COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

(Bachelor in Technology and

Livelihood Education)

COURSE MODULE IN

INTRODUCTION
TO INDUSTRIAL
ARTS 1
1st Semester; A.Y. 2024 – 2025
COURSE FACILITATOR: JUDY ANN B. CASTAÑEDA, LPT, MEd
FB/MESSENGER: Jo De Ann
Email: [email protected]

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LESSON

1
9 HOURS
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL
TECHNOLOGY

I. CLASSIFICATION OF HANDTOOLS
A. Measuring tools
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to measure irregular and
regular shapes.
2 . Ruler - 1 2 - inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/ make simple measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent surfaces for squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work

B. MARKING LINING TOOLS

1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point used to mark a line parallel t
to the grain of the wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step off division on a line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circles.

C. TESTING TOOLS
1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the squareness of a piece of wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and checking of angles and is
used in the construction of roof framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical alignment only.

D. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS

1 . Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.
2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for working flat and curved
shapes.

E. TOOTH-CUTTING TOOLS
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shapes on thin pieces of wood.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut very fine joints.

F . BORING TOOLS
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in wood.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in wood.
3. Drill Bit- tool used for boring holes either in metals, wood or plastics.

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G. HOLDING TOOLS
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large projects or frames together while assembling
H. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS
1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the other to form a set.

I. DRIVING TOOLS
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.

J. PORTABLE POWERTOOLS
1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes from wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials as well as perform other tasks.

K. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high frequency noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.

L. SHARPENING TOOLS
Excellent quality work in Carpentry depends mostly upon sharp tools. Using dull tools requires extra
pressure which can make the tool slip and possibly cause injury.
Steps in Sharpening Edge Cutting Tools
1. Grinding – the process of sharpening edge cutting tools if it is nicked or worn out.
2. Whetting – the method of sharpening edge cutting tools with the use of an oil stone.
3. Honing – final stage in sharpening edge cutting tools with the use of very fine to extra fine oil
stone and leather.

Steps in Sharpening a Handsaw

1. If the teeth are uneven in length, joint with the use of a mill file/flat file.
2. File the teeth with triangular file.
3. Start filing at the heel of the saw. The angle of the teeth depends on the kind of saw.
4. File all the teeth until the points are sharp. Sharpening a saw requires constant practice for best
results. Crosscut/ripsaw can now be sharpened with a special kind of grindstone.

M. Other Sharpening and Miscellaneous Tools

1. Burnisher – used to sharpen gouge chisels.
2. Triangular file – used for sharpening handsaws.
3. Auger bit file or slim taper file – used for sharpening auger bits.
4. Mill file – used for jointing uneven saw teeth.
5. Saw set – used for bending the saw teeth slightly outward.
6. Saw clamp/saw vise – holds a handsaw in the sharpening process.

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 II. MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

System of Measurements
The two (2) systems of measurements are:
. English
. Metric System

The English system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system of measurement while
the Metric System was developed in France and also known as the S. I. (International Standard).

A. (Unit of Measures) - Linear Measurement

ENGLISH METRIC
Yard (yd) Meter
Foot (ft) Decimeter or1/ 10 meter
Inch (in) Centimeter or 1/ 100 meter

B. Reading of Measurements
A. Reading the inch
The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation represents a measurement in form
of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into 16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.

Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.

B. Reading the centimeter and millimeter

C. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its denominator whether it is proper, improper
or mixed fraction.
Sample Solutions:
A. Proper fraction 2/ 5 = 0. 4 B. Improper fraction 11/3 = 3.66 C. Mixed fraction 2 ½ = 2.5

D. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

GUIDE TABLE IN UNIT CONVERSION
English to English 1foot = 12 inches
Metric to Metric 1 meter = 10 decimeter
1 decimeter = 10 centimeter
English to Metric 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
Metric to English 1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 meter = 39.37 inches
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MEd
 Sample Solutions in Conversion
A. Foot to inches
3 ft = inches
Solution: Multiply 3ft by 12 inches / ft = 36 inches
B. Inch to feet
48 inches = Feet
Solution: Divide 48 inches by 12 inches / feet = 4feet

C. Centimeter to millimeter
22 cm = millimeters
Solution: Multiply 22 cm by 10 mm / cm = 220mm

D. Inch to centimeter
6 inches = centimeter
Solution: Multiply 6 inches by 2.54 cm / inch = 15.24 cm

Calculating Board foot of Lumber

Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already superseded the English System of
measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for determining the volume of lumber is still being used by the
furniture & cabinet maker and construction industry. This is because lumbers are sold in terms of board foot.

A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one inch thick. The formula used in computing board
foot is: Where:
Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L T = Thickness in inches
12 W = Width in inches
Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension. L = Length in feet

Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2 ” x 4 “ x 1 2 ”

Steps 1. Identify the given data
Given: T = 2”
W = 4”
L = 12‟

Step 2. Determine what is being asked

Find the Bd. Ft. = ?

Step 3. State the formula

Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12

Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.

Solution:
Bd. Ft. = T x W x L = 2” x 4” x 12 “ = 96 = 8 Bd. Ft.
12 12 12

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Unauthorized copying, uploading, and / or editing is prohibited. (For Classroom Use Only) Prepared by: Judy Ann B. Castañeda, LPT, MEd