marino, Maurizio Muzzupappa,
and Biagio Colacino
Multisensory Augmented Reality Experiences for Cultural
Heritage Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Marina Carulli and Monica Bordegoni

Reverse Engineering, Digital Acquisition and Inspection

Optical Stereo-System for Full-Field High-Frequency 3D Vibration
Measurements Based on Low-Frame-Rate Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Sandro Barone, Paolo Neri, Alessandro Paoli, Armando V. Razionale,
Leonardo Bertini, and Ciro Santus
CAD Reconstruction: A Study on Reverse Modelling Strategies . . . . . . 165
Francesco Buonamici, Monica Carfagni, Rocco Furferi, Lapo Governi,
and Yary Volpe
3D Scanning Procedure for the Evaluation of Lymphedema
of Upper Limbs Using Low-Cost Technolgy: A Preliminary Study . . . . 177
Andrea Vitali, Daniele Regazzoni, Caterina Rizzi, and Guido Molinero
Low Cost Device to Perform 3D Acquisitions Based
on ChAruCo Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Luca Puggelli, Rocco Furferi, and Lapo Governi
Contents xvii

Automatic Segmentation of Constant Radius Secondary

Features from Real Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Luca Di Angelo, Paolo Di Stefano, and Anna Eva Morabito
Comparison of Algorithms for Recognition of Cylindrical Features
in a Voxel-Based Approach for Tolerance Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Michele Bici and Francesca Campana

Geometrical Product Specification and Tolerancing

Tolerance Prediction for Determinate Assembly Approach
in Aeronautical Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Rocco Mozzillo, Ferdinando Vitolo, Paola Iaccarino,
and Pasquale Franciosa
Robust Parameter Analysis of Compliant Part Models
for Computer Aided Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Alberto Vergnano, Francesco Gherardini, Andrea Petruccioli,
Enrico Bonazzi, and Francesco Leali

Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

An Improved Design Method for Net-Shape Manufacturing
in Powder Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Marco Zago, Mats Larsson, and Ilaria Cristofolini
Design for Assembly in the Conceptual Development
of Aircraft Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Claudio Favi, Giovanni Formentini, Francois Bouissiere, Claude Cuiller,
Pierre-Eric Dereux, and Corentin Malchair
A Knowledge Formalization Approach for Manufacturing
Cost Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Marco Mandolini, Claudio Favi, Federico Campi, and Roberto Raffaeli
Vibration-Assisted Face Grinding of Mould Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Sebastian Hähnel, Tim Grunwald, Thomas Bergs, Fabio Pini,
and Francesco Leali
Virtual Design for Assembly Improving the Product Design
of a Two-Way Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Daniela Francia, Davide Seminerio, Gianni Caligiana, Leonardo Frizziero,
Alfredo Liverani, and Giampiero Donnici

Integrated Product and Process Design

Improving the Shoes Customization Process Through
a Digitally-Enabled Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Marco Marconi, Alessandra Papetti, Marta Rossi, and Giulia Di Domizio
xviii Contents

Conceptual Design of a Functional Orthodontic Appliance

for the Correction of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Luca Grigolato, Stefano Filippi, Daniela Barattin, Daniele Cantarella,
Won Moon, Roberto Meneghello, Gianmaria Concheri,
and Gianpaolo Savio
ANOVA Applied to the Taguchi Method: A New Interpretation . . . . . . 342
Sergio Rizzuti and Luigi De Napoli
Proposal of a Framework Based on Continuous Brainwriting
to Expand Mindfulness in Concept Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Sergio Rizzuti and Luigi De Napoli
Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of P-Scaffolds
with Different Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Marta De Giorgi, Nunzia Gallo, Marta Madaghiele,
and Anna Eva Morabito
Automotive Design Engineering: Material and Processes
Selection Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Cristina Renzi, Luca Di Angelo, and Francesco Leali

Integrated Methods for System Design, Simulation,

Analysis and Optimization
Development of an Exhaust System for Agricultural Tractors . . . . . . . . 387
Stefano Uberti and Alessandro Copeta
A Topology Optimization of a Motorsport Safety Device . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Filippo Cucinotta, Marcello Raffaele, and Fabio Salmeri
A Cooperative Monitoring System for Diver Global Localization
and Operation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Fabio Bruno, Loris Barbieri, Antonio Lagudi, Marino Mangeruga,
Francesco Pupo, and Alessandro Casavola
Design and Simulation of the Hull of a Small-Sized Autonomous
Surface Vehicle for Seabed Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Loris Barbieri, Filippo Cucinotta, Alessandro Gallo, Fabio Bruno,
Maurizio Muzzupappa, Nadia Penna, and Roberto Gaudio
Machine Health State Recognition Through Images Classification
with Neural Network for Condition-Based Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Marco Rossoni, Andrea Fumagalli, and Giorgio Colombo
Mechanics–Based Virtual Prototyping of Robots with Deformable
Bodies and Flexible Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Stanislao Grazioso, Giuseppe Di Gironimo, and Antonio Lanzotti
Contents xix

Virtual Prototyping Design Method to Optimize Mechanical

Spring Devices for MV Switch Disconnector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Michele Calì, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Sebastiano Zuccarello
Design and Process Optimization of a Sintered Joint for Power
Electronics Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Michele Calabretta, Alessandro Sitta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri,
and Gaetano Sequenzia
An Integrated Approach to Optimize Power Device Performances
by Means of Stress Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Michele Calabretta, Alessandro Sitta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri,
and Gaetano Sequenzia
Iterative and Participative Axiomatic Design Process to Improve
Conceptual Design of Large-Scale Engineering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Domenico Marzullo, Giuseppe Di Gironimo, Danilo Nicola Dongiovanni,
Antonio Lanzotti, Rocco Mozzillo, and Andrea Tarallo
Industrial Noise Modelling and Control: The Case of Natural
Gas Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Chiara Bartalucci, Francesco Borchi, and Monica Carfagni
Design Optimization: Tools and Methods for ETO Products . . . . . . . . . 516
Paolo Cicconi, Marco Mandolini, Miriam Nardelli,
and Roberto Raffaeli
Design and Optimization of the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior
in Glass Reinforced Polyamide 6 for Automotive Application . . . . . . . . 528
Silvia Barbi, Luca Cattani, Tiziano Manfredini, and Monia Montorsi
A Fiber Optic Strain Gage Sensor for Measuring Preload
in Thick Composite Bolted Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Marannano Giuseppe and Restivo Gaetano
How to Classify Compliant Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Davide Russo and Antonio Caputi
Condition Monitoring Techniques of Ball Bearings
in Non-stationary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Matteo Strozzi, Riccardo Rubini, and Marco Cocconcelli
A CAE-Based Model of Aluminium Alloys Welded T-Joints
for TEP Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Federico Ruini, Fabio Pini, and Francesco Leali
Dynamic Modelling of Mechanical System
for the Packaging Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Raffaele Di Canosa and Francesco Pellicano
xx Contents

Experimental Methods in Product Development

How Do Design Changes and the Perception of Product
Creativity Affect Value? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Yuri Borgianni, Lorenzo Maccioni, Guido Orzes, and Demis Basso
Improving the Efficiency of Design Protocol Analysis:
An Approach to Speed Up the Coding Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Niccolò Becattini, Gaetano Cascini, Jamie O’Hare,
and Jean-Francois Boujut
Proof of Concept as a Multidisciplinary Design-Based Approach . . . . . . 625
Diego Paderno, Ileana Bodini, and Valerio Villa
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Random Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Francesco Pellicano, Antonio Zippo, Giovanni Iarriccio,
and Marco Barbieri

Knowledge and Product Data Management

A Knowledge Repository to Support Ecodesign Implementation
in Manufacturing Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Marta Rossi, Marco Marconi, Roberto Menghi, and Alessandra Papetti

Engineering Methods in Human-Related Applications

Deep CNN for 3D Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Elena Carlotta Olivetti, Jacopo Ferretti, Giansalvo Cirrincione,
Francesca Nonis, Stefano Tornincasa, and Federica Marcolin
Multiperspective Ergonomic Assessment Approach for Human
Centered Workplace Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Alessandra Papetti, Martina Scafà, Agnese Brunzini, and Marco Mandolini
Towards a Non-invasive Pectus Excavatum Severity Assessment
Tool Using a Linear Discriminant Analysis on 3D Optical Data . . . . . . 686
Michaela Servi, Rocco Furferi, Yary Volpe, Marco Ghionzoli,
and Antonio Messineo
A Preliminary 3D Depth Camera-Based System to Assist Home
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Francesca Uccheddu, Lapo Governi, and Monica Carfagni
Design of a Customized Neck Orthosis for FDM Manufacturing
with a New Sustainable Bio-composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Rita Ambu, Alessandro Motta, and Michele Calì
Contents xxi

