A PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE CONCEPT AND

PRACTICE OF ARBITRATION

BY
CA RAJKUMAR S ADUKIA
B. Com (Hons.), FCA, ACS, ACMA, LL.B, M.B.A, Dip IFRS (UK), Dip LL & LW, DIPR, Dip in
Criminology
Mob: 9820061049/9323061049
Email: [email protected]

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Title Page No

1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Concept of Arbitration 7
3.0 History of Arbitration 9
4.0 Indian Scenario 10
5.0 Types of Arbitration 13
6.0 International Commercial Arbitration 14
7.0 Arbitration Agreement 15
8.0 Arbitration Tribunal 21
9.0 Duties and Responsibilities of an Arbitrator 22
10.0 Removal of an arbitrator 23
11.0 Procedure for arbitration 24
12.0 Making of Arbitral Award 27
13.0 Appeals 33
14.0 Fees for Arbitration 35
15.0 Recognition & Enforcement of Arbitral awards 35
16.0 Practical hints for Arbitrators 38
17.0 Role of Chartered Accountants in Arbitration 40
18.0 Arbitration Practice Across Industries 43
19.0 Sample Arbitration Clauses by Country 48
20.0 Useful Links 51
21.0 Specimen Documentation
1. Specimen Letter to other party requesting 45
appointment of an Arbitrator
2. Notice of Appointment of Arbitrator 46

3. Notice by Arbitrator 47

4. Specimen disclosure by arbitrator as per Section 12

47
5. Notice to Appoint Substitute Arbitrator

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 6. Notice of Intention to proceed Ex-parte after 48
failure to attend hearing.
7. Specimen Agreement of reference to a common 49

arbitrator
8. Form of agreement to refer the dispute to sole 49
52
arbitrator
9. Agreement to refer dispute to one arbitrator
53
10. Agreement for reference to two arbitrators
55
11. Appointment of sole arbitrator on default of other
57
party
12. Arbitration agreement between three partners
58
13. Agreement of reference between members of HUF
61
14. Form of agreement for reference to three 63
arbitrators
15. Form of arbitration clause in an agreement 66
16. Notice by arbitrator for commencement of 67
arbitration
17. Notice to arbitrator by parties for Arbitration
18. Notice of revocation to arbitrator 67

19. Award made on reference by court 68

20. Award by an arbitral tribunal 69

70
21. Notice for Arbitration
72
22 About the Author 83

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Disputes and differences in business dealings are common. Unresolved disputes in

business hinder the smooth flow and growth of trade whether domestic or international. A
dispute is normally resolved by way of litigation or through Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR) mechanism. In litigation a dispute is referred to a court of Law.
Litigation is expensive, time consuming and full of complexities.

Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR") refers to any means of settling disputes outside
the courtroom. ADR typically includes arbitration, mediation, negotiation, and
conciliation. The above four methods of redressal and resolution of a dispute are
collectively called Alternative Dispute Resolution as these are usually considered to be
alternative to litigation. The number of cases to be resolved is piling up at the courts.
Besides, the constant rise in the costs of litigation coupled with time delays continues to
plague the litigants. As a result of all this, the reliance on ADR methods is on the rise.

The two most common forms of ADR are arbitration and mediation. Arbitration is a
simplified version of a trial involving no discovery and simplified rules of evidence.
Either both sides agree on one arbitrator, or each side selects one arbitrator and the two
arbitrators elect the third to comprise a panel. Arbitration hearings usually last only a few
hours and the opinions are not on public record. Arbitration has long been used in labor,
construction, and securities regulation, but is now gaining popularity in the resolution of
other business disputes as well.

ADR is a system whereby disputants resolve their disputes with minimum outside help.
The ADR procedure consists of four basic methods of dealing with disputes which are:—

1. Negotiation

2. Mediation

3. Conciliation

4. Arbitration

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NEGOTIATION: Negotiation is the process where interested parties resolve disputes,
agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and/or
attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. Negotiation is usually
regarded as a form of alternative dispute resolution. The first step in negotiation is to
determine whether the situation is in fact a negotiation. The essential qualities of
negotiation are: the existence of two parties who share an important objective but have
some significant difference(s). The purpose of the negotiating conference is to
compromise the difference(s). The outcome of the negotiating conference may be a
compromise satisfactory to both the sides, or a standoff (failure to reach a satisfactory
compromise) or a standoff with an agreement to try again at a later time. Negotiation
differs from "influencing" and "group decision making.‖. In negotiation the disputing
parties resolve their differences out of court by entering into negotiation themselves. No
lawyers or outsiders are generally involved. There are no hard and fast rules, no
technicalities and complicated procedures. However, if a dispute cannot be resolved
through negotiations, one can try mediation.

MEDIATION: In mediation generally a third party is involved who acts as a facilitator.

In a typical mediation, there is always a win-win situation. However, the settlement
reached through mediation is non-binding. Mediation comprises of an act of bringing two
states, sides or parties in a dispute closer together towards an agreement through
alternative dispute resolution (ADR). It is a dialogue in which a (generally) neutral third
party, the mediator, using appropriate techniques, assists two or more parties to help them
negotiate an agreement, with concrete effects, on a matter of common interest. More
generally speaking, the term "mediation" covers any activity in which an impartial third
party (often a professional) facilitates an agreement on any matter in the common interest
of the parties involved.

Mediation applies to different fields, with some common peculiar elements and some
differences for each of its specialties. The main fields of mediation include commerce,
legal disputes and diplomacy, but forms of mediation appear in other fields as well.

CONCILIATION: Conciliation is now recognised by the Arbitration and Conciliation

Act, 1996. In Conciliation, the disputing parties resolve their disputes with the help of

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one or more conciliators. The settlement agreement reached by the parties and
authenticated by the conciliator is binding upon the parties.

ARBITRATION: Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by the decision not of a court

of law but of one or more persons called arbitrators which is executable as a decree of the
court.

ADR PROCESS: STRAULS Institute of dispute resolution of Pepperdine University has

summarised the process of ADR as mentioned below:—

NEGOTIATION MEDIATION CONCILIATION ARBITRATION

Voluntary Usually Voluntary Usually Voluntary Either voluntary

or by reference of
court

If there is If there is If there is If there is

agreement it is agreement it is agreement it is agreement it is
enforceable as a enforceable as a enforceable as a enforceable as a
contract contract contract contract

No third party Neutral selected Neutral selected Neutral selected

involvement by parties by parties by parties

Formalities Formalities Formalities Formalities

established by established by established by established by
parties parties and neutral parties and neutral parties and neutral

Usually Presentation Presentation Presentation

unrestricted party limited by agreed limited by agreed limited by agreed
representation rules rules with power rules however
to neutral to give arbitrator is
his/her opinion on empowered to
the rules give a decision on
rules if warranted

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 Parties control Parties control Parties control Parties control
process and process and process and process and
outcome outcome outcome outcome

Private Private Usually Private Usually Private

OTHER METHODS: It may not be out of place to mention that in practice, a

combination of ADR methods is used.

The mechanism of ADR is evolving and new experiments are constantly being carried
out by various arbitral organisations all over the world.
In its various forms ADR is becoming popular and considered as a co-operative problem
solving system.

2.0 CONCEPT OF ARBITRATION

The dictionary meaning of Arbitration is “Theprocess by which the parties to a dispute

submit their differences to the judgment of an impartial person or group appointed by
mutual consent or statutory provision‖. Arbitration is one of the four forms of alternate
dispute resolution – the other three being Negotiation, Mediation and Conciliation

Need for Arbitration

The overburdened courts and judiciary system of our country is a proof of the quantum of
disputes and differences in business dealings. As on Dec 2007, over three million cases
were pending in India's 21 high courts, and an astounding 26.3 million cases were
pending in subordinate courts across the country. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court of India
had a total of 39,780 civil and criminal pending cases at the end of last year.

This has been revealed by official figures emerging from the home ministry's department
of justice, under a Right to Information Act application placed by a citizen

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Arbitration, by its very nature, is meant to be an alternative to courts and a speedier
remedy for dispute resolution. Almost all disputes-Commercial, Civil, Labour and Family
disputes can be settled through arbitration. Arbitration process has been proven to work
in the business environment, especially in respect of disputes involving joint ventures,
construction projects, partnership differences, intellectual property rights, and personal
injury and product liabilities

Advantages of Arbitration

i. Privacy - An arbitration hearing is a private meeting

ii. Informality - The adversary elements of an open court hearing are less evident in
the less formal atmosphere of arbitration.

iii. Choice of decision maker -The parties can choose a technical person as arbitrator,
so technical evidence will be readily understood.

iv. Convenience - The hearings can be arranged at times and places to suit all.

v. Flexibility - The Rules and procedures can be segmented, streamlined or

simplified.

vi. Efficiency - Arbitration can be heard sooner than the court. Preparation should be
less onerous, and the hearing should be shorter faster and economical.

vii. Finality - There is generally no right of appeal, although the court has limited
powers to set aside or remit an award.

viii. Internationality - Arbitration is internationally accepted, and awards can be

enforced in most countries.

ix. Neutrality

x. Party Autonomy - It gives a presumption in most of the sections that unless a

specific mention is made under the Arbitration Agreement to various issues, the
Arbitral tribunal would have the power to decide on the same.

What Disputes Can Not Be Referred To Arbitration?

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Section 2(3) of the Act provides that :- This part shall not affect any other law for the
time being in force by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to
arbitration.Thus if a matter is governed by any other law which excludes reference to
Arbitration, this Act will not apply. Since in those cases, the law has given specific
jurisdiction to specified courts or tribunals only, they cannot be decided through the
mechanism of Arbitration.
The following matters in general practice, are not arbitrable.
1) Insolvency matters e.g. adjudication of a person or an insolvent
2) Matrimonial causes (except matters pertaining to settlement of terms of separation
or divorce)
3) Testamentary matters e.g. validity of a will
4) Pertaining to suit under section 92 of the code of Civil Procedure, 1908

5) Pertaining to proceedings for appointment of guardian of a minor or lunatic

6) Pertaining to industrial disputes
7) Pertaining to criminal proceedings [excepting matters relating to compoundable
offences]
8) Relating to charities or charitable trusts
9) Pertaining to dissolution or winding up of a Companies
10) Relating to claim for recovery of octroi duty
11) Pertaining to title to immovable property in a foreign country.
12) Relating to possession of leased premises governed by the provisions of the
Bombay Rents, Hotels and Lodging House Rates Control Acts, 1947
13) Any dispute, which is subject to an arbitration agreement, may be determined by
arbitration unless the agreement is contrary to public policy or unless, under any
other law, such a dispute is not capable of determination by arbitration.
The above, however, is not an exhaustive list.

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3.0 HISTORY OF ARBITRATION

Records from ancient Egypt attest to its use especially with high priests and their
interaction with the public. Arbitration was popular both in ancient Greece and in Rome

The first law on arbitration under English law was the Arbitration Act 1697 but
arbitration was already common when it was passed. The first recorded judicial decision
relating to arbitration was in England in 1610. The noted Elizabethan English legal
scholar Sir Edward Coke refers to an earlier decision dating from the reign of Edward IV
(which ended in 1483). The early arbitrations at common law had the disadvantage that
either party to the dispute could withdraw the arbitrator's mandate right up until the
delivery of the award if things appeared to be going against them (this was rectified in the
1697 Act).

The Jay Treaty of 1794 between Britain and the United States sent unresolved issues
regarding debts and boundaries to arbitration, which took 7 years and proved successful.

In the first part of the twentieth century, many countries (France and the United States
being good examples) began to pass laws sanctioning and even promoting the use of
private adjudication as an alternative to what was perceived to be inefficient court
systems.

As trade grew, so did the practice of arbitration, eventually leading to the creation of a
variant now known as international arbitration, as a means for resolving disputes under
international commercial contracts. In modern times, arbitration also occurs online, in
what is commonly referred to as Online Dispute Resolution, or ODR. Typically, ODR
proceedings occur following the filing of a claim online, with the proceedings taking
place over the internet, and judgment rendered on the basis of documentation presented.

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4.0 INDIAN SCENARIO

In India arbitration has undergone a phenomenon metamorphosis. It has grown from the
stage of village elders sitting under a banyan tree and resolving disputes to the stage of
gaining statutory recognition. East India Company was mainly responsible for this
evolution. To start with the Bengal Regulation 1 of 1772 provided for Resolution of
dispute through arbitration. This was followed by Bombay Regulation 1 of 1779 and
Madras Regulation 1 of 1802 which inter-alia provided for reference to and resolution of
disputes through arbitrations.

