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0 Computer Notes

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1.

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● Computers were greatly improved by the transistor.
● Arpanet was the first internet. Allowed one computer to speak to another, but only to one
at a time. (I’m guessing it was like a switchboard, where you plug the cord into 2 input
ports.
TCE/IP
● Transmission Control Protocol: Format of data so all computers spoke the same
language.
● Internet Protocol: Addresses.
1990: Government gave internet to the public. We made World Wide Web.
The Future of computer Technologies:
● AI is tech that recognizes.
● Robotics is tech that does, fed by program for their actions.
● VR/AR: New ways to experience the world.
● Quantum Computing: Expanding a computer’s processing capacity beyond 1s and 0s.
(To expand processing capabilities by CRAZY amounts.)
3.1: Bits, Bytes, and Busses
● Bit: Most basic part of computer language. 1/0
● Nibble: made of 4 bits
● Byte: 8 bits
● Computer Bus: how the machine shares information. Ex: Memory Bus helps the CPU
and RAM share data. USB share computer to printer.
○ Serial: Sends, and connects to a Receive. Two wires, each one way, between
each other. (Great for grand Distances)
○ Parallel: Sends info one way, and then the other. However, multiple wires. Width
is how many wires. (Great for intercomputer systems.)
Binary to Decimal:
● Binary: 8,4,2,1, multiples of 2
● Hexadecimal: A base 16 number system that uses 16 symbols to represent all number
amounts.
○ 0123456789ABCDEF
○ Each 4 bits of the binary is converted into 1 Hex.
()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()
Hertz:
a measurement of how many times a repeating process happens per second
Metric Prefixes:
Modern computers and networks process data at super high speeds, and modern storage
devices are able to store extremely large amounts of data. Because the numbers being used
are so large, we use metric prefixes to help us.
Ex: Your computer has a hard drive capable of holding 500 billion bytes of data. You would have
to label it as a 500,000,000,000 byte hard drive. It's simpler to express it with a metric prefix,
thus reading as 500 gigabyte hard drive.
● K (Kilo): Thousands, or 103.
○ 5 Kb = 5000 bits
○ 100 Kb = 100,000 bits
○ 25 KB = 25,000 Bytes
THUS: 27,000 Hertz → 27KHz
● M (Mega): Millions, or 106. 47 MHz
● G (Giga): Billions, or 109. 575 GHz
● T (Tera): trillions, or 1012. 407 THz
Now we go small.
● m (Milli): one-thousandth, or 10-3, and looks like this: 0.001
○ 15 ms = 0.015 seconds = 15 one-thousandths of a second.
○ 110 ms = 0.110 seconds
○ 9 ms = 0.009
● µ (Micro): one-millionth, or 10-6, and looks like this : 0.000,001
● m (Nano): one-billionth, or 10-9, and looks like this : 0.000,000,001
● p (Pico): one-trillionth, or 10-12, and looks like this : 0.000,000,000,001

Connections:

● PS/2 Connector: Used by Mouses and Keyboards.


● Firewire: Input cord for digital cameras.

3.2.3 PRINTERS
Consider the following:
● Print quality
● Print size options
● Printing capacity
● Print speed
● Cost per page

Inkjet : Inkjet printers spray small dots of ink from an ink


reservoir onto a sheet of paper. Inkjet printers can produce high-quality output and are relatively
inexpensive to purchase. However, they have several disadvantages:
■ Replacement ink cartridges are expensive.
■ Ink cartridges have limited print capacities.
■ The ink tends to bleed into the paper.
■ Prints tend to fade over time.
■ The ink will run if it gets wet.
Laser : Uses electrical charges and heat to fuse tiny plastic
particles (called toner) to the paper.
Advantages:
■ They produce higher-quality print output.
■ They can print documents much faster.
■ They are ideal for large volume print jobs.
■ Replacement toner cartridges are cheaper than inkjet cartridges.
■ They are better suited for sharing over a network.
■ The ink is waterproof and doesn't fade.
■ The output doesn't bleed into the paper.
Disadvantages:
■ They are more expensive to purchase.
■ They are more difficult to maintain.

3D Printer : Allows for the creation of physical objects from a


3D digital model.
3D printers use an additive process. The object is created by laying down successive layers of
material (usually plastic) until the object is created.
3.3.2 Motherboards from Different Computers

Standardized Desktop Motherboards : universally


recognized standard for desktop motherboards. The ATX-standard includes four sizes:
■ Standard-ATX - 12 inches x 13 inches
■ Micro-ATX - 9.6 inches x 9.6 inches
■ Mini-ATX - 6.7 inches x 6.7 inches
■ Nano-ATX - 4.7 inches x 4.7 inches

Some important features you need to be aware of when choosing an ATX motherboard are:
■ Size
■ Whether the motherboard supports an Intel or AMD CPU
■ The RAM support: DDR4 / DDR5
■ Expansion card support
■ Power requirements
If a computer uses a standardized motherboard and it needs to be replaced, it can be
replaced with any venders’ device as long as it fits the case and has the features needed.
Proprietary Desktop Motherboards: Proprietary motherboards are used in vendor specific
computers from companies like Dell, Apple, HP, and others.
■ These motherboard are designed to be used in uniquely designed cases.
■ If the motherboard needs to be replaced it must be replaced with a very specific model.
■ These computers normally offer very few upgrade options.

Laptop Motherboards : Laptop motherboards fall into the proprietary


form factor type.
■ The motherboard and the case are designed specifically for each model.
■ If the motherboard needs to be replaced it must be replaced with a specific model.
■ Laptop motherboards are not designed to be modular. The CPU and other components
are soldered onto the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced.
Tablet Motherboards: Like laptop motherboards, tablet motherboards are a proprietary form
factor.
■ All parts, including CPU, memory, and storage, are soldered onto the motherboard and
can be difficult to replace.
■ Normally, if a tablet malfunctions the entire device is disposed of and replaced.

Smartphone Motherboards : Like tablet motherboards, smartphone motherboards


are a proprietary form factor.
■ All parts are soldered onto the motherboard and can be difficult to be replaced.
■ Normally, like a tablet, if a cell phone malfunctions the entire device is disposed of and
replaced.

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