A Multi-layer Approach for the Identification and Evaluation

of Collaborative Robotic Workplaces Within Industrial
Production Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Ferdinando Vitolo, Agnese Pasquariello, Stanislao Patalano,
and Salvatore Gerbino
Accurate Liver 3D Reconstruction from MRE Images
Using Shift-Compensated Volumetric Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Chiara Santarelli, Francesca Uccheddu, and Elisa Mussi
A Multi-disciplinary Assessments Tool
for Human-Machine Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Margherita Peruzzini, Fabio Grandi, Marcello Pellicciari,
Giovanni Berselli, and Angelo Oreste Andrisano
Understanding the Human Motor Control for User-Centered
Design of Custom Wearable Systems: Case Studies in Sports,
Industry, Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Teodorico Caporaso, Stanislao Grazioso, Dario Panariello,
Giuseppe Di Gironimo, and Antonio Lanzotti
3D Digital Surgical Planning: An Investigation of Low-Cost
Software Tools for Concurrent Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Francesco Buonamici, Lorenzo Guariento, and Yary Volpe
CAD Modeling for Evaluating LVOT Obstruction
in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Salvatore Pasta, Stefano Cannata, Giovanni Gentile, Tommaso Ingrassia,
Vincenzo Nigrelli, and Caterina Gandolfo
A Reliable Procedure for the Construction of a Statistical Shape
Model of the Cranial Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Antonio Marzola, Michaela Servi, and Yary Volpe
A New Approach to Evaluate the Biomechanical Characteristics
of Osseointegrated Dental Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Vito Ricotta, Tommaso Ingrassia, Vincenzo Nigrelli, and Marco Zicari
Biomechanical Analysis of a New Elbow Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Vito Ricotta, Laura Bragonzoni, Giuseppe Marannano, Lorenzo Nalbone,
and Andrea Valenti

Additive Manufacturing
Adoption of Additive Technologies by Florence Industries:
Designing a Survey Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Francesco Saverio Frillici, Lorenzo Fiorineschi, Rocco Furferi,
and Federico Rotini
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xxii Contents

Properties Enhancement of Carbon PA 3D-Printed Parts

by Post-processing Coating-Based Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
Sandro Barone, Paolo Neri, Sara Orsi, Alessandro Paoli,
Armando V. Razionale, and Francesco Tamburrino
Sensor Embedding in a 3D Printed Flexure Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Francesco Rosa, Diego Scaccabarozzi, Simone Cinquemani,
and Francesco Bizzozero
A Virtual Design Process to Produce Scoliosis Braces
by Additive Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
Davide Felice Redaelli, Fabio Alexander Storm, Emilia Biffi,
Gianluigi Reni, and Giorgio Colombo
High Density AlSi10Mg Aluminium Alloy Specimens Obtained
by Selective Laser Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Federico Uriati, Filippo Da Rin Betta, Paolo Ferro, Stefano Rosso,
Gianpaolo Savio, Gianmaria Concheri, and Roberto Meneghello
Scale and Shape Effects on the Fatigue Behaviour of Additively
Manufactured SS316L Structures: A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Stefano Rosso, Roberto Meneghello, Gianmaria Concheri,
and Gianpaolo Savio
Additive Manufacturing Challenges and Future Developments
in the Next Ten Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Antonio Bacciaglia, Alessandro Ceruti, and Alfredo Liverani
Investigating the Relationships Between Additive Manufacturing
and TRIZ: Trends and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Barbara Motyl and Stefano Filippi
Optimizing the Nozzle Path in the 3D Printing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Manuel Iori and Stefano Novellani
A Build-Time Estimator for Additive Manufactured Objects . . . . . . . . . 925
Luca Di Angelo, Paolo Di Stefano, and Emanuele Guardiani
3D Printed Materials for High Temperature Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Antonio Marzola, Elisa Mussi, and Francesca Uccheddu
Optimization Design Strategy for Additive Manufacturing
Process to Develop 3D Magnetic Nanocomposite Scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . 948
Antonio Gloria, Marco Domingos, Saverio Maietta, Massimo Martorelli,
and Antonio Lanzotti
Contents xxiii

Determination of Adhesive to Be Applied in the Fabrication

of Prototypes Using FDM Techniques of 3D Printing
in Component Parts Using ULTEM™ 1010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Miguel Suffo
Assessment of Design for Additive Manufacturing Based
on CAD Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
Enrico Dalpadulo, Fabio Pini, and Francesco Leali

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

Geometric Modelling and Analysis
 Shape and Texture Analysis of Radiomic
Data for Computer-Assisted Diagnosis
and Prognostication: An Overview

Francesco Bianconi1(B) , Mario Luca Fravolini1 , Isabella Palumbo2 ,

and Barbara Palumbo3
1
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Goffredo
Duranti 93, 06135 Perugia, Italy
[email protected], [email protected]
2
Section of Radiation Oncology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences,
Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
[email protected]
3
Section of Nuclear Medicine and Health Physics, Department of Surgical
and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1,
06132 Perugia, Italy
[email protected]

Abstract. There is increasing evidence that shape and texture descrip-

tors from imaging data could be used as image biomarkers for computer-
assisted diagnosis and prognostication in a number of clinical conditions.
It is believed that such quantitative features may help uncover patterns
that would otherwise go unnoticed to the human eye, this way offer-
ing significant advantages against traditional visual interpretation. The
objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the steps involved in
the process – from image acquisition to feature extraction and classifi-
cation. A significant part of the work deals with the description of the
most common texture and shape features used in the literature; overall
issues, perspectives and directions for future research are also discussed.

Keywords: Shape · Texture · Radiomics ·

Computer-assisted medicine

1 Introduction
Recent technological advances including new imaging modalities as well as stor-
ing, sharing and computing resources have facilitated the collection of very large
amounts of three-dimensional medical data [1]. In this scenario shape and tex-
ture analysis of such data has been receiving increasing attention during the
last few years. The overall objective is that of extracting quantitative param-
eters from the imaging data (biomarkers) capable of correlating with clinical
features such as disease phenotype and/or survival. The whole process, usually
referred to as radiomics, can be regarded as an improvement on the traditional
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
C. Rizzi et al. (Eds.): ADM 2019, LNME, pp. 3–14, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31154-4_1
4 F. Bianconi et al.

practice wherein medical images were mostly used as pictures for qualitative
visual interpretation only [2,3]. In the management of oncologic disorders, for
instance, a number studies have supported the use of radiomics for a variety of
tasks including prediction of outcome [4,5] and response to treatment [6,7]; dis-
crimination between benign, malignant, primary and metastatic lesions [8–10];
and classification of hystologic subtypes [11].
Radiomics, however, is still a new discipline and definitely far from being
mature. There are significant obstacles that prevent the application on a large
scale – chief among them the lack of large enough datasets for building models
and classifiers, and the absence of standards establishing how the biomarkers
should be computed [12]. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview
of the steps involved, discuss the open issues and indicate directions for future
research. A significant part of the paper deals with the description of the most
common texture and shape features used in the literature.

2 Methods
The flow-chart of Fig. 1 summarises the overall workflow in radiomics. Image
acquisition is always the first step and can optionally be followed by a post-
processing phase. Segmentation is then required to separate the region of inter-
est (ROI) from the background. Feature extraction is the core of the procedure
and consists of extracting a set of meaningful parameters (features) from the
ROI. The features can undergo some post-processing step as for instance selec-
tion and/or reduction. Finally, the resulting data are fed to some classifier or
regression model suitable for the required task.