Arbitration became a part of legislation in India with the advent of Code of Civil
Procedure, 1859. Section 312 to 317 of the Code related to arbitration. These provisions
contemplated 2 types of arbitration viz.,
1) Arbitration by the intervention of the court in a pending suit and
2) Arbitration without the intervention of the court.
The third type which gained ground in India is "Statutory Arbitrations" which means that
the statute itself provides for arbitration. [India Electricity Act, 1910 and A.P Co.
operative Societies Act. 1964 are examples in this regard]

The Indian Contract Act, which came into force from the year 1872 permitted settlement
of contractual disputes by arbitration u/s 28. Arbitration, as a dispute resolution procedure
was recognized as early as 1879 and found its place in the Codes of Civil Procedure
Code1879, 1882 and 1908. When the Arbitration Act was enacted in the year 1940, the
provision for arbitration made in Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 was
repealed.

The Code of Civil Procedure enacted in the year 1908 contained Sec.89, Sec.104 (1) (a)
to (f) and Schedule II dealing with arbitration. This provision inter-alia enabled the
parties to the civil suit to seek reference of disputes for arbitration and empowered the

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courts to refer the dispute for arbitration, have control over arbitral proceedings and
adjudicate on the validity of awards.

The Arbitration Act, 1940 however repealed these provisions of CPC and instead re-
produced them with slight changes. The 1940 Act contained provisions similar to the old
Act qua the reference of disputes for arbitration. The policy of liberalisation in the field
of industry and commerce by the Government of India impelled the Government to
follow UNCITRAL Model Law in bringing out the new enactment called The Arbitration
and Conciliation Act, 1996 which repealed the 1940 Act. The Civil Procedure Code
Amendment Act, 1999 was passed by Parliament on 20-12-1999. It has introduced two
pivotal provisions regarding arbitration in section 89 and Rules 1A to 1C of Order X.
These provisions make it incumbent upon the courts where it appears that there exists an
element of settlement to call upon the parties at their option to agree for one or the other
Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution viz., Arbitration, Conciliation, and Judicial
Settlement including settlement through LokAdalat or Mediation. However, the
Arbitration Act of 1940 and the judicial decisions of various High Courts, privy councils
and the Supreme Court governed arbitration in India till the Arbitration & Conciliation
Act, 1996 was enacted. It was widely felt that the 1940 Act, which contained the general
Law of Arbitration, had become outdated. The Law Commission of India, several
representative bodies of trade and industry and experts in the field of arbitration proposed
amendments to this Act to make it more responsive to contemporary requirements. It was
also recognised that our economic reforms may not become fully effective if the law
dealing with settlement of both the domestic and international commercial disputes
remains out of tune with such reforms. Like, arbitration, conciliation is also getting
increasing worldwide recognition as an instrument for settlement of disputes. There was,
however, no general law on the subject in India till early 1996.

The Act, of 1996 came into force with effect from 25th January 1996. The Act of 1996
was enacted to update the Law of Arbitration in India on the lines of the UNCITRAL
model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The 1996 Act contains 86 sections
besides the preamble and three Schedules. The Act is divided into four parts as follows.

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Part/ Chapter no Title Section Nos
Part I Arbitration
Chapter I General provisions 2-6
Chapter II Arbitration agreement 7-9
Chapter III Composition of Arbitral 10-15
tribunal
Chapter IV Jurisdiction of arbitral 16-17
tribunals
Chapter V Conduct of arbitral 18-27
proceedings
Chapter VI Making of arbitral award 28-33
and termination of
Proceedings
Chapter VII Recourse against arbitral 34
award
Chapter VIII Finality and enforcement of 35-36
arbitral awards
Chapter IX Appeals 37
Chapter X Miscellaneous 38-43
Part II Enforcement of certain
foreign awards
Chapter I New York convention 44-52
awards
Chapter II Geneva Convention Awards 53-60
Part III Conciliation 61-81
Part IV Supplementary provisions 82-86

The three schedules reproduce the texts of Geneva Convention on the execution of
Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927, the Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clause, 1923 and the

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New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,
1958.

5.0 TYPES OF ARBITRATION

A) Ad hoc Arbitration
An arbitration proceeding conducted without recourse to an institution is commonly
known as ―Ad hoc Arbitration‖. Thus Ad hoc Arbitration is an arbitration agreement
between the parties and arranged by the parties themselves. The proceedings in Ad hoc
Arbitration are conducted by the arbitrators as per the agreement between the parties or
with concurrence of the parties.
An Ad Hoc Arbitration maybe: —
1. Domestic Arbitration
2. International Arbitration
3. Foreign Arbitration
1. Domestic Arbitration
Domestic Arbitration is that arbitration which takes place in India.
2. International Arbitration
International Arbitration is arbitration where at least one of the parties is an individual
national of or habitually resident in a country other than India or a body corporate
incorporated outside India or a company or an Association or a Body of Individuals
whose central management and control is exercised from out of India or by a Government
of a Foreign Country.
3. Foreign Arbitration
Foreign Arbitration is an arbitration conducted in a place outside India.
Thus, it maybe noted that the Act broadly classifies arbitration according to the place of
Arbitration. International Commercial Arbitration, if conducted in India will be known as
Domestic Arbitration.
The above provision is discussed in detail at appropriate places in this book.

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In short, the judicial statement of dispute is a public sector mechanism and arbitration is a
private sector alternative to the same.

B) Institutional Arbitration

There are number of national and international organisations set up with the main object
of settling commercial disputes by way of Arbitration and other Alternative Dispute
Resolution mechanism. These organisations lay down rules for the conduct of arbitration.
These rules, however, cannot override the Act. These organisations handle the arbitration
cases of the parties and provide valuable services like administrative assistance,
consultancy and recommending names of arbitrators from the panel maintained by them.
Since these organisations have experience and proper infrastructure to conduct the
arbitral proceedings, it is quite often beneficial to parties to avail of their services.

6.0 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

Section 2(1)(f) of the Act, defines―International commercial arbitration‖ means an

arbitrationrelating to disputes arising out of legal relationships, whethercontractual or not,
considered as commercial under the law in forcein India and where at least one of the
parties is-
(i) An individual who is a national of, or habitually resident in, any country other than
India; or
(ii) A body corporate which is in corporate in any country other than India; or
(iii) A company or an association or a body of individuals whose central management and
control is exercised in any country other than India; or
(iv). The Government of a foreign country;

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7.0 ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
As per section 2(b), an ―Arbitration agreement‖ means an agreement referred to in
section 7 of the Act
Sec 7 of the Act is reproduced below
Arbitration agreement
(1) In this Part, ―arbitration agreement‖ means an agreement by the parties to submit to
arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in
respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not.
(2) An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or
in the form of a separate agreement.
(3) An arbitration agreement shall be in writing.
(4) An arbitration agreement is in writing if it is contained in-
(a) A document signed by the parties;
(b) An exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which
provide a record of the agreement; or
(c) An exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of the
agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by the other.
(5) There reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause
constitutes an arbitration agreement if the contract is in writing and the reference is such
as to make that arbitration clause part of the contract.

Though the above definition of the Arbitration Agreement looks simple and self-
explanatory, it is necessary to understand the same properly. An Arbitration Agreement is
the very foundation on which the whole arbitration procedure rests. If there is no valid
Arbitration Agreement, there can‘t be a valid arbitration.
An Arbitration Agreement need not be in a particular form. What is important is that
there should be an intention of the parties to refer the dispute to Arbitration

An Arbitration Agreement need not be in a particular form. What is important is that

there should be an intention of the parties to refer the dispute to Arbitration.

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Who Can Enter Into An Arbitration Agreement?

Generally speaking, all disputes of a civil nature or quasi civil nature, which can be
decided by a civil court, can be referred to arbitration. Thus disputes relating to property,
right to hold an office, compensation for non-fulfillment of a clause in a contract,
disputes in partnership etc. can be referred to arbitration. Even the disputes between an
insolvent and his creditors can be referred to arbitration by the official receiver or the
official assignee with the leave of the court. Thus disputes arising in respect of defined
legal relationship, whether contractual or not, can be referred to Arbitration.

1) Every person who is Competent to contract can enter into an Arbitration

Agreement.
2) Minors and lunatics can enter into an Arbitration Agreement through their natural
or legal guardians.
3) A recognised Agent can enter into an Arbitration Agreement on behalf of his
principal.
4) Disputes about joint family property can be referred to Arbitration by the karta.
5) Advocate/solicitor can enter in an Arbitration Agreement on behalf of his client
6) Trustees can refer a dispute to Arbitration.
7) An executive or administrator can refer the matters related to management or
Administration of estate to Arbitration.
8) Legatees may refer disputes relating to division of a estate to Arbitration.

Precaution to be taken while drafting an Arbitration Agreement

Proper care should be taken while drafting an Arbitration Agreement. The Act lays
considerable stress on party autonomy. It gives a presumption in most of the sections that
unless a specific mention is made under the Arbitration Agreement to various issues, the
Arbitral tribunal would have the power to decide on the same. Thus, except a few
provisions which are mandatory in the Act, almost all the provisions are subject to the

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agreement between the parties. The parties may determine the number of arbitrators, the
procedure for appointing arbitrators, rules of procedures, the venue of Arbitration, the
language of the Arbitration proceedings, procedure for challenging an Arbitrator etc.
For example, if the place of Arbitration is not determined by the parties, then the Arbitral
Tribunal may decide upon the same. So is the case with the language and other
procedures.
It is advisable to obtain legal advice at the initial stage of drafting an agreement to avoid
any differences later on.

The Arbitration Agreement should precisely mention the scope and the subject matter of
the reference. It should preferably specify the venue and the language of the proceedings
and the modes of service of notice or other communication.

Recently, the Apex court, in the case of K. K. Modi vs. K. M. Modi and Others (1998
Arb. W.L.J. 174) while deciding on what constitutes an Arbitration Agreement, has
extensively quoted from: ―Commercial Arbitration‖ by Mustill& Boyd. (2nd edition page
30). The authors mention that:—
―Among the attributes which must be present for an agreement to be considered as
arbitration agreement are:
1. The arbitration agreement must contemplate that the decision of the tribunal will be
binding on the parties to the agreement.
2. That the jurisdiction of the tribunal to decide the rights of parties must be derived
either from the consent of the parties or from an order of the court or from a statute, the
terms of which make it clear that the process is to be an arbitration.
3. The agreement must contemplate that substantive rights of parties will be determined
by the agreed tribunal.
4. That the tribunal will determine the rights of the parties in an impartial and judicial
manner with the tribunal owing an equal obligation of fairness to both sides.
5. That the agreement of the parties to refer their disputes to the decision of the tribunal
must be intended to be enforceable in law and lastly,

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6. The agreement must contemplate that the tribunal will make a decision upon a dispute
which is already formulated at the time when a reference is made to the tribunal‖.
In the above case, the question before the Supreme Court was whether the following
clause in a MoU constitutes an Arbitration Agreement:
―Implementation will be done in consultation with the financial institutions. For all
disputes, clarification etc. in respect of implementation of this agreement, the same shall
be referred to the chairman or his nominees whose decision will be final and binding on
both the groups.‖

The Supreme Court after examining a host of court decisions and authorities on
Arbitration ruled that the same is not an Arbitration Agreement but an arrangement to
avoid dispute between the members of the family. The Apex court also said that the
decision of the chairman is not an Arbitration award but an opinion of an expert. The test
which an Arbitration Agreement must satisfy is whether the intention of the parties is to
avoid disputes or to resolve disputes. Only in the latter case, there will be a valid
Arbitration Agreement. The intention of the parties has to be found out by reading the
terms broadly and clearly without being circumscribed. If there is an agreement to refer
an issue to an expert, the same will not constitute an Arbitration Agreement.

MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE

a) Arbitration Clause in a Hire Purchase Agreement of a Finance Company

"All disputes, differences and/or claims, arising out of this hire purchase agreement
whether during its subsistence or thereafter shall be settled by arbitration in accordance
with the provision of Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 or any statutory amendments
thereof and shall be referred to the sole arbitration of an arbitrator nominated by the
Managing Director of the owner. The award given by such an arbitrator shall be final and
binding on all the parties to this agreement.
It is a term of this agreement that in the event of such an arbitrator to whom the matter
has been originally referred doing or being unable to act for any reason, the Managing
Director of the owner, at the time of such death of the arbitrator or his inability to act as

19
arbitrator, shall appoint another person to sit as arbitrator. Such a person shall be entitled
to proceed with the reference from the stage at which it was left by his predecessor.
b) Arbitration Clause in a Partnership Deed
In the event of any dispute or difference arising between the parties hereto or their
representatives, in any way concerning or relating to the business of the firm, it shall be
referred to arbitration and every such reference shall be deemed to be an arbitration
within the meaning of Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 or any statutory modification
or re-enactment thereof for the time being in force. The award of the arbitration shall be
binding on all the parties.
c) Arbitration Clause in a Partnership Deed of a Professional Firm of
Chartered Accountants
All disputes, differences and questions, whatsoever which shall arise either during the
continuation of the partnership or after the termination thereof between the parties or
their respective representatives shall be referred to arbitration of a sole arbitrator as per
the provisions of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 or any statutory modification
thereof.
The venue of arbitration shall be Mumbai and only a senior Chartered Accountant of
repute empanelled with Indian Council of Arbitration will be appointed as an arbitrator
who will give his award within 3 months.
d) Arbitration Clause in a Joint Venture Agreement
All disputes and differences which may hereafter arise between the parties hereto in
connection with this agreement or in connection with the interpretation of any of the
terms and conditions herein contained and/or connection with the rights and obligations
of the parties hereto under this agreement, shall be referred to arbitration in accordance
with the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The place of arbitration
shall be at Mumbai and the same shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Court at
Mumbai.
E) Arbitration Clause in a Tenancy Agreement
Any dispute or difference that may arise out of the interpretation of these presents, shall
be referred to the arbitration of Mr. ..................... and the arbitration shall be under the

20
provision of Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996. The arbitrators shall have summary
powers.
All disputes and differences which may hereafter arise between the parties hereto in
connection with this agreement or in connection with the interpretation of any of the
terms and conditions herein contained and/or connection with the rights and obligations
of the parties hereto under this agreement, shall be referred to arbitration in accordance
with the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The place of
Arbitration shall be Mumbai and the same shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the court
at Mumbai.
f) Arbitration Clause in a MoU for Purchase of a Flat
In the event of there being any dispute or difference between the parties hereto as to any
clause or provision of this Memorandum of Understanding or as to the interpretation
thereof or as to any account or valuation or as to the rights, liabilities, act or omission of
any part hereto arising under or by virtue of these presents or otherwise in any way
relating to this Memorandum of Understanding such dispute or difference shall be held in
accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 or any
statutory enactment or modification thereof the time being in force. The arbitrators shall
be entitled to give interim relief/orders. The award given by the arbitrators shall be final
and binding on the parties hereto.

g) Arbitration Clauses in Article of Association of Company

Whenever any difference arises between the company on the one hand and any of the
members, their executors, administrators or assignees on the other hand touching of true
intent or construction or the instance or consequences of these presents or of the statutes
or touching anything then or transfer done executed or omitted or of the statutes or
touching any breach or alleged breach of these presents or any claim on account of any
such breach or alleged breach or otherwise relating to the premises or to these presents or
to any statutes affecting the company or to any of the affairs of the company, every such
difference shall be referred to the decision of a single arbitrator in case parties agree upon
the arbitrator, otherwise to two arbitrators (one to be appointed by each party to the

21
difference) or to their umpire in accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration &
Conciliation Act, 1996, or any statutory modification thereof in force for the time being.

h) Arbitration Clause Recommended by American Arbitration Association

"Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract shall be determined
by arbitration under the International Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration
Association. ―The parties may wish to consider adding:
i) The number of arbitrators shall be ........ (one or three)
ii) The place of arbitration shall be ........ (city and/or country)
iii) The language of arbitration shall be .........

I) The Arbitration Clause Recommended by the Indian Council of Arbitration

"All disputes or differences whatsoever arising between the parties out of or relating to
the construction, meaning and operation or effect of this contract or the breach thereof
shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration of the Indian
Council of Arbitration and the award made in pursuance thereof shall be binding on the
parties."

8.0 ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL

Section 10(1) says that the parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators. This is,
however, subject to the condition that such number shall not be an even number. In case
there is no provision as to number of arbitrators in the arbitration agreement, the
reference will be to a sole arbitrator as per Section 10(2).
If the parties fail to agree upon the name of a sole arbitrator, the appointment shall be
made by the chief justice or his designate. (Section 11)
In case of three arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator. These two appointed
arbitrators shall then, appoint a third arbitrator who shall act as the presiding arbitrator.
If a party fails appointment shall be made by the chief justice. (Section 11)
Two appointed arbitrators fail to appoint the third arbitrator, the appointment shall be
made by the chief justice or his designate.

22
The chief justice or his designate will take into account the followings before appointing
an arbitrator : - (section 11(8))
1) An qualification required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties ; and
2) Other consideration as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and
impartial arbitrator.
3) In case of INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION the power to
appoint arbitrator vests with the chief justice of India or his designate, the chief
justice of India may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than nationalities of
the parties where the parties belong to different nationalities. (Section 11(9))

9.0 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARBITRATOR

Any person can be appointed as an arbitrator. No qualifications are prescribed. It is

fundamental that an arbitrator act fairly. The Arbitration Act requires the arbitrator to be
impartial and independent, and adhere to the rules of natural justice during the procedure
and in making the award. It is important for the person appointed to have a good
knowledge of the law and practice of arbitration.

Ethics Applicable To Arbitrators

The rules of natural justice are legal principles to be followed by any person or body
charged with adjudicating disputes or the rights of others. The Rules are:

to act fairly, in good faith, without bias, and in a judicial temper

to give each party the opportunity of adequately stating their case, and correcting
any relevant statement prejudicial to their case, and to not hear one side behind
the back of the other

to not be a judge in one's own cause (so that an arbitrator must declare any
interest in the dispute)

to disclose to the parties any relevant documents which are looked at (by the
arbitrator).

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In short, not only should justice be done but it should be seen to be done. The courts are
careful to guard the right of citizens to have their disputes settled with proper regard to
the principles of natural justice.

Disclosure by Arbitrator

Section 12 provides that the arbitrator before accepting his appointment shall disclose in
writing to the parties such matters as are likely to give rise to justifiable doubts about his
independence or impartiality. This is applicable throughout the arbitral proceedings and
any time after his appointment such situation arise, he must disclose the same in writing
to the parties.

An arbitrator is never the representative of either party, even if appointed by one of them.

10.0 REMOVAL OF AN ARBITRATOR [Section 12(3)]

The appointment of an arbitrator may be challenged only if
a) Circumstances exist that gives rise to justifiable doubts as to his independence or
impartiality or
b) He does not possess the qualification agreed to by the parties
The act provides that a party may challenge an arbitrator appointment by him also. But
this can be done for those reasons of which he become aware after the appointment has
been made.

Challenge Procedure-Section 13(3)

A party may challenge an arbitrator in terms of Sec. 13 of the Act. This he must do within
15 days of the constitution of the Arbitral tribunal or becoming aware of the grounds for
challenge as mentioned earlier. The reason for the challenge should be sent to the Arbitral
tribunal in writing. The challenge may result into the following: -
i) The challenged arbitrator may withdraw from the office.
ii) The other party may agree on the challenge and terminate the appointment of the
arbitrator.
iii) In case, events mentioned above in (I) and (ii) do not happen the Arbitral tribunal
may decide upon the challenge.

24
If the challenge is not accepted, the arbitral tribunal shall continue the Arbitration
proceedings and make an award. The aggrieved party may make an application for setting
aside the award in terms of sec. 34
It may so happen that, an arbitrator was disqualified at the time of reference, but this fact
was known to the party at that point of time. In such cases, leave to revoke authority of
such an arbitrator cannot be granted.

Failure or Impossibility to Act --Section 14

The Mandate of an arbitrator shall terminate if: -
a) He becomes de jure or de facto unable to perform his functions or for other reasons
fails to act without undue delay ; and
b) He withdraws from his office or the parties agree to terminate of his mandate.
If a controversy remains concerning any of the grounds referred to in clause (a) above, a
party may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, apply to the court to decide on the
termination of the mandate.

When the authority of an arbitrator is terminated, a substitute arbitrator may be

appointed {Section 15}. The same is done by the following the same procedure as
followed while appointing the arbitrator who has been substituted.

11.0 PROCEDURE OF ARBITRATION

(1) Equal Treatment Of Parties -- {Section 18}
―The parties shall be treated with equality and each party shall be given a full
opportunity to present his case.‖ [ Section 18 ]. This section imposes two-fold duty on
the arbitral tribunal.
i. The arbitral tribunal shall give equal treatment to the parties to the reference.
ii. The arbitral tribunal shall give to each party to the reference full opportunity to
present its case.
The section lays down the basic principles of natural justice.
a) An Arbitrator must not receive information from one party, which is not disclosed to
the other party.

25
b) The refusal by Arbitrator to give adjournment for one day as the counsel was busy in
another case was held violative of principles of natural justice.
c) When a matter is remanded to the arbitrators for reconsideration, the parties are
entitled to ―personal hearing‖
d) Examination of one party or witness in the absence of the opposite party is often fatal
to the award.
e) Unless expressly authorised by the parties, an arbitrator cannot decide on the basis of
private or secret enquires.
f) A point blank refusal by the arbitrator to record an oral evidence was held against the
Law of natural justice.

(2) Rules of Procedure {Section 19}

a) No uniform rules.
b) The code of civil procedure, 1908 or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 is not
applicable in arbitration proceedings.
c) Disputant‘s parties may mutually agree to conduct the proceedings in the
manner they consider appropriate. Where Institutional arbitration are applicable.
Generally, the rules of an institution are based on the provisions of Act.

(3) Venue {Section 20}- The parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration
(4) Language -{Section 22}The parties have freedom to decidethe language of
proceedings

(5) Statement Of Claims & Defense {Section 23}

Party who makes the claim is called claimant; party against whom the claim is made is
called a Respondent. Claimant has to file a statement of claims within the period agreed.
Claimant shall also state the facts and enclose the relevant documents. The copy of
statement of claim is given to each member of arbitral tribunal as to the respondent.
Respondent on receiving the statement of claim shall file his defence in response the
particulars submitted by the Claimant.

26
Upon receiving the reply, the claimant may add something further called Rejoinder which
this process does not go on and on because tribunal may refuse to give permission to file
such a submission may allow the parties to amend supplement claim or defence course of
Arbitration proceedings Finally the respondent gives a closing address and then the
claimant gives a closing address.

(6) Failure To Submit Claims{Section 25(a)}

If the claimant fails to submit the statement of his claims, the arbitral tribunal shall
terminate the proceedings.

(7) Failure To Submit Defense{Section 25(b)}

If the respondent fails to submit his statement of defense, the following situation will
emerge: -
a) The arbitral tribunal shall continue the proceedings and the award will be made on the
material and the evidence available before the tribunal, and
b) The tribunal will not treat the failure itself as an admission of the allegation made by
the claimants.

(8) Failure To Appear {Section 25(c)}

If a party fails to appear at an oral hearing or to produce documentary evidence, the
arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings and make the arbitral award on the
evidence before it.

(9) Hearing By The Tribunal{Section 24}

Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall decide whether to hold
oral hearings for the presentation of evidence or for or a argument, or whether the
proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of documents and other materials

(10) Who Shall Represent?

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Parties to the dispute can appear or they may engage an advocate or counsel.

(11) Appointment Of Experts {Section 26}

Tribunal may appoint expert(s) on specific issues. Experts may be required to appear
before the tribunal to explain their finding and answer question of the parties.

(12) Waiver Of Right To Object-{Section 4}

If a party knows that any provision of Act or arbitration agreement has not been complied
with and yet participates in the arbitration proceedings without stating his objections, he
shall be deemed to have waived his right to so object.

12.0 MAKING OF ARBITRAL AWARD {Section 28}

The document that gives and explains the decision(s) of an arbitrator is called an award.
An award is binding on both parties. An arbitrator has authority to issue interim, partial
and final awards. Having issued a final award, the arbitrator has no further duty or
authority upon the arbitration, except for the right to correct any minor slips.