2.1 Image Acquisition

There are three main classes of medical imaging modalities providing three-
dimensional data [13]: Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomog-
raphy (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Computed Tomography is based on the unlike absorption of X-rays by differ-
ent tissue types, therefore the signal is proportional to the tissue density in this
case [14]. Positron Emission Tomography estimates the metabolic activity of the
tissue by measuring the radioactive decay of some specific radio-tracers. Those
used in PET contain isotopes (e.g. 11 C, 15 O and 18 F ) which emit positrons
through β+ decay. The positrons collide and annihilate with the electrons in
the tissue, this way emitting two γ rays 180◦ apart that are detected by the
sensors [15]. Finally, in Magnetic Resonance Imaging the signal comes from
positrons (hydrogen nuclei) contained in water and lipids. The signal in this
case is proportional relaxation time – i.e. the time to return to the equilibrium
magnetization state once the external magnetisation field is switched off [16].
In all the imaging modalities the scanning usually proceeds axially (head to
feet), this way producing, as a result, a variable number of axial cross-sections
with fixed size (slices). A three-dimensional voxel model is eventually recon-
structed by piling up all the slices.
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main attack.
Lapisse, supported by Latour Maubourg’s dragoons and the
king’s reserve, was to fall with half his infantry upon Sherbrooke; the
other half, connecting its attack with Villatte’s brigade, was to make
a third effort to master the twice-contested hill.
Milhaud’s dragoons were placed in front of Talavera to keep
Cuesta in check; the rest of the heavy cavalry was brought into the
centre behind Sebastiani, who was to assail the right of the British
army.
Part of the French light cavalry supported Villatte’s brigade in the
valley, part remained in reserve, and many guns were distributed
among the divisions; but the principal mass remained on Victor’s hill
with the reserve of light cavalry, where also the Duke of Belluno took
post to direct the movements of his corps.

B attle of T alavera . (July, 1809.)

From nine o’clock in the morning until mid-day there was no
appearance of hostility, the weather was intensely hot, and the
troops on both sides descended and mingled without fear or
suspicion to quench their thirst at a brook separating the positions;
but at one o’clock the French soldiers were seen to gather round
their eagles, and the roll of drums was heard along their whole line.
Half an hour later, Joseph’s guards, the reserve, and Sebastiani’s
corps were descried in movement to join Victor’s corps, and at two
o’clock, the table-land and the height on the French right, even to
the great valley, were covered with dark lowering masses of men.
At this moment, some hundreds of English soldiers employed to
carry the wounded to the rear returned in one body, and were by
the French supposed to be a detached corps rejoining the army;
nevertheless, the Duke of Belluno gave the signal for battle, and
eighty pieces of artillery sent a tempest of bullets before the light
troops, who came on with the swiftness and violence of a hail-storm,
and were closely followed by the broad black columns in all the
majesty of war.
Sir Arthur Wellesley had from the summit of the hill a clear view
of the whole field of battle. First he saw Sebastiani’s troops rushing
forwards with the usual impetuosity of French soldiers, clearing the
intersected ground in their front and falling upon Campbell’s division
with infinite fury; yet that general, assisted by Mackenzie’s brigade
and two Spanish battalions, withstood their utmost efforts; for the
English regiments, putting the French skirmishers aside, met the
advancing columns with loud shouts, broke their front, lapped their
flanks with fire, and giving no respite pushed them back with a
terrible carnage. Ten guns were taken, but as Campbell would not
break his line by a pursuit, the French, rallying on their supports,
made head for another attack; yet the British guns and musketry
played so vehemently on their masses while a Spanish cavalry
regiment charged their flank, that they again retired in disorder and
the victory was secured in that quarter.
During this fight Villatte, preceded by chosen grenadiers and
supported by two regiments of light cavalry, advanced up the great
valley, and Ruffin was discovered marching towards the mountain,
whereupon Sir Arthur directed Anson’s cavalry, composed of the
23rd Light Dragoons and 1st German hussars, to charge the head of
Villatte’s column. Going off at a canter and increasing their speed as
they advanced, these regiments rode against the enemy, but soon
came upon the brink of the water-course, which, descending from
the hill, was there a chasm though not perceptible at a distance; the
French, throwing themselves into squares behind it, opened their
fire, and then the German Colonel Arentschildt, an officer whom
forty years’ service had made a master in his art, reined up at the
brink, exclaiming, in his broken phrase, I will not kill my young
mens! Higher up however, facing the 23rd, the chasm was more
practicable, and that regiment plunged down, men and horses rolling
over each other in horrible confusion, the survivors ascending the
opposite bank by twos and threes; their colonel, Seymour, was
wounded, but Frederick Ponsonby, a hardy soldier, rallied all who
came up, passed through Villatte’s columns, which poured fire from
each side, and fell with inexpressible violence upon a brigade of
French chasseurs in the rear. The combat was fierce yet short, for
Victor had before detached his Polish lancers and Westphalian light
horse to support Villatte, and these fresh troops coming on when the
23rd, already over-matched, could scarcely stand against the
chasseurs, entirely broke them: those who were not killed or taken
made for the Spanish division on the mountain, leaving behind more
than two hundred men and officers.
During this time the hill, the key of the position, was again
attacked, while Lapisse, having crossed the watercourse, pressed
hard upon the English centre, where his artillery, aided by the great
battery on Victor’s hill, opened large gaps in Sherbrooke’s ranks, and
his columns went close up in the resolution to win. They were
vigorously encountered and yielded in disorder, but the English
Guards, quitting the line and following with inconsiderate ardour,
were met by the French supporting columns and dragoons,
whereupon the beaten troops turned, while heavy batteries pounded
the flank and front of the Guards, who, thus maltreated, drew back,
and coincidently, the German Legion being sorely pressed, got into
confusion.
At this time Hill’s and Campbell’s divisions stood fast on each
extremity of the line, yet the centre of the British was absolutely
broken, and victory inclined towards the French, when suddenly
Colonel Donellan was seen advancing with the 48th through the
midst of the disordered masses. It seemed as if this regiment must
be carried away with the retiring crowds, but wheeling back by
companies it let them pass through the intervals, and then resuming
its proud and beautiful line struck against the right of the pursuing
enemy, plying such a destructive musketry and closing with such a
firm countenance that his forward movement was checked. The
Guards and Germans then rallied, a brigade of light cavalry came up
from the second line at a trot, the artillery battered the flanks
without intermission, the French wavered, and the battle was
restored.
 In all actions there is one critical and decisive moment which
offers victory to the general who can seize it. When the Guards
made their rash charge, Sir Arthur, foreseeing the issue, had sent
the 48th down from the hill, although a rough battle was going on
there, and at the same time directed the light cavalry to advance.
This made the British strongest at the decisive point, the French
relaxed their fighting while the English fire grew hotter, and their
ringing shouts—sure augury of success—were heard along the whole
line. In the hands of a great general, Joseph’s guards and the
reserve might have restored the combat, but combination was over
with the French. Sebastiani’s corps, beaten on the left with the loss
of ten guns, was in confusion; the troops in the great valley on the
right, amazed at the furious charge of the 23rd, and awed by four
distinct lines of cavalry still in reserve, remained stationary, and no
impression had been made on the hill; Lapisse was mortally
wounded, his division had given way, and the king retired to his
original position.
This retrograde movement was covered by skirmishers and an
increasing fire of artillery; the British, exhausted by toil and want of
food, and reduced to less than fourteen thousand sabres and
bayonets, could not pursue, and the Spanish army was incapable of
any evolution: at six o’clock hostilities ceased, yet the battle was
scarcely over when the dry grass and shrubs took fire, and a volume
of flames passing with inconceivable rapidity across a part of the
field, scorched in its course both the dead and the wounded!
Two British generals, Mackenzie and Langworth, thirty-one
officers of inferior rank, seven hundred and sixty-seven sergeants
and soldiers were killed. Three generals, a hundred and ninety-two
officers, three thousand seven hundred and eighteen sergeants and
privates were wounded; nine officers, six hundred and forty-three
sergeants and soldiers were missing: making a total loss of six
thousand two hundred and sixty-eight in the two days’ fighting, of
which five thousand four hundred and twenty-two fell on the 28th.
 On the French side, nine hundred and forty-four, including two
generals, were killed. Six thousand two hundred and ninety-four
were wounded, one hundred and fifty-six made prisoners; giving a
total of seven thousand three hundred and eighty-nine men and
officers, of which four thousand were of Victor’s corps: ten guns
were taken and seven left in the woods by the French. The
Spaniards returned twelve hundred men killed and wounded, but the
correctness of their report was very much doubted.
Early on the 29th the French quitted their position for the
heights of Salinas behind the Alberche; and that day General Robert
Craufurd reached the English camp with the 43rd, 52nd and 95th
regiments, and immediately took charge of the outposts. These
troops, after a march of twenty miles, were in bivouac near
Malpartida de Placencia when the alarm caused by the Spanish
fugitives spread to that part. Craufurd, fearing the army was
pressed, allowed his men to rest for a few hours, and then
withdrawing fifty of the weakest marched with a resolution not to
halt until he reached the field of battle. As the brigade advanced it
met crowds of the runaways, not all Spaniards, but all propagating
the vilest falsehoods: the army was defeated—Sir Arthur Wellesley
was killed—the French were only a few miles distant: some, blinded
by their fears, pretended even to point out the enemy’s posts on the
nearest hills! Indignant at this shameful scene the troops pressed on
with impetuous speed, and leaving only seventeen stragglers behind,
in twenty-six hours crossed the field of battle, a strong compact
body, having during that time marched sixty-two English miles in the
hottest season of the year, each man carrying from fifty to sixty
pounds weight. Had the historian Gibbon known of such an effort,
he would have spared his sneer about the delicacy of modern
9
soldiers!
The desperate fighting of the English soldier, responding to his
general’s genius, had now saved the army from the danger imposed
by Cuesta’s perverseness and the infirmity of the Spanish troops; but
Sir A. Wellesley had still to expiate his own errors as to Spanish
character, Spanish warfare, and the French power and resources.
Soult, after his retreat, had so promptly reorganized his force as
to be co-operating with Ney against the Gallician insurgents, when in
the British camp he was supposed to be wandering, distressed, and
shirking every foe. Meanwhile Napoleon, foreseeing with intuitive
sagacity that the English general would operate by the valley of the
Tagus, and Gallicia consequently be abandoned, gave Soult authority
to unite in Leon the troops of Mortier, Ney and Kellermann to his
own, above fifty thousand fighting men in all. With them he was to
fall on the British communications, by crossing the Gredos
mountains and entering the valley of the Tagus; but Ney,
discontented at being under Soult’s command, was dilatory, and the
latter only passed the Gredos the 31st instead of the 29th as he
designed; the allies thus escaped being inclosed between two French
armies, each an overmatch for them in numbers and power of
movement.
Sir A. Wellesley had heard on the 30th that Soult was likely to
cross the mountains, yet, thinking him weak, only desired Cuesta to
reinforce some Spanish troops previously posted at the pass of
Baños, which had however been already forced by the French; but
on the 2nd of August it became known that Soult had descended
upon Placencia and taken all the English stores there; news which
aroused both generals; then they agreed that Sir Arthur should
march against him, while Cuesta remained at Talavera to watch the
king—promising to bring off the men in the British hospitals if forced
to retreat. Sir Arthur, relying on this, marched the 3rd, still thinking
Soult had only fifteen thousand men, the remnant of his former
army; but he had fifty-three thousand, and on the morning of the
4th the English general found himself with seventeen thousand half-
starved soldiers at Oropesa, Soult being in his front, Victor menacing
his rear, and Cuesta, false to his word, close at hand, having left
fifteen hundred British sick and wounded to the enemy. The fate of
the Peninsula was then hanging by a thread which could not support
the weight for twelve hours, and only one resource remained: the
bridge of Arzobispo was near, and the army crossed the Tagus,
leaving the French with all the credit of the campaign.
On the mountains beyond that river, the English general
maintained a defensive position until the 20th against the enemy;
but against the evil proceedings of the Spanish government and
Spanish generals he could not hold his ground, and therefore retired
into Portugal; having during his short campaign lost by sickness and
in battle, or abandoned, three thousand five hundred gallant soldiers
and nearly two thousand horses, fifteen hundred of which died of
want.
 BOOK III.
Combats on the Coa and Agueda—Barba de Puerco—Combat of
Almeida—Anecdotes of British Soldiers—Battle of Busaco.

C ombats on the C oa and A gueda . (July, 1810.)

“I have fished in many troubled waters, but Spanish troubled
waters I will never try again.”
Thus said Sir A. Wellesley after the campaign of Talavera, by which
he had acquired the title of Viscount Wellington, and a thorough
knowledge of the Spanish character. Looking then to Portugal as his
base for future operations, he conceived and commenced the gigantic
lines of Torres Vedras as a depository for the independence of the
Peninsula—a grand project, conceived and enforced with all the might
of genius. But while preparing this stronghold he did not resign the
frontier, and when Massena, Prince of Essling, menaced Portugal in
1810 with sixty-five thousand fighting men in line, besides garrisons
and reserves, he found a mingled British and Portuguese army ready to
oppose him.
This defensive force was disposed in two distinct masses. One
under General Hill opposed invasion by the line of the Tagus, the other
under Lord Wellington opposed it by the line of the Mondego; they
were however separated by the great Estrella mountain and its
offshoots, and Massena, when he took Ciudad Rodrigo, could
concentrate his whole army on either line, moving in front of the
Estrella by a shorter and easier road than the English general could
concentrate his troops behind that mountain. Lord Wellington opened
indeed a military road which shortened the line of co-operation with
Hill; yet this was only an alleviation, the advantage remained with the
French, and Wellington had to trust his own quickness and the strength
of intermediate positions for uniting his army in the lines of Torres
Vedras. Yield ground without force however he would not, and
therefore had, previous to the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, detached General
Robert Craufurd with the light division, two regiments of cavalry, and
six pieces of horse-artillery, to the Agueda, in observation of the French
army. On that advanced position they sustained several actions. The
first at Barba de Puerco, a village, between which and the opposite
French post of San Felices yawned a gloomy chasm, and at the bottom,
foaming over huge rocks, the Agueda swept along beneath a high
narrow bridge. This post, held by the English riflemen, was of singular
strength, yet scarcely was the line of the Agueda taken when General
Ferey, a bold officer, desirous to create a fear of French enterprise,
attempted a surprise.
Secretly placing six hundred grenadiers below, at an hour when the
moon, rising behind him, cast long shadows from the rocks deepening
the darkness of the chasm, he silently passed the bridge, surprised and
bayoneted the sentinels, ascended the opposite crags with incredible
speed, and fell upon the picquets so fiercely that all went fighting into
the village while the first shout was still echoing in the gulf behind. So
sudden was the attack, so great the confusion, that no order could be
maintained, and each soldier encountering the nearest enemy fought
hand to hand, while their colonel, Sidney Beckwith, conspicuous from
his lofty stature and daring action, a man capable of rallying a whole
army in flight, exhorting, shouting, and personally fighting, urged all
forward until the French were pushed down the ravine again in retreat.
After this combat Craufurd kept his dangerous position for four
months, during which several skirmishes took place. The one of most
note was at the village of Barquilla, where he surprised and captured
some French horsemen, but afterwards rashly charging two hundred
French infantry under Captain Gouache, was beaten off with the loss of
the cavalry colonel, Talbot, and thirty-two troopers.

C ombat of A lmeida on the C oa . (July, 1810.)