Either party can, within a reasonable time may seek to challenge an award in the High
Court. However, the court will only interfere on limited grounds relating to the capacity
of the parties, the validity or scope of the arbitration agreement, or unfairness or
impropriety in the conduct of the proceedings. For domestic arbitrations, the court may
also, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, consider an appeal on a question of law
arising from the award. In this case, the court may confirm, vary, set aside the award, or
refer it back to the arbitrator for reconsideration in the light of the court‘s opinion on the
question of law.

Section 28 to 33 of the Act deals with the Award by arbitrators and termination of
proceedings. Salient features of the same are discussed herewith.

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a) Rules Applicable To Substance Of Dispute
Generally the Arbitral Tribunal decides the dispute submitted to arbitration in accordance
to the substantive law for the time being in force in India [sec 28 (1) (a)]
For example, dispute between the partners of a firm shall be resolved by
application of the provision of the Indian Partnership Act.
However, In case of International commercial arbitration, the parties have been allowed
autonomy to designate the rule of law. Where the parties fail to designate any law, the
Arbitral Tribunal is to apply the law as considered appropriate in the circumstances of
dispute Section 28(1) (b) lays down that in international commercial arbitration.

1) The arbitral tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with the rules of law
designated by the parties as applicable to the substance of the dispute.
2) Any designation by the parties of the law or legal system of a given country shall be
construed, unless otherwise expressed, as directly referring to the substantive law of
that country and not its conflict of laws rules.
3) Failing any designation of the law under clause (a) by the parties the Arbitral Tribunal
shall apply the rules of law it considers to be appropriate given all the circumstances
surrounding the dispute.

The parties to the arbitration can authorise the Arbitral Tribunal to decide ‗ex aequo et
bono‘ i.e. ‗ based on equity and good conscience‘ or as amiable compositeur‘ (as friendly
compromiser) i.e. without applying strict legal rules of interpretation as to the obligation
of the parties whether contractual or otherwise [section 28(2)]
In all cases the Arbitral Tribunal is to decide in accordance with the terms of the contract
by taking into account the usage of the trade applicable to the transaction [section 28(3)]

b) Decision Of The Arbitral Tribunal-{Section 29}

The decision of the arbitral tribunal is required to be made by majority of all its members
unless the parties have agreed otherwise. For example, the parties may decide that the
decision should be unanimous and not be majority.

29
The parties or all the member of the arbitral tribunal may agree that the question of
procedure in the arbitration proceedings may be decided by the presiding arbitrator.
c) Settlement {Section 30}
The arbitral tribunal may encourage the parties to settle their dispute at any times during
the arbitration proceedings. The tribunal can take initiative and find out whether there is
an element of settlement, and for this purpose it may use mediation, conciliation and
other procedures.
If a settlement is reached, the same may be incorporated in an arbitral award and signed
by the arbitrators. However, this can be done only if requested by the parties and not
objected to by the arbitral tribunal.
An arbitral award on agreed terms shall have the same status and effect as any other
arbitral award on the substance of the dispute. In another words, an arbitral award out of
settlement can also be enforced as a decree of the court.

d) Forms And Contents Of Arbitral Award {Section 31}

1) The award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by arbitrators.
2) Where there is more than one arbitrator, the signature of majority of the arbitrators
shall be sufficient. However, in such cases, the reason for any omitted signature must
be stated.
3) The award shall be reasoned one subject to the following exceptions:
1. The parties have agreed that reasons are not to be given
2. The award is the outcome of settlement and on agreed terms as mentioned in
section 30.
3. The award shall state its date and the place of arbitration.
4. A signed copy of the award shall be delivered to each party.
5. The arbitrators may make an interim award. In practice, a request for interim award
by a party is entertained by arbitrators, when there are numerous subject matters in
the same dispute and each one of them is separate and distinct from the other.
6. The arbitrators have power to award interest for the whole or part of the period
between the date on which cause of action arose and the date on which the award is
made.

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However, the parties can by their agreement take away the power of the arbitrators to
award interest.
The rate of interest may be such as may be considered reasonable by the arbitrators.
However, the rate of interest, for the period from the date of award to the date of
payment, shall be 18% p.a. unless the arbitrators decide otherwise.

Termination of Proceedings {Section 32} and Enforcement of Award

e) Termination Of Proceedings{Section 32}

This section contains the provisions regarding conditions and procedure for termination
of arbitral proceedings. The same is summarised in the following paragraphs.
1. The arbitration proceeding is terminated as soon as the final arbitral award is made by
the arbitrators.
2. The proceedings stand terminated by an order of the arbitral tribunal where: -
a) The claimant withdraws his claims
b) Both the parties agree on the termination of the proceedings.
c) The tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason
became unnecessary or impossible.
However, within 30 days of the receipt of the arbitral award, any of the parties may move
the Arbitral tribunal for correction of any computation errors, any clerical or
typographical error. The party may also require the tribunal to give interpretation of any
specific point or part of the award. The tribunal may correct the error and give
interpretation after notice to the other party.
f) Additional Award {Section 33}
A party with notice to the other party may request the arbitral tribunal to make an
additional award as to claim presented in the arbitral proceedings but omitted from the
arbitral award. The party can do so within 30 days from the receipt of the award unless
the tribunal extends the time. The arbitral tribunal shall make the additional award within
sixty days of the receipt of the request provided it considers the request to be justified.
g) Finality And Enforcement Of Awards{Section 35 & 36}

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An arbitral award is considered final and binding on both the parties. However, an
unsatisfied party has the right to make an application to the court for setting aside the
order. Therefore, in real sense, an arbitral award shall be considered final only after the
time limit to apply for setting it aside has elapsed. In case, a party has made such
application, the award will not be final and binding till the application is refused by the
court.
Once the award becomes final as mentioned above, it shall be enforced as if it were a
decree of the court.

Setting Aside of Arbitration Award{Section 34}

Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides that a dissatisfied
party may apply to the court for setting aside of Arbitration awards, subject to the
condition as mentioned in Sections 34(2) and 34(3)

Application for Setting Aside an Award

A dissatisfied party may take recourse section 34 (1) and make an application to the court
for setting aside the Arbitration award. There is no special form of drafting required for
an application to the court. However, the High courts may lay down procedures to be
complied with under Section 82 of the Act.

Conditions for Setting Aside Award

Section 34(2) of the Act provides that an Arbitral award may set aside by the court only
if—
a) The party making the application furnishes proof that------
i. A party was under some incapacity, or
ii. The arbitration agreement is not valid under law to which the parties have subjected
it or, failing any indication thereon under the law for the time being in force; or
iii. The party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of
an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his
case;

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iv. The arbitral award deals with disputes not contemplated by or not falling within the
terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the
scope of the submission to arbitration.
v. The composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in
accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict
with a provision of this part from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such
agreement, was not in accordance with this Part; or
b) the court finds that: -
i. a party making the application furnishes proof that-
ii. the arbitration agreement is not under the law to which the parties have subjected it
or, failing any indication thereon, under the law for the time being in force ; or
iii. the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an
arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case.
iv. The arbitral award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the
terms of the submission to arbitration or it contains decisions on matters beyond the
scope of the submission to arbitration.
v. The composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in
accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict
with a provision of this part from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such
agreement, was not in accordance with this Part; or
b) the court finds that---
i. the subject matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the
law for the time being in force, or
ii. the arbitration under the law for the time being in force, or

Time limit for making an application for setting aside award

Section 34(3) lays down that the maximum permissible period for an application to set
aside the award is a period of three months. One month‘s condonation can be allowed.
There is no special form prescribed for making such an application

MODEL ARBITRAL AWARD

33
Award of _________________________________ (Sole Arbitrator)
Arbitration Case no: ________________ (Where applicable)

I Narrative Part
In the above mentioned arbitration I hereby make the following award:
1. A Brief History of the case
2. Arbitration Clause as contained in the contract
3. Order of appointment as arbitrator
4. Claim – summary of
5. Defence – summary of
6. Issues in the award
7. Other things depending on the circumstances of the case.

II Analytical Part …………….. (Critical Part as this is what makes the award
speaking)
This part must basically contain issue-wise discussion based upon the claims and the
defences as well as the rejoinders submitted, the evidence gathered and collected, the
arguments in support of the decision taken and the decision or the conclusion.

III Operative Part

1. Damages or other amount etc as is awarded
2. Interest
3. Costs

Dated :______________( Date of the Award)

At :______________( Place of the Award) Signature of
the Arbitrator

13.0 APPEALS {Section 37)}

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 Section 37 of the Act contains provisions regarding appeals against certain orders.
There are limited grounds on which an appeal shall lie to the appellate court. The same
has been summarised in the following paragraphs.
1. A party may apply to the court for an interim measures of protection in respect of
certain matters.(section 9)
An appeal can be preferred against granting or refusing to grant any such measures by
the court (sec 37 (1) (a)
2. Likewise, an appeal shall lie against setting aside or refusing to set aside an arbitral
award.
It is obvious that, in both the above cases, the appeal is against the order of a court.
The Act also provides that, certain orders of the Arbitral Tribunal are Appealable. In
the following cases, the order of an arbitral tribunal can be challenged in appeal: -
a) Accepting the plea referred to in sub section (2) or sub-section (3) of section 16.
Section 16(2) and 16(3) contains the issues relating to jurisdiction of the arbitral
tribunal.
b) Granting or refusing to grant a interim measure under section 17.

SECOND APPEAL {Section 37(3)}

The Acts permits only one appeal. So, no second appeal can be preferred against an order
passed in appeal. Nothing in this section shall affect or take away any right to appeal to
the Supreme Court.

LIMITATIONS FOR APPEALS

The time limit for filing appeal is governed by the Limitation Act, 1963. Accordingly, if
the appeal lies to any other court, it would be thirty days from the date of the order. One
month‘s condonation can be allowed

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14.0 FEES FOR ARBITRATION
There is no regulation of fee structure for arbitrators in India especially with regard to an
ad hoc arbitration.Section 31(8) of the Act provides that unless otherwise agreed by the
parties the cost of arbitration shall be fixed by the arbitral tribunal. Explanation to section
31 provides that cost includes.
1) The fees and expenses of the arbitrator and witnesses.
2) Legal fees and expenses.
3) Administration fees
4) Any other expenses incurred in connection with the arbitral proceedings and the
arbitral award.‖
According to the book CMS Guide to Arbitration,inpractice, the arbitrator‘s fees are
decided by the arbitrator, with the consent of theparties. The fee varies from
approximately Rs. 1,000/- to Rs. 50,000/- per hearing for an arbitrator, depending upon
the professional standing of thearbitrator and the size of the claim. Also the number of
hearings required and the costof the arbitral venue also vary widely. Whereas, in contrast,
most institutional arbitration bodies in India, such as the Indian Councilof Arbitration
(ICA) or the Construction Industry Arbitration Council (CIAC), havetheir own schedules
of arbitrators‘ fees and administrative fees, based on the amounts claimed. The ICA and
CIAC also charge a nominal, non-refundableregistration fee on the basis of the claim
amount. For example, an ICA arbitrator‘s fees vary from Rs. 30,000/- to Rs. 315,000/- for
claim amounts up to Rs. 10,000,000, while administrative fees vary from Rs. 15,000.00
to Rs. 160,000.00 for claim amounts up to Rs. 10,000,000/-. For the CIAC, fees vary
from Rs. 5,000/- to Rs. 260,000/- per arbitrator for claim amounts up to Rs.
100,000,000.00, and administrative fees vary from Rs. 2,750/- to Rs. 62,000/- for claim
amounts up to Rs. 100,000,000/-.

15.0 RECOGNITION & ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN AWARDS

With the opening of the economy and the world becoming a global village, there will be
more and more joint ventures, collaborations and commercial transactions between

36
parties of two or more countries. Different countries have different legal systems. Some
contracts may be governed by laws of more than one country and their application may
involve a complicated procedure. But in International Arbitration, the parties can provide
a procedure and law which maybe acceptable to both of them.
In International Commercial Arbitration the following three things are important:–
i) Proper Law
ii) Arbitral Procedure
iii) Enforcement of awards.
The parties are free to designate the rules of law as applicable to the substance of dispute.
Generally, the parties are reluctant to refer the dispute to the national court of one of the
parties. This maybe because of any of the following reasons:–
1. The party may apprehend biased judgment and nationalistic sentiments from the
national court of the other party.
2. The parties may have the natural desire to have the dispute resolved outside the
countries of the parties.
3. The parties may have the desire to be governed by a law which is neutral to the
contracting parties.
Arbitration enables parties from two different countries to avoid submitting disputes to
the national court of either of the parties. It gives an ample choice of arbitrators thereby
eliminating the fear of biased judgments or nationalistic sentiments.