Soon after this skirmish Ciudad Rodrigo fell, and Ney advanced
towards Almeida on the Coa. Craufurd’s orders were to recross that
river, yet from headstrong ambition he remained with four thousand
British and Portuguese infantry, eleven hundred cavalry and six guns to
fight thirty thousand French on bad ground; for though his left, resting
on an unfinished tower eight hundred yards from Almeida, was
protected by the guns of that fortress, his right was insecure; most of
his cavalry was in an open plain in front, and in his rear was a deep
ravine, at the bottom of which, more than a mile off, was the Coa with
only one narrow bridge for a retreat.
A stormy night ushered in the 24th of July, and the troops,
drenched with rain, were under arms before daylight expecting to retire
when some pistol-shots in front, followed by an order for the cavalry
reserves and guns to advance, gave notice of the enemy’s approach;
then the morning cleared, and twenty-four thousand French infantry,
five thousand cavalry, and thirty pieces of artillery, were observed in
march beyond the Turones. The British line was immediately contracted
and brought under the edge of the ravine, but Ney had seen Craufurd’s
false disposition, and came down with the stoop of an eagle—four
thousand horsemen and a powerful artillery swept the English cavalry
from the plain, and Loison’s infantry, rushing on at a charging pace,
made for the centre and left of the position.
While the French were thus pouring down, several ill-judged
changes were made on the English side; a part of the troops were
advanced, others drawn back; the 43rd Regiment was placed within an
inclosure of solid masonry ten feet high, near the road, about half-
musket-shot down the ravine and having but one narrow outlet! The
firing in front became heavy, the cavalry, the artillery and Portuguese
caçadores successively passed this inclosure in retreat, the sharp clang
of the rifles was heard along the edge of the plain above, and in a few
moments the imprisoned regiment would have been without a hope of
escape, if here, as in every other part of the field, the battalion officers
had not remedied the faults of the general. The egress was so narrow
that some large stones were loosened, a powerful simultaneous effort
of the whole line then burst the wall, and the next instant the regiment
was up with the riflemen. There was no room for array, no time for
anything but battle, every captain carried off his company
independently, joining as he could with the riflemen and 52nd, and a
mass of skirmishers was thus presented, acting in small parties and
under no regular command, yet each confident in the courage and
discipline of those on his right and left, and all keeping together with
surprising vigour.
It is unnecessary to describe the first burst of French soldiers, it is
well known with what gallantry the officers lead, with what vehemence
the troops follow, with what a storm of fire they waste a field of battle.
At this moment, with the advantage of ground and numbers, they were
breaking over the edge of the ravine, their guns, ranged along the
summit, pouring down grape, while their hussars galloped over the
glacis of Almeida and along the road to the bridge sabreing everything
in their way. Ney, desirous that Montbrun should follow the hussars
with the whole of the French cavalry, sent five officers in succession to
urge him on, and so mixed were friends and enemies, that only a few
guns of the fortress dared open, and no courage could have availed
against such overwhelming numbers: but Montbrun enjoyed an
independent command, and as the attack was made without Massena’s
knowledge he would not stir. Then the British regiments, with singular
intelligence and discipline, extricated themselves from their perilous
situation. Falling back slowly and stopping to fight whenever
opportunity offered, they retired down the ravine, tangled as it was
with crags and vineyards, in despite of their enemies; who were yet so
fierce and eager that even their horsemen rode amongst the inclosures,
striking at the soldiers as they mounted the walls or scrambled over the
rocks.
Soon the retreating troops approached the river, and the ground
became more open, but the left wing, hardest pressed and having the
shortest distance, arrived while the bridge was crowded with artillery
and cavalry, and the right was still distant! Major M‘Leod of the 43rd
instantly rallied four companies of his regiment on a hill to cover the
line of passage, he was joined by some riflemen, and at the same time
10
the brigade-major Rowan posted two companies on another hill to
the left, flanking the road: these posts were maintained while the right
wing was filing over the river, yet the French gathering in great
numbers made a rush, forcing the British companies back before the
bridge was cleared, and when part of the 52nd was still distant from it.
Very imminent was the danger, but M‘Leod, a young man endowed with
a natural genius for war, turned his horse, called on the troops to
follow, waved his cap, and rode with a shout towards the enemy, on
whom the suddenness of the thing and the animating gesture of the
man produced the effect designed, for the soldiers rushed after him,
cheering and charging as if a whole army had been at their backs: the
enemy’s skirmishers not comprehending this stopped short, and before
their surprise was over the 52nd passed the river, and M‘Leod followed
at speed: it was a fine exploit!
As the infantry passed the bridge they planted themselves in loose
order on the side of the mountain, the artillery went to the summit,
and the cavalry observed the roads to the right; this disposition was
made to watch some upper fords two miles off, and the bridge of
Castello Bom; for it was to be apprehended that while Ney attacked in
front, other troops might pass by those fords and bridge of Castello
Bom and so cut off the division from the army: the river was however
rising fast with the rain, and it was impossible to retreat farther until
nightfall.
Soon the French skirmishers opened a biting fire across the water:
it was returned as bitterly; the artillery on both sides played vigorously,
the sounds were repeated by numberless echoes, and the smoke
slowly rising, resolved itself into an immense arch, spanning the whole
gulf and sparkling with the whirling fuzes of the flying shells. Fast and
thickly the French gathered behind the high rocks, and a dragoon was
seen to try the depth of the upper stream above, but two shots from
the 52nd killed horse and man, and the carcasses floating down
between the contending forces intimated that the river was impassable
save by the bridge. Then the monotonous tones of a French drum were
heard, the head of a noble column darkened the long narrow bridge, a
drummer and an officer, the last in a splendid uniform, leaped together
to the front and the whole rushed on with loud cries. The depth of the
ravine so deceived the English soldiers’ aim at first, that two-thirds of
the passage was won ere a shot had brought down an enemy; yet a
few paces onwards the line of death was traced, and the whole of the
leading French section fell as one man; the gallant column still pressed
forward, but none could pass that terrible line, and the killed and
wounded rolled together until the heap rose nearly even with the
parapet, while the living mass behind them melted away rather than
gave back.
The shouts of the British now rose loudly, yet they were confidently
answered, and in half an hour another column, more numerous than
the first, again crowded the bridge: this time the range was far better
judged, and ere half the passage was gained the multitude was again
torn, shattered, dispersed or slain: only ten or twelve men crossed to
take shelter under the rocks at the brink of the river. The skirmishing
was then renewed, yet a French surgeon, coming to the very foot of
the bridge, waved a handkerchief and commenced dressing the
wounded under the hottest fire; nor was the brave man’s touching
appeal unheeded, every musket turned from him, although his still
undaunted countrymen were preparing for a third attempt, a last effort,
which was made indeed, yet with fewer numbers and less energy, for
the impossibility of forcing the passage was become apparent. The
combat was however continued. By the French as a point of honour, to
cover the escape of those who had passed the bridge; by the English
from ignorance of their object. One of the enemy’s guns was
dismantled, a field magazine exploded, and many continued to fall on
both sides until about four o’clock, when torrents of rain caused a
momentary cessation of fire, the men amongst the rocks then escaped
to their own side, the fight ceased and Craufurd retired in the night
behind the Pinhel river. Forty-four Portuguese, two hundred and
seventy-two British, including twenty-eight officers, were killed,
wounded, or taken; and it was at first supposed that half a company of
the 52nd, posted in the unfinished tower, were captured; but their
officer, keeping close until the night, had passed the enemy’s posts,
and crossed the Coa. The French lost above a thousand men, and the
slaughter at the bridge was fearful to behold.
During the combat General Picton came up from Pinhel alone, and
Craufurd asked him for the support of the third division; he refused,
11
and they separated after a sharp altercation. Picton was wrong, for
Craufurd’s situation was one of extreme danger; he could not then
retire, and Massena might, by the bridge of Castello Bom, have taken
the division in flank and destroyed it between the Coa and Pinhel
rivers. Picton and Craufurd were however not formed by nature to
agree. The stern countenance, robust frame, saturnine complexion,
caustic speech and austere demeanour of the first promised little
sympathy with the short thick figure, dark flashing eyes, quick
movements and fiery temper of the second: nor did they often meet
without a quarrel. Nevertheless, they had many points of resemblance
in their characters and fortunes. Both were harsh and rigid in
command; both prone to disobedience, yet exacting entire submission
from inferiors; alike ambitious and craving of glory, they were both
enterprising, yet neither was expert in handling troops under fire. After
distinguished services both perished in arms, and being celebrated as
generals of division while living, have been, since their deaths,
injudiciously spoken of as rivalling their great leader in war.
That they were officers of mark and pretension is unquestionable—
Craufurd far more so than Picton, because the latter never had a
separate command and his opportunities were more circumscribed—but
to compare either to the Duke of Wellington displays ignorance of the
men and of the art they professed. If they had even comprehended the
profound military and political combinations he was then conducting,
the one would have carefully avoided fighting on the Coa, and the
other, far from refusing, would have eagerly proffered his support.

* * * * *
Here some illustrations of the intelligence and the lofty spirit of
British soldiers will not be misplaced.
When the last of the retreating troops had passed the bridge, an
Irishman of the 43rd, named Pigot, a bold turbulent fellow, leaned on
his firelock, regarded the advancing enemy for some time, and then in
the author’s hearing thus delivered his opinion of the action.
“General Craufurd wanted glory, so he stopped on the wrong side
of the river, and now he is knocked over to the right side. The French
general won’t be content until his men try to get on the wrong side
also, and then they will be knocked back. Well! both will claim a victory,
which is neither here nor there, but just in the middle of the river.
That’s glory!” Then firing his musket he fell into the ranks. Even to the
letter was his prediction verified, for General Craufurd published a
contradiction of Massena’s dispatch.
This sarcasm was enforced by one of a tragic nature. There was a
fellow-soldier to Pigot, a north of Ireland man, named Stewart but
jocularly called the Boy because of his youth, being only nineteen, and
of his gigantic stature and strength. He had fought bravely and
displayed great intelligence beyond the river, and was one of the last
men who came down to the bridge, but he would not pass. Turning
round, he regarded the French with a grim look, and spoke aloud as
follows. “So! This is the end of our boasting. This is our first battle and
we retreat! The boy Stewart will not live to hear that said.” Then
striding forward in his giant might he fell furiously on the nearest
enemies with the bayonet, refused the quarter they seemed desirous of
granting, and died fighting in the midst of them!
Still more touching, more noble, more heroic was the death of
Sergeant Robert M‘Quade. During M‘Leod’s rush this man, also from the
north of Ireland, saw two Frenchmen level their muskets on rests
against a high gap in a bank, awaiting the uprise of an enemy; the
present Sir George Brown, then a lad of sixteen, attempted to ascend
at the fatal point, but M‘Quade, himself only twenty-four years of age,
pulled him back, saying with a calm decided tone “You are too young
Sir to be killed,” and then offering his own person to the fire fell dead,
pierced with both balls!

B attle of B usaco . (Sept. 1810.)