Geneva and London are considered as arbitration friendly venues but they maybe very
expensive. The Indian party should insist for a venue of arbitration in India only. In case
the foreign counterpart insists on a neutral venue, then Colombo or Dhaka can be
preferred which are comparatively cheaper and nearby.

Law Governing Arbitration Agreement

Normally, the proper law of the Arbitration Agreement is the same as the proper law of
contract. This law applies to issue such as consent of parties, validity, interpretation and
scope of the arbitration agreement etc.

37
Law Governing the Arbitration Procedure
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the Arbitration proceedings are conducted in
accordance with the law of the country in which the arbitration is held.

Enforcement of Foreign Award

International Commercial arbitrations transcend national boundaries and usually have a
foreign element. One of the problems faced in such arbitration is related to the
recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. The award is made in one country and
the same has to be enforced in the courts of another country. Each country may have a
different set of laws. This deficiency was sought to be removed through various
international conventions particularly Geneva Convention (1927) and New York
Convention (1958).

Part II of the Act contains two chapters. Chapter I deals with New York Convention
awards and Chapter II deals with Geneva Convention awards. It has been observed by the
Apex court in Renusagar Power Co. vs. G. E. C. (1994) 81 company cases 171, that the
New York Convention is an improvement on the Geneva Convention in the sense that it
provides for a similar and effective method of obtaining recognition and enforcement of
foreign arbitral awards and between the states which are parties to both the conventions,
the New York Convention replace Geneva Convention.

New York Convention

India is party to the New York Convention as well as the Geneva Convention. India has
made two reservations while ratifying the convention which are as follows:
1) That it would apply to the convention for the recognition and enforcement of an
award only if it was made in the territory of another contracting state.
2) It would apply the convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships
which are considered "Commercial under Indian Law."

Global Recognition of New York Convention

38
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
has been accepted and signed by almost all important countries in the world. Hence an
arbitral award is enforceable against a party to the arbitration agreement in any territory
of any contracting state. An award made at London, maybe a purely domestic award in
U.K., can be enforced anywhere in India. Similarly an award made at New Delhi, a
purely domestic award in India, can be enforced against the party at New York or London
or anywhere in a country which is a signatory to the convention. Challenging the foreign
award is subject to law of the territory where it has been made.

It may be noted that The New York Convention supersedes the Geneva Convention i.e. If
a country is both under the Geneva Convention and in the New York Convention the
award must be enforced under the New York Convention since the New York
Convention supersedes Geneva Convention.
Procedure for Enforcement under the Conventions
There is not much of a difference in the procedure for enforcement of foreign awards
under the Geneva Convention and the New York convention. Any person interested in
enforcing a foreign award may apply in writing to any court having jurisdiction over the
subject matter of the award. In addition to filing of the award and the agreement on which
it is based as required by the Convention, the Act requires that evidence as to the award
being a foreign award has to be filed.

The competent court in which the award is to be filed is the court which will have
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the award. The application will be admitted in the
court as a suit. The court will direct notice to be given to the parties requiring them to
show cause why the award should not be filed. The court on being satisfied that the
foreign award is enforceable under the Act will pronounce judgment according to the
award. Upon the judgment so pronounced, a decree will follow. No appeal will lie from
such a decree except in so far as the decree is in excess of or not in accordance with the
award.

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16.0 PRACTICAL HINTS FOR ARBITRATORS

What it takes to be a good arbitrator?

1. A person of integrity
2. Sound Judgment
3. Ability to make decisions in a just, independent and deliberate manner
4. Specialized Knowledge
5. He or she must decide cases on the basis of the contractual agreement of the
parties and the applicable procedure

Practical Hints for Arbitrators

1. Be firm but polite
2. Disclose your interest if any, at the beginning. For specimen of such
declaration, see the Chapter on Duties and Responsibilities of Arbitrators.
3. You should be impartial.
4. Ensure that arbitrators are appointed as per Law and as per arbitration
agreement.
5. As an arbitrator you are supposed to conduct the arbitration proceedings.
Don't participate in the proceedings.
6. Arbitrator should perform his functions without undue delay and give
equal opportunity to both the parties. He should follow the principles of natural justice.
7. Before accepting the appointment, ensure that you are able to carry out
your job efficiently and with competence. You should be willing to devote time as per the
need of the case.
8. Study the statement of claims, counter-claims, defence, rejoinders and
other pleadings carefully. Prepare yourself.
9. Needless to say, an arbitrator must have good knowledge of Arbitration
Act, Contract Act, Evidence Act, Limitation Act, and all other relevant Laws applicable
in a particular case including regulatory requirements if any. It is advisable to keep a
copy of above books/Acts ready in the Arbitration room.

40
 10. It is advisable to record the proceedings of the hearing by way of minutes
and get it signed by both the parties.
11. Give clear directions to the parties in the first/preliminary meeting
regarding:–
a. Deadlines for submission of claims/defence etc.
b. Whether there will be oral hearings or not?
c. Examination of witnesses.
d. Admittance/denial of documents.
e. Whether advocates/counsels will represent the party?
f. Address at which parties would like to receive communication.
g. Arbitrators fees/cost of arbitration.
h. Any deposit required from the parties.
i. Venue/Language of arbitration.
j. Spot Inspection / Site Visit.
12. Unlike a court, an arbitrator should not immediately pass an ex-parte
judgment.
13. If a heated argument ensues, control the counsels and the parties tactfully.
14. Always remember, as an arbitrator you are not a mediator. You have to
decide the issue after hearing both the side in an independent, impartial and judicious
manner.
15. An arbitrator must not act as an advocate or counsel of the party who has
nominated him. He is holding the position of an independent judge.
16. During the Arbitration proceedings, many original documents are filed with the
Tribunal. As an arbitrator, you must preserve these documents carefully. As a matter
of practice, these documents are returned to the parties after the award becomes final.
17. An arbitrator must also ensure confidentiality in all the dealings that happen in the
arbitration room.

17.0 ROLE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN ARBITRATION

41
A Chartered Accountant renders multifarious services to his clients. His wide exposure in
taxation, accounting, projects, financial services, business planning, takeovers etc. help
him to quickly grasp the background of a dispute or difference. Generally, whenever a
dispute and/or difference arise between the two parties, they first consult their Chartered
Accountant and do not rush to an Advocate. Day in and day out, a Chartered Accountant
is engaged in resolving disputes of his clients though informally. He also possesses
enough experience of drafting commercial agreements and is also actively involved in
negotiation with government authorities and represents clients in a number of ways.

Arbitration and other methods of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) offer a promising
opportunity to a Chartered Accountant. He must look at ADR as a positive addition to the
skills he can offer his client. He can be instrumental in resolving complex disputes by
utilizing his wide experience. The following are few of the areas where he can render his
services.

As an Arbitrator
A Chartered Accountant is required to maintain a high degree of professional competence
and technical standard. He is bound by the code of conduct framed by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India. Section 2(2) of the Chartered Accountants‘ Act, 1949
read with Regulation 191 of the Chartered Accountants‘ Regulations, 1988 specifically
provides that a Chartered Accountant in his professional capacity is allowed to act as an
arbitrator.

Indian Council of Arbitration, a specialized arbitral body, sponsored by Government of

India and certain apex business organisations, also recognise Chartered Accountants as
arbitrators. The above organisation maintains a panel of arbitrators drawn from various
fields. Clause III (b) of the ―broad categories of qualification and experience for
empanelment as an arbitrator indicate that Chartered Accountants are eligible for
empanelment. Clause III (b) reads as follows:—
III(b) ―Chartered Engineers, Chartered Accountants, Chartered Secretaries, Architects,
basically Valuers or other technical consultants in any branch of engineering,

42
accountancy etc. with at least 15 years‘ experience in government/private organisation or
in professional practice, with adequate knowledge and experience in arbitration matters.‖

So, a Chartered Accountant having 15 years of professional experience is eligible for

empanelment as an arbitrator. There are a large number of organisations, national as well
as international, which maintain a panel of arbitrators. The job of an arbitrator is often
challenging but satisfying.

As a Counsel for the client

In recent times, there is a move all over the world to encourage professionals and experts
like Chartered Accountants, Company Secretaries, Engineers etc. to play an active role in
arbitral processes. The objective of arbitration is to provide expeditious, efficient and
economic justice to the aggrieved parties as it is felt that too much legality defeats the
very purpose of arbitration.

A Chartered Accountant can equip himself to enter into the field with considerable
advantage. A Chartered Accountant normally represents the cases of his clients before
various authorities including the Tribunals, Company Law Benches, SEBI, RBI etc. He
can definitely specialize in arbitration matters particularly those connected with breach of
contracts, insurance claims, loss of profit, securities fraud, commercial disputes, rights of
properties, lease transactions etc. and represent his clients in Arbitration proceedings.

As an Expert
Under Sec 26(1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 the Arbitral Tribunal may
appoint expert/s to report on any specific issue to be determined by it. It may also require
the parties to give the expert any relevant information, explanations, or to produce or
provide access to any relevant documents, goods or other property for inspection. An
expert may be examined and cross-examined by a party on request of a party and where
an arbitral tribunal considers it necessary.

43
A CA can help the arbitral tribunal in the capacity of an expert in matters relating to
accounts, commercial transactions, lease transactions etc where he has sufficient domain
knowledge.

As a Conciliator
Conciliation is a process by which the conciliator endeavours to bring the disputant
parties to an agreement. A conciliator is generally an independent third party who
mediates for the disputing parties in order to bring them to a mutually acceptable
settlement. A mediator is normally taken to be a person of the disputant‘s choice. The
conciliator is instrumental in drawing up the terms of settlement in the shape of an
agreement, consequent upon comprehensive discussions with the parties to the dispute. A
CA in his day-to-day practice often helps his clients in settling their disputes through
conciliation. CA‘s can serve as professional conciliators. With the acquisition of
thorough knowledge on the process of mediation, negotiating skills and related
techniques of conciliation a CA can act as a successful professional conciliator thereby
adding to the array of services he provides.

In other Capacity
A Chartered Accountant can also advise the client whether a particular case is arbitrable
or not. In case of arbitrable disputes, he can provide various services like, advising the
clients on selection of arbitrator, initiating the arbitral proceedings, preparation of
statement of claims or defence, pleadings etc. He can help in deciding which ADR
process the client should choose. After enough experience in arbitration and other ADR
methods, he can also play an important role in solving the pending disputes of his clients
by identifying those cases that are suitable for resolution through ADR.

18.0 ARBITRATION PRACTICE ACROSS INDUSTRIES

44
The CDDRL working paper 2009, on Development and Practice of Arbitration in India –
Has it Evolved as an Effective Legal Institution has analysed the arbitration practice
across industries in India which is reproduced for our reading and understanding

Unlike in Europe, where the manner of settling disputes has substantially evolved
separately across various industry sectors, there is no marked difference inarbitration
practice from one industry to another in India. The exceptions to this rule,however, are
the construction industry and the IT industry. Due to the technicalcomplexities and long
term nature of relationships between parties in these industries,arbitration in construction
and IT industry disputes are characterized by certain peculiaritiesquite distinct from other
industries.The growth in the infrastructure and the IT industry in India is a recent
development, and aresult of the globalization of the Indian economy. An important
secondary effect of thisdevelopment is that arbitration has also streamlined a sector-
specific approach to cater to thetechnicalities and specific requirements of such specific
sectors.

1. Arbitration in the construction industry

Construction/infrastructure is one of the fastest growing sectors of the Indian economy,

andmillions of dollars are spent in construction related disputes. According to a survey
conducted in 2001 by the Construction Industry Development Council, the amount of
capital blocked in construction sector disputes was over INR 540,000 million. Ad hoc
arbitration is still very popular in the construction industry.Arbitration in the construction
industry has a unique feature, which is quite distinct from the general arbitration practice
seen in other industries.

1.1 Standard Contracts of Central and State Governments and Industry Giants

Over the last four decades in India, there has been a great deal of construction activity
bothin the public and private sectors. Central and state governments; state
instrumentalities; andpublic and private companies have all been entering into contracts

45
with builders as part oftheir commercial activities. The rights and obligations, privies and
privileges of the respectiveparties are formally written. The central and state governments
and instrumentalities of thestates, as well as private corporations, have their own standard
terms of contract, catering totheir individual needs. Often, these contracts provide for
remedial measures to meet variouscontingencies.

Despite these extensive and time-tested contracts, disputes and differences often arise
between the parties. To meet these situations, arbitration clauses are provided in the
contract themselves, generally covering either all disputes arising from the contract or all
disputessave a few ‗excepted matters.‘

1.2 Unique Features of Arbitration in the Construction Industry

In the standard forms adopted by the government departments like the Central Public
Works Department (CPWD), Military Engineer Services (MES), railways and public
enterprises, although an arbitration clause may include within its purview all the possible
disputes relating to the transaction, there are exemption clauses or exclusion clauses that
make the decision of an authority named in the agreement, final and binding on the
parties.
These clauses are included, because in construction contracts, situations arise for which
immediate decisions on a point of difference or dispute is required to avoid costly delays.
In these situations, the ‗excepted matters‘ or ‗exclusion clauses,‘ make the decision of a
particular authority final and binding on both the parties, and not subject to arbitration.

There has been a series of judicial decisions, which have held that if a particular matter
has been excluded from the purview of arbitration incorporating excepted matter
clause/exclusion clause, the same shall not be re-agitated in arbitration. In Food
Corporation of India vs. Sreekanth Transport,21 the Supreme Court held that ‗excepted
matters‘ do not requireany further adjudication, since the agreement itself provides a
named adjudicator, andconcurrence by the parties to the decision of the named

46
adjudicator is obviously presumedby reason of unequivocal acceptance of the terms of
the contract of the parties.
‗Exception‘ can also operate differently. There may be certain clauses in the contract
whichempower either the engineer-in-charge or the consultant to take an on-the-spot
decisionregarding points of difference between the builder and the employer. Such
clauses alsoprovide a right of appeal to a superior officer within a particular time, and
impose a liabilityon the officer to give a decision within a stipulated time. The clause
further providesreference of the matter to arbitration, in case one of the parties is not
satisfied with suchdecision, or if the officer does not render a decision. However, the
provision expressly provides that if none of the parties opt for the choice to refer the
matter to arbitrationwithin the time limit thus prescribed, the decision last rendered shall
be treated as final and binding upon both the parties.

1.3 Dispute Review Board in the Construction Industry

The concept of a Dispute Review Board (DRB) is quite common in the construction
industry. The DRB is a panel of three experienced, respected and impartial reviewers.
The DRB is organized before construction begins and meets periodically at the job site.
TheDRB members are kept abreast of the developments and progress in the job, and
madefamiliar with the project procedures and the participants, and are provided with the
contractplans and specifications.

The DRB meets with the employer and the contractor representatives during regular site
visits, and encourages the resolution of disputes at the job level. The DRB process helps
the parties to solve problems before they escalate into major disputes.

The proceedings of the DRB can be brought as evidence before an arbitral tribunal or
otherjudicial forum. The board members could also be presented as witnesses.
Recommendationsmade by the three experts known for their reputation, accepted by both
the parties at thestart of the work as neutral persons and having thorough knowledge of
the project will notnormally be changed by any such tribunal.. It would therefore become

47
difficult to goagainst the tribunal. On this consideration, due acceptance is given to the
system worldwide,and almost no case goes up to arbitration.23
The statistics up to the year 2001 indicate that there were 818 projects with DRBs valued
atUS $ 41 billion; and that during that year, 1221 disputes were settled by the DRBs, and
outof 1038 recommendations made, only 31 were taken by the parties to the arbitral
tribunal

1.4 Specialized Arbitral Institutions in the Construction Industry

\In India, substantial sums amounting to several crores of Indian rupees (INR) are locked
up in contractual disputes in the construction sector alone. Therefore, the construction
industry felt the need to introduce new measures to resolve disputes in a fair, speedy and
cost-efficient manner. Due to such requirements, the Construction Industry Development
Council, India (CIDC), in cooperation with the Singapore International Arbitration
Centre (SIAC), set up an arbitration centre in India called the Construction Industry
Arbitration Council (CIAC). This type of institution-administered arbitration has clear
advantages overad hoc arbitrations for construction companies, public sector
undertakings and government departments that have construction contracts.

2. Arbitration in the Information Technology (IT) Industry

IT disputes differ from disputes in other industries mostly in their substance. IT projects
tend to be complex and characterized by a network of responsibilities shared between
partiesthat are dedicated to carry through a technology-related, long term relationship.
Thus, ITdisputes typically center on contractual or intellectual property (IP) law issues.
The Indian Council of Arbitration (ICA), which is now considered to be an apex arbitral
institution in the country, has started the process of identifying and training specialized
arbitrators for disputes connected with the IT industry. In relation to this aspect, the ICA
conducted an in-depth seminar on Alternate Dispute Redressal methods for the IT sector
in India‘s major cyber cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad for the purpose of creating an
expert pool of arbitrators specialized in cyber laws.

48
19.0 SAMPLE ARBITRATION CLAUSES BY COUNTRY

AUSTRALIA

Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration Clause

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of, relating to or in connection with
thiscontract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall
be resolved by arbitration in accordance with the ACICA Arbitration Rules. The seat of
arbitration shall be Sydney, Australia [or choose another city]. The language of the
arbitration shall be English [or choose another language]. The number of arbitrators shall
be one [or three, or delete this sentence and rely on Article 8 of the ACICA Arbitration
Rules].

Institute of Arbitrators&MediatorsAustralia CommercialArbitration Clause

Any dispute or difference whatsoever arising out of or in connection with this

contractshall be submitted to arbitration in accordance with, and subject to, The Institute
of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia Rules for the Conduct of Commercial Arbitrations.

CANADA

ADR Institute of Canada Inc. Arbitration Clause

All disputes arising out of or in connection with this agreement, or in respect of any
legalrelationship associated with or derived from this agreement, shall be arbitrated and
finally resolved, pursuant to the National Arbitration Rules of the ADR Institute of
Canada, Inc. [the Simplified Arbitration Rules of the ADR Institute of Canada, Inc.]. The
place of arbitration shall be [specify City and Province of Canada]. The language of the
arbitration shall be English or French [specify language].

49
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Clause

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the
breach,termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in Hong Kong
under the
Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Administered Arbitration Rules in force
when the Notice of Arbitration is submitted in accordance with these Rules. The number
of arbitrators shall be ... (one or three). The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in
.... (insert language)."

NEW ZEALAND

Arbitrators' and Mediators' Institute of New Zealand Inc.

Arbitration Clause
Any dispute or difference arising out of or in connection with this contract, including
anyquestion regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and
finally resolved by arbitration in New Zealand in accordance with New Zealand law and
the current Arbitration Protocol of the Arbitrators' and Mediators' Institute of New
Zealand Inc. The arbitration shall be by one arbitrator to be agreed upon by the parties
and if they should fail to agree within twenty-one (21) days from the date upon which the
dispute arises then to be appointed by the President of the Arbitrators' and Mediators'
Institute of
New Zealand Inc.

PHILIPPINES

Philippine Dispute Resolution Center, Inc.

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the
breach,termination or invalidity thereof shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with
the

50
Philippine Dispute Resolution Center, Inc. (PDRCI) Arbitration Rules as at present in
force.
(a) The appointing authority shall be...(name of institution or person)
(b) The number of arbitrators shall be...(one or three)
(c) The place of arbitration shall be...(city or country)
(d) The language(s) to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be...(language)

UNITED KINGDOM

London Court of International Arbitration Clause

Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question
regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by
arbitration under the LCIA Rules, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by
reference into this clause. The number of arbitrators shall be [one/three]. The seat, or
legal place, of arbitration shall be [City and/or Country]. The language to be used in the
arbitral proceedings shall be [ ]. The governing law of the contract shall be the
substantive law of [ ].

UNITED STATES
American Arbitration Association Standard Commercial - Arbitration Clause

Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof,
shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association
under its Commercial Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the
arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.

JAMS Standard Commercial Arbitration Clause

Any dispute, claim or controversy arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the
breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof, including the

51
determination of the scope or applicability of this agreement to arbitrate, shall be
determined by arbitration in (insert the desired place of arbitration), before (one) (three)
arbitrator(s). The arbitration shall be administered by JAMS pursuant to its
(Comprehensive Arbitration Rules and Procedures) (Streamlined Arbitration Rules
andProcedures). Judgment on the Award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction.
This clause shall not preclude parties from seeking provisional remedies in aid of
arbitration from a court of appropriate jurisdiction.

( ascompiled by the Law Office of Michael E. Young PLLC, 2010)

20.0 USEFUL LINKS

ARBITRAL ORGANISATIONS IN INDIA

A) The International Centre for Alternative Disputes Resolution

http://www.icadr.org/
B) Indian Council of arbitration
http://www.ficci.com/icanet/
C) Indian Institute of Arbitration & Mediation
http://www.arbitrationindia.com/
.

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION INSTITUTIONS

A) International Federation of Commercial Arbitration Institutions [IFCAI]

B) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration.html

In 1976, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

(UNCITRAL) promulgated rules for use in ad hoc international arbitrations. The
rules are widely accepted. Some arbitrationinstitutions have adopted the

52
UNCITRAL Rules as their institutional rules and other institutions will administer
arbitrations under the UNCITRAL Rules, if requested.

C) American Arbitration Association International Arbitration Rules

http://www.adr.org/

The AAA is a not-for-profit-organization with offices throughout the U.S. and in

Dublin, Ireland. The AAA headquarters is in New York, New York. The AAA
provides administrative services in the U.S., as well as abroad through its
International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR). The AAA's and ICDR's
administrative services include assisting in the appointment of mediators and
arbitrators, setting hearings, and providing users with information on dispute
resolution options, including settlement through mediation. Ultimately, the AAA aims
to move cases through arbitration or mediation in a fair and impartial manner until
completion.

D) International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration

http://www.iccwbo.org/

The International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration's rules are

widely recognized and can also be selected by parties for use in ad hoc arbitrations or
in arbitrations conducted by other institutions.

E) Permanent Court of Arbitration

http://www.pca-cpa.org
PCA was established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, concluded at The Hague in 1899 during the first Hague Peace Conference.
The Conference was convened at the initiative of Czar Nicolas II of Russia "with the
object of seeking the most objective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a
real and lasting peace, and above all, of limiting the progressive development of
existing armaments." The most concrete achievement of the Conference was the

53
 establishment of the PCA: the first global mechanism for the settlement of disputes
between states. The 1899 Convention was revised at the second Hague Peace
Conference in 1907.

F) World Intellectual Property organization-393 panelists from 55 countries

7 are Indian
http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/panel/panelists.html#80

REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS

A) Asia Pacific Regional Arbitration Group- http://www.aprag.org/index.html

B) China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission

http://www.cietac.org.cn/index

C) Chicago International Dispute Resolution Association

http://www.cidra.org/

D) Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre

www.hkiac.org

E) Vietnam Internationnal Arbitration Centre

http://english.viac.org.vn/

21.0 SPECIMEN DOCUMENTATION

1. Specimen Letter to other party requesting appointment of an Arbitrator

54
To
M/s ---------------
---------------------
---------------------
That in respect of the disputes and differences which have arisen between us under the
agreement dated the .............. day of ............ 20 ........... I have this day appointed A, of
.............. etc. to be the arbitrator on my behalf.
That I now call upon you within seven clear days after the service of this notice on you to
appoint an arbitrator to act on your behalf in the matter of the said disputes and
differences.
That in default of your so doing the said A will be appointed by me to act as sole
arbitrator in the reference.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

2. Notice of Appointment of Arbitrator

Notice of Appointment of Arbitrator

Date:
To
M/s ---------------
---------------------
---------------------
As per agreement dated ................ made between you on the one part and myself on the
other part, it was agreed that all disputes and differences concerning matters referred to in
the said agreement shall be referred to arbitration.
Notice is hereby given that in pursuance of clause No. .................. of the said agreement,
I have this day appointed "M" to be the arbitrator on my behalf to settle the disputes

55
which have arisen between us, and you are hereby required within seven clear days after
the service of this notice to appoint an arbitrator to act on your behalf in the matter of the
said disputes and that on your failure, I will appoint the said "M" to act as the sole
arbitrator.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

3. Notice by Arbitrator

Date:
To
M/s. ---------------
---------------------
---------------------
Dear Sir,
I have been appointed as sole arbitrator pursuant to the arbitration clause in the agreement
dated .................. I hereby inform you that I have been requested by Mr. .................... a
party to the said agreement, to arbitrate in the said matter. I hereby fix ............. clock in
the evening on the ............ day of 20......... the day of the first meeting at .................... for
the purpose of commencing the arbitration proceeding giving directions and finalising the
conduct of arbitral procedure, please note that you are required to attend the said hearing
personally or through duly authorised representative or counsel.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Sd/-
(Arbitrator)

56
4. Specimen disclosure by arbitrator as per Section 12

Specimen
To
M/s. ...........................
...................................
...................................
Dear Sir,
Ref: Your letter No. ............... dt. ..............

in the matter of arbitration between ABC Ltd vs. XYZ

With reference to the above, I am pleased to give my consent to act as arbitrator.