Soon after Craufurd’s combat, Almeida was betrayed by some
Portuguese officers, and Massena, who had previously menaced both
lines of invasion, adopted that of the Mondego. This river, flowing
between the Estrella mountain and the Sierra de Caramula, is
separated by the latter from the coast, along which the Royal road runs
from Oporto to Lisbon. The roads on each side of the river were very
rugged, and at the southern end of the valley crossed by two mountain
ridges, namely, the Sierra de Murcella on the left bank, the Sierra de
Busaco on the right bank. Wellington had prepared the former for
battle, and General Hill was coming to it by the military road, but
Massena, aware of its strength, crossed to the right of the Mondego,
and moved by Viseu, to turn Wellington’s flank and surprise Coimbra;
he however knew nothing of Busaco, which covered that city, and so
fell into the worst road and lost two days waiting for his artillery.
Meanwhile his adversary also passed the Mondego, and sending troops
to the front broke the bridges on the Criz and Dão, mountain torrents
crossing the French line of march.
Coimbra could not then be surprised, yet Massena could from Viseu
gain the Royal coast-road and so reach Coimbra, turning the Busaco
position; he could also repass the Mondego and assail the Murcella;
wherefore the allied army was necessarily scattered. Hill had by forced
marches reached the Murcella; Spencer was detached to watch the
Royal coast-road; the light division, Pack’s Portuguese, and the cavalry,
were in observation on the Viseu road; the remainder of the army was
in reserve at the fords of the Mondego, to act on either side. In this
state of affairs happened a strange incident. The light division had
established its bivouac towards evening in a pine-wood, but a peasant
advised a removal, saying it was known as the Devil’s wood, that an
evil influence reigned, and no person who slept there had ever escaped
it. He was laughed at, yet he did not fable. In the night all the troops,
men and officers, seized as it were with sudden frenzy, started from
sleep and dispersed in all directions: nor was their strange terror
allayed until voices were heard crying out that the enemy’s cavalry
were amongst them, when the soldiers mechanically ran together and
the illusion was dissipated.
After some delay Massena moved down the Mondego and Busaco
was then occupied by the English general. His line was eight miles long,
flanked on the right by the river, and on the left connected with the
Caramula by ridges and ravines impervious to an army. A road along
the crest furnished easy communication, and the ford of Pena Cova,
behind the right, gave direct access to the Murcella ridge. Rugged and
steep the face of Busaco was, yet the summit had space for the action
of a few cavalry and salient points gave play to the artillery, while the
counter-ridge offered no facility to the enemy’s guns. When it was first
adopted some generals expressed a fear that the Prince of Essling
would not attack—“But if he does I shall beat him” was Wellington’s
reply: he knew his obstinate character.
Massena had three army corps, Ney’s, Junot’s, and Reynier’s, with a
division of heavy cavalry under Montbrun; and as he knew nothing of
the Torres Vedras lines, and despised the Portuguese, he was
convinced the English would retreat and embark. A great general in
dangerous conjunctures, he was here, from age and satisfied ambition,
negligent, dilatory, and misled by some Portuguese noblemen in his
camp. Instead of marching with his whole army compact for battle he
retained Junot and Montbrun in the rear, while Ney and Reynier,
restoring the bridges over the Criz, drove the English cavalry into the
hills, forced back the light division with a sharp fight, and crowned the
counter-ridges in front of Busaco.
Ney seeing that Busaco was a crested mountain and could not hide
strong reserves, that it was only half-occupied and the troops were
moving about in the disorder of first taking up unknown ground,
wished to attack at once; but Massena was ten miles in rear, and an
officer sent to ask his assent was kept two hours without an audience
12
and then sent back with an order to await the prince’s arrival. A great
opportunity was thus lost, for Spencer had not then come in, Leith was
only passing the Mondego, Hill was on the Murcella, scarcely twenty-
five thousand men were in line, and there was unavoidable confusion
and great intervals between the divisions.
Ney and Reynier wrote in the night to Massena, advising an attack
at daybreak, yet he did not come up until midday with Junot’s corps
and the cavalry, and then proceeded leisurely to examine the position.
It was now completely manned. Hill had the extreme right, Leith was
next in line, Picton next to Leith. Spencer’s division and a regiment of
dragoons were on the highest crest in reserve, having on their left the
convent of Busaco. In front of Spencer a Portuguese division was
posted half-way down the mountain, and on his left, in front of the
convent, was the light division, supported by a German brigade and the
19th Portuguese Regiment. Cole’s division closed the extreme left, on a
line with the light division and covered, flank and front, by impassable
ravines. There were long intervals in the line, but the spaces between
were unassailable, artillery was disposed on all the salient points,
skirmishers covered all the accessible ground, and so formidable did
the position appear that Ney now strongly objected to an attack.
Reynier however, a presumptuous man, advised one, and Massena
made dispositions for the next morning.
His ground did not permit any broad front of attack, and two points
were chosen. Reynier was to fall on Picton; Ney was to assail the light
division. These attacks, governed by the roads, were about three miles
asunder, and as Junot’s corps and Montbrun’s cavalry were held in
reserve, only forty thousand men were employed to storm a mountain
on which sixty thousand enemies were posted; yet the latter, from the
extent of their ground and the impossibility of making any counter
attack, were the weakest at the decisive points.
The light division was on a spur, or rather brow of ground,
overhanging a ravine so deep that the eye could scarcely discern troops
at the bottom, yet so narrow that the French twelve-pounders ranged
across. Into the lowest parts of this ravine their light troops towards
dusk dropped by twos and threes, and endeavoured to steal up the
wooded dells and hollows, close to the picquets of the division; they
were vigorously checked, yet similar attempts at different points kept
the troops watchful, and indeed none but veterans tired of war could
have slept beneath that serene sky, glittering with stars above, while
the dark mountains were crowned with innumerable fires, around
which more than a hundred thousand brave men were gathered.
Before daybreak on the 27th, five columns of attack were in
motion, and Reynier’s troops, having comparatively easier ground, were
in the midst of the picquets and skirmishers of Picton’s division almost
as soon as they could be perceived; the resistance was vigorous and
six guns played along the ascent with grape, yet in half an hour the
French were close to the summit of the mountain, with such
astonishing power and resolution did they overthrow everything that
opposed their progress! The right of the third division was forced back,
the 8th Portuguese Regiment broken, the highest part of the crest was
gained between Picton and Leith, and the leading battalions established
themselves amongst some crowning rocks, while a following mass
wheeled to the right, designing to sweep the summit of the sierra. Lord
Wellington immediately opened two guns loaded with grape upon their
flank, a heavy musketry was poured into their front, and the 88th
Regiment, joined by a wing of the 45th, charged furiously; fresh men
could not have withstood that terrible shock; the French, exhausted by
their efforts, opposed only a straggling fire, and both parties went
mingling together down the mountain side with a mighty clamour and
confusion, their track strewed with the dead and dying even to the
bottom of the valley.
Meanwhile the battalions which had first gained the crest formed to
their left, resting their right on a precipice overhanging the reverse side
of the sierra: the position was thus won if any reserve had been at
hand; for the greatest part of Picton’s troops were engaged elsewhere,
and some of the French skirmishers actually descended the back of the
ridge. A misty cloud capped the summit, and this hostile mass,
ensconced amongst the rocks, could not be seen except by Leith; but
that officer had put a brigade in motion when he first perceived the
vigorous impression made on Picton, and though two miles of rugged
ground were to be passed on a narrow front before it could mingle in
the fight, it was coming on rapidly; the Royals were in reserve, the 38th
were seeking to turn the enemy’s right, and the 9th, under Colonel
Cameron, menaced his front: the precipice stopped the 38th, but
Cameron, hearing from a staff-officer how critical was the affair, formed
line under a violent fire, and without returning a shot run in upon the
French grenadiers and drove them from the rocks with irresistible
bravery; then he plied them with a destructive musketry as long as
they could be reached, yet with excellent discipline refrained from
pursuit lest the crest of the position should be again lost; for the
mountain was rugged, and to judge the general state of the action
difficult. Hill however now edged in towards the scene of action, Leith’s
second brigade joined the first, and a great mass of fresh troops was
thus concentrated, while Reynier had neither reserves nor guns to
restore the fight.
Ney’s attack had as little success. From the mountain-spur where
the light division stood the bottom of the valley could be discerned, the
ascent was much steeper than where Reynier had attacked, and
Craufurd in a happy mood of command made masterly dispositions.
The platform which he held was scooped so as to conceal the 43rd and
52nd Regiments, though in line, and hence the German infantry who
were behind them, being on higher ground, appeared the only solid
force for resistance. Some rocks overhanging the descent furnished
natural embrasures, in which the divisional guns were placed, and the
riflemen and Portuguese caçadores, planted as skirmishers, covered the
slope of the mountain.
While it was still dark a straggling musketry was heard in the deep
ravine, and when light broke, three heavy masses, entering the woods
below, threw forward a swarm of light troops. One column, under
General Marchand, on emerging from the dark chasm, turned to its left,
and seemed intent to turn the right of the division; a second under
Loison made straight up the face of the mountain by a road leading to
the convent; the third remained in reserve. General Simon’s brigade
was at the head of Loison’s attack, and it ascended with a wonderful
alacrity; for though the skirmishers plied it unceasingly with musketry,
and the artillery bullets swept through it from front to rear, its order
was not disturbed, nor its speed abated. The English guns were worked
with great rapidity, yet their range was contracted every round, the
enemy’s musket-balls came singing up in a sharper key, and soon the
British skirmishers, breathless and begrimed with powder, rushed over
the edge of the ascent—the artillery then drew back, and the victorious
cries of the French were heard within a few yards of the summit.
Craufurd, standing alone on one of the rocks, had silently watched
the attack, but now, with a quick shrill cry, called on the two regiments
to charge! Then a horrid shout startled the French column, and
eighteen hundred British bayonets went sparkling over the brow of the
hill: yet so sternly resolute, so hardy was the enemy, that each man of
the first section raised his musket, and two officers with ten soldiers of
the 52nd fell before them—not a Frenchman had missed his mark!
They could do no more: the head of their column was violently thrown
back upon the rear, both flanks were overlapped, three terrible
discharges at five yards’ distance shattered the wavering mass, and a
long trail of broken arms and bleeding carcasses marked the line of
flight. The main body of the British stood fast, but some companies
followed down the mountain, whereupon Ney threw forward his
reserved division, and opening his guns from the opposite heights,
killed some of the pursuers: thus warned, they recovered their own
ground, and the Germans were brought forward to skirmish:
meanwhile a small flanking detachment had passed round the right,
and rising near the convent, was defeated by the 19th Portuguese
Regiment under Colonel M‘Bean.
Loison did not renew the fight, but Marchand, having gained a
pine-wood half-way up the mountain, on the right of the light division,
sent a cloud of skirmishers up from thence about the time General
Simon was beaten: the ascent was however so steep that Pack’s
Portuguese sufficed to hold them in check, and higher up Spencer
showed his line of foot-guards in support; Craufurd’s artillery also
smote Marchand’s people in the pine-wood; and Ney, who was there in
person, after sustaining this murderous cannonade for an hour
relinquished that attack. The desultory fighting of light troops then
ceased, and before two o’clock parties from both armies were, under a
momentary truce, amicably mixed searching for wounded men.
Towards evening a French company with signal audacity seized a
village half musket-shot from the light division, and refused to retire;
whereupon Craufurd, turning twelve guns on the houses, overwhelmed
them with bullets; but after paying the French captain this
distinguished honour, recovering his temper, he sent a company of the
43rd down, which cleared the village in a few minutes. Meanwhile an
affecting incident, contrasting strongly with the savage character of the
preceding events, added to the interest of the day. A poor orphan
Portuguese girl, seventeen years of age and very handsome, was seen
coming down the mountain, driving an ass loaded with all her property
through the midst of the French army. She had abandoned her dwelling
in obedience to the proclamation, and now passed over the field of
battle with a childish simplicity, totally unconscious of her perilous
situation, and scarcely understanding which were the hostile and which
the friendly troops, for no man on either side was so brutal as to
molest her.
This battle was fought unnecessarily by Massena, and by
Wellington reluctantly, being forced thereto from the misconduct of the
Portuguese government. It was however entirely to the disadvantage of
the French, who had a general and eight hundred men killed, two
generals wounded, and one, Simon, made prisoner. Their whole loss
may be estimated at four thousand five hundred men, while that of the
allies did not exceed thirteen hundred.
Massena now judged Busaco impregnable, and as it could not be
turned by the Mondego, because the allies might pass that river on a
shorter line, it was proposed in council to return to Spain; but at that
moment a peasant told him of a road leading over the Caramula and he
resolved to turn the allies’ left. To mask this movement the skirmishing
was renewed on the 28th so warmly that a general battle was
expected; yet an ostentatious display of men, the disappearance of
baggage, and the casting up of earth indicated some other design. In
the evening, the French infantry were sensibly diminished, the cavalry
was descried winding over the distant mountains towards the allies’
left, and the project was then apparent. Wellington arrived from the
right, and observed the distant columns for some time with great
earnestness; he seemed uneasy, his countenance bore a fierce and
angry expression, and suddenly mounting his horse he rode off without
speaking—one hour later and the army was in movement to abandon
Busaco, for Massena had threaded the defiles of the Caramula and was
marching upon Coimbra.
Wellington’s plan was to lay the country waste before the enemy,
but only the richest inhabitants had quitted Coimbra; that city was still
populous when the enemy’s approach left no choice but to fly or risk
the punishment of death and infamy announced for remaining: then a
scene of distress ensued that the most hardened could not behold
without emotion. Mothers with children of all ages, the sick, the old,
the bedridden, and even lunatics, went or were carried forth, the most
part with little hope and less help, to journey for days in company with
contending armies. Fortunately for this unhappy multitude the weather
was fine and the roads firm, or the greatest number must have
perished in the most deplorable manner: but all this misery was of no
avail, for though the people fled, the provisions were left and the mills
were but partially and imperfectly ruined.
On the 1st of October, the allied outposts were driven from a hill
north of Coimbra, and the French horsemen entered a plain, where
they suffered some loss from a cannonade. The British cavalry were
there drawn up on open ground in opposition, and as the disparity of
numbers was not very great, the opportunity seemed fair for a good
stroke; yet they withdrew across the Mondego, and so unskilfully that
some of the hindmost were cut down in the middle of the river, and the
French were only prevented from forcing the passage of the ford by a
strong skirmish in which fifty or sixty men fell.
This untoward fight compelled the light division to march hastily
through the city to gain the defile of Condeixa, which commenced at
the end of the bridge; all the inhabitants who had not before quitted
the place then rushed out with what could be caught up in hand,
driving animals loaded with sick people and children on to the bridge,
where the press became so great the troops halted. This stoppage was
close to the prison, from whence the jailer had fled with the keys, and
the prisoners, crowding to the windows, strived to tear the bars off
with their hands, and even with their teeth, bellowing in the most
frantic manner. Then the bitter lamentations of the multitude increased,
and the pistol-shots of the cavalry engaged at the ford below were
distinctly heard; it was a shocking scene; but William Campbell, a staff
officer of heroic strength and temper, broke the prison doors and freed
the wretched inmates. The troops now forced a way over the bridge,
yet at the other end, the defile was cut through high rocks, and so
crowded that no passage could be made, and a troop of French
dragoons, having passed an unwatched ford, hovered close to the
flank: one regiment of infantry could have destroyed the whole
division, wedged as it was in a hollow way, unable to retreat, advance,
or break out on either side.
Three days Massena halted at Coimbra, the fourth he advanced,
leaving behind his sick and wounded with a garrison, in all five
thousand men, who were suddenly captured four days later by a small
militia force under Colonel Trant! This “heavy blow and great
13
discouragement” did not stop the French prince, and during his
pursuit thirty-six French squadrons fell on ten British squadrons, but in
a severe fight did not gain five miles in as many hours; yet a few days
after his cavalry had the advantage in a greater action, and finally the
allies entered the lines of Torres Vedras, the existence of which was
first made known to Massena by the bar they offered! Several
skirmishes, in which the English general Harvey was wounded and the
French general St. Croix killed, were necessary to convince him they
could not be stormed; but though he was without magazines, he
continued to hold his menacing position until the country behind him
was a desert: then falling back two marches, he took a defensive
position at Santarem, and was in turn blockaded by Lord Wellington.
 BOOK IV.
Matagorda—Battle of Barosa—Massena’s Retreat—Combat of
Redinha—Cazal Nova—Foz d’Aronce—Sabugal—Fuentes Onoro—
Battle of Fuentes Onoro—Evacuation of Almeida.