To the best of my knowledge, there are no circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable
doubts as to my independence or impartiality.
I shall also keep the parties informed if any such circumstances arise during the arbitral
proceedings.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,

5. Notice to Appoint Substitute Arbitrator

Date:
To
M/s ----------------
---------------------
---------------------
Please take notice that Mr. .................................. appointed by you as arbitrator under the
agreement of reference dated ................. has refused to act. I hereby request you to
appoint a substitute arbitrator within ................... days of the receipt of this letter. In

57
default whereof, I shall proceed to appoint Mr. ........................ to act as sole arbitrator in
the reference.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

6. Notice of Intention to proceed Ex-parte after failure to attend hearing.

To,
XYZ

Sub: In the matter of Arbitration between ABC and yourselves

I refer to my letter/directions dated ________, in which I had notified you that the
hearing would take place at _____ AM/PM at ______ (place) ____. You did not appear
before me in that hearing.
Consequently I had adjourned it to the same place and same time on ___(adjourned
date)_____.
If you do not attend that hearing as well, it is my intention to proceed with the hearing
without your presence.

Sd/-
(Sole Arbitrator)

7. Specimen Agreement of reference to a common arbitrator

THIS AGREEMENT is made at ... this ... day of …………. between Mr. A of ………..
residing at ……….... hereinafter referred to as the Party of the First Part and Mr. B of

58
………... residing at …………………. hereinafter referred to as the Party of the Second
Part.

WHEREAS by an Agreement (Building contract) dated the ... day of ... entered into
between the parties hereto the Party of the First Part entrusted the work of constructing a
building on his plot of land situated at... to the Party of the Second Part on the terms and
conditions therein mentioned.

AND WHEREAS the Party of the Second Part has commenced the construction of the
building according to the plans sanctioned by the... Municipal Corporation and has
completed the construction to the extent of the 1st floor level.

AND WHEREAS the Party of First Part has made certain payments to the Party of the
Second Part on account but the Party of the Second Part is pressing for more payments
which according to the Party of the First Part he is not bound to pay and, therefore the
work has come to a standstill.
AND WHEREAS disputes have therefore arisen between the parties hereto regarding the
interpretation of certain provisions of the said agreement and also regarding the quality of
construction and delay in the work.
AND WHEREAS the said agreement provides that in the event of any dispute or
difference arising between the parties the same shall be referred to arbitration of a
common arbitrator if agreed upon or otherwise to two Arbitrators and the Arbitration
shall be governed by the provisions of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996.
AND WHEREAS the parties have agreed to refer all the disputes regarding the said
contract to Mr….. Architect, as common Arbitrator and have proposed to enter into this
Agreement for reference of the disputes to the sole arbitration of the said Mr.……….

NOW IT IS AGREED BETWEEN THE PARTIES HERETO AS FOLLOWS:-

1. That the following points of dispute arising out of the said agreement dated... are
hereby referred to the sole arbitration of the said Mr.... for his decision and award.

59
2. The points of dispute are:-

a. Whether the Party of the Second Part has carried out the work according
to the sanctioned plans and specifications.
b. Whether the Party of the Second Part has delayed the construction.
c. Whether the Party of the Second Part is overpaid for the work done up to
now.
d. Whether Party of the First Part is bound to make any further payment over
and above the payments made up to now for the work actually done.
e. All other claims of one party against the other party arising out of the said
contract up to now.

1. The said Arbitrator shall allow the parties to file their respective claims and
contentions and to file documents relied upon by them within such reasonable
time as the Arbitrator may direct.

2. The said Arbitrator shall give hearing to the parties either personally or through
their respective Advocates but the Arbitrator will not be bound to take any oral
evidence including cross examination of any party or person.

3. The said Arbitrator shall make his Award within a period of four months from the
date of service of a copy of this agreement on him by any of the parties hereto
provided that, the Arbitrator will have power to extend the said period from time
to time with the consent of both the parties.

4. The Arbitrator will not make any interim award.

5. The Arbitrator will have full power to award or not to award payment of such
costs of and incidental to this arbitration by one party to the other as he may think
fit.

60
 6. Subject to the provisions of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996 the award
will he binding on the parties hereto.

7. The Arbitration shall subject to what is herein provided be governed by the

provisions of the Arbitration Act.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have put their respective hands the day and year
first hereinabove written.

SIGNED by the within named Signed by the within named Mr.

A ... in the presence of: Mr. B…. in the presence of:

8. Form of agreement to refer the dispute to sole arbitrator

This deed of agreement made on this ____ day of ________, 2009, between:

1. Mr. RN, aged about __ years s/o Mr. PT, r/o _________________,
hereinafter called the 1st party.

2. Mr. KK, aged about __ years s/o Mr. PT, r/o ________________,
hereinafter called the 2nd party.

Whereas first and second parties have some dispute regarding management of the
partnership business, being run by the parties. And whereas both the parties are agreed
upon to refer the dispute to one arbitrator duly appointed by the both parties.

61
NOW THIS DEED OF AGREEMENT WITNESSES AS UNDER: -

1. That both the parties have agreed upon to appoint Mr. SB s/o Mr. KM r/o
______________________ as arbitrator.

2. That both the parties appoint Mr. SB as arbitrator.

3. That the arbitrator will go through the partnership deed and decide the
dispute between the parties under the provision of the partnership deed.

4. That this deed shall be confined only up to the dispute of the management
of the firm.

Witnesses:
1. Name……………. Sd/-………..1st party
Address………….
………………….
2. Name……………. Sd/-………..2nd party
Address………….
…………………..

9. Agreement to refer dispute to one arbitrator

THIS AGREEMENT made on the …day of …BETWEEN AB, etc. AND CD, etc.

WHEREAS

1. AB has made the following claims against CD;

(1)…

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(2)…
2. CD does not admit the said claims of AB.
3. Dispute have arisen between the parties hereto respecting these claims; and
4. The parties aforementioned agree to refer the said disputes to arbitration.
NOW IT IS AGREED BETWEEN THE PARTIES HERETO as follows:

1. All the matters in dispute relating to the claims of CD are referred to the final
determination and award of OP as arbitrator.

2. For the purpose of final determination of the disputes aforesaid, the arbitrator may take
such evidence and make such enquiries, as he deems proper. He may proceed ex-parte in
case any party fails to attend before him after reasonable notice. However, he cannot
embark upon any secret enquiries for this purpose behind the back of the parties.

3. The provisions of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996, so far as applicable and as
are not consistent or repugnant to the purposes of this reference shall apply to this
reference to arbitration.

4. Both the parties agree that they would co-operate and lead evidence before the
arbitrator.

5. The parties hereto agree that this reference to arbitration would not be revoked by
death of either party or for any cause.

6. The award of the arbitrator shall be binding on the parties, their heirs, executors and
legal representatives.

7. The parties hereto agree that within one month of the passing of award, the said award
shall be filed in the court and a decree obtained in the terms of the award.

8. The cost of this reference shall be in the discretion of the arbitrator.

63
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have signed this agreement on the day and
year first written above.

…(Sd.) …(Sd.)
(AB) (CD)

10. Agreement for Reference to Two Arbitrators

THIS AGREEMENT made on the…day of…BETWEEN AB, etc., of the one part AND
CD, etc. of the other part.
WHEREAS the parties aforesaid have been carrying on the business as partners in the
name and style of. …at…under a partnership deed dated……….;
AND WHEREAS each party has contributed to the capital of the partnership RS…and
has been sharing the profit and loss of the partnership in equal shares;
AND WHEREAS the business in the partnership has been carried on for the last …years,
AND WHEREAS disputes and differences have arisen between the parties hereto
rendering it impossible to carry on the business in the partnership; and
AND WHEREAS the parties have agreed to refer the following matters for the decision
of two arbitrators, namely M/s……………. AND……………………

1. The amount of profit and loss as per the books of account of the
partnership;

2. The liability of the parties to pay the amounts on settlement of accounts;

and

3. Fixation of the date on which the partnership shall be deemed to be

dissolved.
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:

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1. The arbitrators shall enter upon the reference and decide the aforesaid
matters.

2. The arbitrators shall make their award within three months after entering
upon the reference or after having been called on to act by notice in
writing from any party to the submission, or on or before any later day to
which the arbitrators by any writing signed by them may from time to time
enlarge the time in making the award.

3. The aforesaid two arbitrators shall have the power to appoint an Umpire at
any time of the period during which they have to make the award.

4. If the arbitrators agree among themselves then their unanimous decision

shall make an award and will be binding on the parties. If the arbitrators
do not agree, then the umpire shall make his award within one month,
after the original or extended time appointed for making the award of the
arbitrators has expired, or on before any later day to which the Umpire by
any writing signed by him, may from time to time enlarge the time for
making the award and in that case the decision of the Umpire shall be
binding on the parties.

5. The arbitrators may proceed ex parte in case either party fails to appear
after reasonable notice.

6. This agreement shall remain effective and enforceable against the legal
representatives of either party in case of death.

7. The arbitrators may appoint an accountant for examining the account of

the party if they think necessary and the remuneration of the accountant as

65
 determined by the arbitrators shall be the costs in the reference to be paid
by the parties as the arbitrators may direct in their award.

8. In case the arbitrators award that any sum is due from one party to the
other, then the party to whom the said sum is awarded may apply to the
court for having a decree passed in terms of the award and may realise the
amount in execution of the decree from the other party.

9. The provisions of the Indian Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996, shall
apply to this reference.

10. The costs of this reference shall be at the discretion of the arbitrators.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have signed this agreement on the day and
year first written above.
…(Sd) …(Sd.)
(AB) (CD)

11. Appointment of sole arbitrator on default of other party

WHEREAS you had been appointed on ………..by me to act as an arbitrator under the
agreement of reference dated………… (or the arbitration clause in deed,
dated…………..) on my behalf;

AND WHEREAS the other party viz.…………..had appointed Sri…………as his

arbitrator;

AND WHEREAS the other party has failed to appoint an arbitrator within 30 days from
the receipt of request to do so from the other party;

66
NOW pursuant to the power conferred on me by virtue of the provisions of Arbitration &
Conciliation Act, 1996, and upon request of the party, I hereby appoint you to act as the
sole arbitrator in the matters in dispute referred to you for arbitration.

Dated…………

(Sd.)……………….

12. Arbitration agreement between three partners

THIS AGREEMENT made at ... this ... day of... between Mr. A of the One Part Mr. B of
the Second Part and Mr. C of the Third Part.
WHEREAS the parties hereto have been carrying on business in partnership under a
Deed of Partnership dated ... entered into by the parties hereto and in the name of M/s X
Y Z & Co.
AND WHEREAS disputes and differences have arisen between the parties regarding the
management of the business of the partnership accounts and the legality of certain
transactions entered into.
AND WHEREAS one of the partners has given notice of dissolution of the partnership,
the validity of which is disputed by the others.
AND WHEREAS each of the parties in terms of the arbitration clause contained in the
said Deed of Partnership has appointed an arbitrator being Mr. D. Mr. E and Mr. F.
AND WHEREAS the parties have agreed to enter into a separate submission paper or
Arbitration agreement in the manner following:
NOW IT IS AGREED BETWEEN THE PARTIES HERETO AS FOLLOWS:

1. The parties hereto agree to refer to the said three Arbitrators M/s. D, E and F all
their disputes and differences 'inter se' touching the business of the said
partnership, its properties and accounts and arising out of or in connection with

67
 the said Deed of Partnership and without prejudice to the generality of this clause,
to decide the following questions:-

a. To decide whether the notice of dissolution given by one partner Mr. A is

valid if so, the date of dissolution and If not to decide whether the other
parties are entitled to continue the said business without the said Mr. A
and to decide the date of his retirement.

b. In the event of the arbitrator holding that the partnership is dissolved, to

divide and partition the moveable and immovable assets of the Firm
among the parties according to their respective rights under the Deed of
Partnership with power to the Arbitrator to sell any part of the said assets
for equitable distribution among the parties.

c. To take accounts of the partnership for the last three years that is from ...
to ... and to ascertain the amount payable by one to the other or others if
any.

d. To make provisions for payment of debts and liabilities of the Firm

including Income-tax liabilities.