M atagorda . (March, 1811.)

Before Massena invaded Portugal king Joseph had subdued
Andalusia, except the Isla de Leon where Cadiz stands. He left Soult
in that province with a large army, of which a part under Sebastiani
held Granada, while another part under Victor blockaded the Isla
with immense works; the remainder, under Soult in person, formed a
field-force to war against insurrections and the numerous Spanish
troops, which in separate bodies acted against him. The Spaniards,
after long demurring, admitted an auxiliary British and Portuguese
14
force into Cadiz, under General Graham, whose arrival was
signalized by the cannonade of Matagorda. This small fort, without
ditch or bomb-proof, was held for fifty-four days by a garrison of
15
seamen and soldiers, under Captain M‘Lean, close to the French
lines at the Trocadero. A Spanish seventy-four, and a flotilla, had co-
operated in the resistance until daybreak on the 21st of March, but
then a hissing shower of heated shot made them cut their cables
and run under the works of Cadiz, while the fire of forty-eight guns
and mortars of the largest size, was turned upon the fort, whose
feeble parapet vanished before that crashing flight of metal, leaving
only the naked rampart and undaunted hearts of the garrison for
defence. The men fell fast, and the enemy shot so quick and close,
that a staff bearing the Spanish flag was broken six times in an
hour; the colours were then fastened to the angle of the work itself,
but unwillingly by the men, especially the sailors, all calling out to
hoist the British ensign, and attributing the slaughter to their fighting
under a foreign flag!
Thirty hours this tempest lasted, and sixty-four men out of one
hundred and forty had fallen, when Graham, finding a diversion he
had projected impracticable, sent boats to carry off the survivors.
With these boats went Major Lefebre, an engineer of great promise,
but to fall there, the last man whose blood wetted the ruins thus
abandoned: and here be recorded an action of which it is difficult to
say whether it were most feminine or heroic. A sergeant’s wife,
named Retson, was in a casemate with wounded men, when a
young drummer was ordered to fetch water from the well of the fort;
seeing the child hesitate, she snatched the vessel from him, braved
the terrible cannonade, and when a shot cut the bucket-cord from
her hand, recovered it and fulfilled her mission.

B attle of B arosa . (March, 1811.)

After Matagorda was abandoned, the Spaniards in Cadiz became
so apathetic that General Graham bitterly said of them “They wished
the English would drive away the French, that they might eat
strawberries at Chiclana.” However, in December, Soult was ordered
to co-operate with Massena, and when his departure was known in
January, 1811, Victor’s force being then weak, Graham undertook, in
concert with La Peña, captain-general at the Isla, to raise the
blockade by a maritime expedition. Contrary winds baffled this
project, and in February Victor was reinforced; nevertheless ten
thousand infantry and six hundred cavalry were again embarked,
being to land at Tarifa, march upon Chiclana, and take the French
lines in reverse. Meanwhile General Zayas, who remained with the
Spanish forces left in the Isla, was to cast a bridge near the sea-
mouth of the Santi Petri, a ship-canal joining the harbour to the sea
and cutting off the Isla from the continent; Ballesteros was to
menace Seville; the Partidas were to keep Sebastiani in check, and
insurrections were expected in all quarters.
 The British troops, passing their port in a gale the 22nd, landed
at Algesiras and marched to Tarifa, being there joined by the
garrison. Somewhat more than four thousand men, including two
companies of the 20th Portuguese, and one hundred and eighty
German hussars, were thus assembled under Graham, good and
hardy troops, and himself a daring old man of a ready temper for
battle. La Peña arrived the 27th with the Spanish contingent, and
Graham, to preserve unanimity, ceded the command, although
contrary to his instructions. Next day the whole moved forward
twelve miles, passing some ridges, which, descending from the
Ronda to the sea, separate the plains of San Roque from those of
Medina and Chiclana. The troops were then reorganized. General
Lardizabal had the vanguard, the Prince of Anglona the centre; the
reserve, of two Spanish regiments and the British troops, was
confided to Graham, and the cavalry of both nations was given to
Colonel Whittingham, an English officer in the Spanish service.
At this time a French covering division, under General Cassagne,
was at Medina, with outposts at Vejer de la Frontera and Casa Vieja.
La Peña stormed the last the 2nd of March, and then General
Beguines, coming from San Roque, augmented his force to twelve
thousand infantry, eight hundred horsemen, and twenty-four guns.
The 3rd, hearing Medina was intrenched, he turned towards the
coast and drove the French from Vejer de la Frontera. In the night of
the 4th he continued his movement, and on the morning of the 5th,
after a skirmish, in which his advanced guard of cavalry was routed
by a French squadron, he reached the Cerro de Puerco, called by the
English the heights of Barosa, four miles from the sea-mouth of the
Santi Petri.
This Barosa ridge, creeping in from the coast for a mile and a
half, overlooked a broken plain, which was bounded on the left by
the coast cliffs, on the right by the forest of Chiclana, in front by a
pine-wood, beyond which rose a long narrow height called the
Bermeja, to be reached by moving through the pine-wood, or by the
beach under the cliffs. Graham, foreseeing Victor would come out of
his lines to fight, had previously obtained La Peña’s promise to make
short marches, and not approach the enemy except in a mass. In
violation of this promise the march from Casa Vieja had been one of
fifteen hours on bad roads, and the night march to Barosa was still
more fatiguing. The troops therefore straggled, and before all had
arrived, La Peña, as if in contempt of his colleague, neither
disclosing his own plans nor communicating by signal or otherwise
with Zayas, sent Lardizabal straight to the mouth of the Santi Petri.
Zayas had there cast his bridge on the 2nd, but he was surprised in
the night and driven into the Isla; Lardizabal had therefore to win his
way with a sharp fight, in which three hundred Spaniards fell, yet he
forced the French posts and effected a junction.
La Peña directed Graham to follow the vanguard, but the latter
desired to hold Barosa, arguing justly that Victor could not attack
Lardizabal and Zayas, as no general would lend his flank to an
enemy by assailing the Bermeja while Barosa was occupied: Lascy,
chief of the Spanish staff, controverted this, and La Peña
peremptorily commanded Graham to march. With great temper he
obeyed this discourteous order, leaving only the flank companies of
the 9th and 82nd regiments under Major Brown to guard his
baggage. He moved however in the persuasion that La Peña would
remain at Barosa with Anglona’s division and the cavalry, because a
Spanish column was still behind near Medina: yet scarcely had he
entered the pine-wood when La Peña carried off the corps of battle
and the cavalry by the sea-road to Santi Petri, leaving Barosa
crowded with baggage and protected only by a rear-guard of four
guns and five battalions.
During these events Victor kept close in the forest of Chiclana,
the patrols could find no enemy, and Graham’s march of only two
miles seemed safe—but the French marshal was keenly watching the
movement. He had recalled Cassagne from Medina when La Peña
first reached Barosa and hourly expected his arrival; yet he felt so
sure of success, as to direct most of his cavalry, then at Medina and
Arcos, upon Vejer and other points to cut off the fugitives after the
battle. He had in hand fourteen pieces of artillery and nine thousand
excellent soldiers, commanded by Laval, Ruffin, and Villatte. From