1. The Arbitrators shall direct the parties to file statements of their respective claims,
legal submissions and reliefs claimed and each party to file his statement of
defence in reply to the statements of claims of others.

2. The Arbitrators shall allow the parties to produce documents in support of their
claims.

3. The Arbitrators shall direct the books of account and other papers of the Firm to
be produced before them and arrange for their safe custody. The Arbitrators will

68
 have power to appoint a qualified accountant to inspect the accounts and to draw a
balance sheet.

4. The Arbitrators shall allow the parties to be represented by their respective

advocates.

5. The Arbitrators shall not be bound to take oral evidence but if any party or their
witness is examined he will be allowed to be cross-examined.

6. If there is a difference of opinion between the Arbitrators during the Arbitration

proceedings or in making the award the decision of the majority will prevail and
be binding on the parties.

7. The Arbitrators shall be entitled to make one or more Interim Awards.

8. The Arbitrators shall make their award within four months from their entering
upon the reference but can extend the said period from time to time with the
consent of all the parties hereto, obtained in writing.

9. In the event of any party refusing to participate in the Arbitration proceedings or

remaining absent without valid cause, the Arbitrator shall have power to proceed
ex-parte against such party.

10. The costs of the Arbitration proceedings will be at the discretion of the
Arbitrators.

11. The Arbitration, subject to what is herein provided shall be governed by the
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have put their hands the day and year first
hereinabove written.

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Signed and delivered by the
Within named Mr. A...... in the
presence of

Signed and delivered by the

within named Mr. B..... in the
presence of .....

Signed and delivered by the

within named Mr. C ..... in the
presence of

13. Agreement of reference between members of HUF

THIS AGREEMENT is made the day…of …BETWEEN Shri…of …AND

Km…daughter of …AND Smt…widow of……………………….

WHEREAS the parties aforementioned are members of a joint Hindu family and posses
joint-family property and business, and
WHEREAS differences have arisen between the said members as to the share and the
rights of each member in the said property and business, and
WHEREAS the parties are not agreed as to which property should be allotted to each
respective party, and
WHEREAS Shri…aforementioned claims to own certain properties as self-acquired
alleging that the same is not divisible as amongst the other parties and

70
WHEREAS the parties have agreed to refer their disputes about the division of the joint-
family properties and business to the sole arbitration of Shri…exercising the powers
hereinafter mentioned;

NOW THIS AGREEMENT OF REFERENCE WITNESSES as follows:

1. That the arbitrator shall be entitled to ascertain the extent of value of the joint-
family properties and shall determine the manner in which the business of the
joint family shall be carried on hereafter and wound up and provide for the
disposal of the goodwill of the business as he shall deem fit.

2. That the arbitrator shall have full power to divide and allot by lot or otherwise the
joint-family properties amongst the parties aforementioned after determining the
share of each such party and the extent and nature of the rights which belong to
Smt……….aforementioned. The arbitrator shall also take into consideration the
rights of the unmarried daughters of the parties aforementioned and shall make
provisions for their education, up-bringing and marriage as the circumstances may
require.

3. The arbitrator shall be entitled to award money compensation from one party to
equalize the shares thereof. The arbitrators shall be entitled to cause any property
or properties to be sole and to distribute the assets after payment of debts of the
family in such manner as he shall deem fit. The arbitrator shall be entitled to take
such evidence as he may deem necessary and to direct the delivery of title deeds
or other documents from one party to the other in connection with the share
allotted to such other party. He shall also be entitled to cause any of the joint-
family property to be partitioned or divided by metres or bounds and to cause a
structure to be built or demolished as he may think fit for the separate enjoyment
of the share in immovable property allotted to each or any party.

71
 4. Except for fraud or collusion, the award of the arbitrator shall not be set aside for
any other judicial misconduct in the proceedings.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the aforementioned parties have signed this deed in token of
acceptance thereof.

Witness………………………. A…………………………..….
………………………… B……………………………..
………………………… C……………………………
………………………….D………………………………
………………………… E………………………………

14. Form of agreement for reference to three arbitrators

This deed of agreement made on this _________, 2009 between:

1. Shri PL, aged about ___ years s/o Shri SS r/o ___________________,
Delhi, hereinafter called the 1st party.

2. Shri KL, aged about ___ years s/o Shri SS r/o _________________,
hereinafter called the 2nd party.

3. Shri CL, aged about ___ years s/o Shri SS r/o _____________, hereinafter
called the 3rd party.

Whereas the above parties are carrying on business of general merchandise in partnership
under name and style M/s. __________________, at _______________ since ________,
2000.

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And whereas share of profit or loss in the firm is : 1st party 50%, 2nd party 30% and 3rd
party 20%.

And whereas all the three parties are active partners in the partnership business.

And whereas some disputes have arisen amongst the parties above named and it has
become impossible to carry on business under partnership

And whereas the parties hereto have agreed to refer the matter to the arbitration
mentioned here under :

i. Mr. PK s/o Mr. KP, r/o _________________.

ii. Mr. PK s/o Mr. RP, r/o __________________. and

iii. Mr. SK, s/o Mr. JN r/o ___________________.

NOW THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSES AS UNDER:

1. The arbitrators are entitled to decide and determine the following matter of
disputes, which are referred to them for final determination and award.

a. To determine the position of assets and liabilities of the firm.

b. To prepare the list of sundry debtors and creditors

c. To divide the assets and liabilities according to the share of the parties.

I. That the arbitrators shall enter upon the reference with effect from
___________ and shall deliver their award within 4 months.

73
II. That the award given by the arbitrators shall be final and binding on the
arbitrators.

III. That the award of the arbitrators shall be final and binding on heirs, legal
representatives and assignees of the parties in case of death of any of the party
during the course of arbitration proceedings.

IV. That Mr. RN, the 1st arbitrator shall be the President of the arbitration tribunal
who will arrange the sitting for arbitration proceedings.

V. In case of difference of opinion between the arbitrators, the decision of the

majority shall be final.

VI. The arbitrators shall fix up the date of hearing and issue notices to the parties
for appearance.

VII. That if the parties do not turn up on the date fixed for hearing, the
arbitration will proceed ex-parte.

VIII. That this agreement shall be binding on the legal representatives, heirs,
and assignees in case of death of any of the parties.

IX. If the arbitrators think it proper, they shall appoint an accountant for
preparation and finalisation of accounts on fixed remuneration and shall
include the remuneration in the cost of arbitration award.

74
 X. If the arbitrators award that any sum is due against any party, then that party
may file a suit in the proper Court and obtain a decree in terms of award and
shall realize the same from the party against whom the sum is due.

XI. That save the matter provided in this deed, the provisions of the Indian
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 shall apply to this reference.

XII. That it shall be the discretion of the arbitrators to fix the cost of reference.

The above named parties do hereby agree to all the terms and conditions stated above
without any duress, or undue influence and after fully understanding the terms of this
deed of arbitration, do hereby put our hands on this ___________, 2009, in the presence
of following witnesses:

1. Signature………………. 1st party

Name… ……………….
Address………………..
……………………………

2. Signature………………2nd party
Name…………………..
Address………………..
……………………………

3. Signature………………. 3rd party

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Name… ……………….
Address………………..
……………………………

15. Form of arbitration clause in an agreement

i. Every dispute, difference, or question which may at any time arise
between the parties hereto or any person claiming under them, touching or
arising out of or in respect of this agreement (deed) or the subject matter
thereof shall be referred to the arbitration of XY, etc. or if he shall be
unable or unwilling to act, to another arbitrator to be agreed upon between
the parties or failing agreement to be nominated by…………or, failing
agreement to two arbitrators one to be appointed by each party to the
difference (whether consisting of one or more than one person) and in case
of difference of opinion between them to an umpire appointed by the said
two arbitrators before entering on the reference and the decision of the
arbitrator ( or such arbitrators, or umpire as the case may be) shall be final
and binding on the parties.
OR

ii. In the event of any dispute, difference or question arising out of or in

respect of this agreement or the commission of any breach of any terms
thereof or of compensation payable thereof or in any manner whatsoever
in connection with it, the same shall be referred to the Chamber of
Commerce………. (or the Association of………..) for arbitration as
provided in Rules framed by the said Chamber (or Association) for the
purpose. The decision or award so given shall be binding on the parties
hereto.

OR

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 iii. All disputes arising between the partners as to the interpretation,
operation, or effect of any clause in this deed or any other difference
arising between the partners, which cannot be mutually resolved, shall be
referred to the arbitration of…………failing him to any other arbitrator
chosen by the partners in writing. The decision of such an arbitrator shall
be binding on the partners.

16. Notice by arbitrator for commencement of arbitration

WHEREAS I, have been appointed as sole arbitrator pursuant to the arbitration clause in
the agreement dated…………. (or by the agreement for reference dated…………) and I
have entered upon the said reference. I hereby appoint ………. O‘clock in the evening of
………………… as the date of the first meeting at………….for the purpose of
commencing the arbitration proceedings.

Please note that you are required to attend at the said meeting personally or through duly
accredited representative or counsel in default whereof I shall proceed ex-parte.

Dated………………….
(Sd)……………
(Sole Arbitrator)

17 Notice to arbitrator by parties for Arbitration

WHEREAS the parties to an agreement of reference (enclosed herewith) dated…….have

referred their disputes and differences to your sole arbitration, WE, the aforesaid parties,
hereby request you to please take up the arbitration and act, in accordance therewith.

77
AB………..
CD……….

18. Notice of revocation to arbitrator

To
……………..
……………..

Please take notice that I, the undersigned, have, by instrument dated………revoked your
authority to arbitrate in the matter originally referred to you for arbitration under the letter
to appointment dated……..or agreement of reference dated…………or deed
dated…………..

I hereby restrain you from acting in the said arbitration and direct you to return to me all
the papers submitted to you by me in that behalf. You are hereby discharged under the
said reference.

Dated…………………….
(Sd)………………

19. Award (Made On Reference by Court)

IN THE MATTER OF AN ARBITRATION between AB, etc. and CD, etc., WHEREAS
in pursuance of an order of reference made by the court of ………………and dated
the…………following matter in difference between AB and CD had been referred to me
(us) for determination, namely…………..

78
NOW I/ we having duly considered the matter referred to me (us) hereby make my (our)
award as follows:

1. (We) award……..
(i)………………….

(ii)…………………

…(Sd.)

20. Award by an Arbitral Tribunal

THIS IS THE AWARD by the undersigned, made the ………..day of ………

WHEREAS by an agreement under the deed, dated………..and made between

(contractor) of the one part and…………….(owner of the property) of the other part
(being an agreement by the said contractor) to construct certain works upon the land of
the said (owner) in accordance with sanctioned plans and specifications contained therein
it was agreed between the parties that if any dispute should arise in future between the
parties thereto relating to or touching the said agreement or the interpretation thereof or in
relation to the rights, duties or liabilities of either party there under, the same should be
referred to two arbitrators and their umpire in accordance with the provisions of
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996.

AND WHEREAS disputes having arisen between the aforesaid parties relating to the said
agreement the said (contractor) by writing dated……….nominated and appointed
Shri…………(one arbitrator)…………of etc, and the said (owner) by writing
dated……………..nominated and appointed Shri………..(other arbitrator)…….of etc, to
act as arbitrators and settle the said matters in dispute between the parties.

79
AND WHEREAS the said arbitrators respectively accepted the said appointments and
took upon themselves to discharge the burden of the said reference and before starting the
proceeding for the consideration of the disputed matter referred to them by writing under
their hands dated……….appointed me the said Presiding Arbitrator in the said
arbitration.

AND WHEREAS the said arbitrators duly extended the time for making the award until
the ………..day of………….

AND WHEREAS the said arbitrators were unable to agree amongst themselves
unanimously upon an award and under such circumstances gave me notice in writing
dated………….and thereupon the disputes stood referred to me.
NOW BE IT KNOWN that, I, said Presiding Arbitrator, make my award on the
following matter:

1. I find that the completion of the work although delayed for……..months

beyond the agreed date on which it ought to have been completed such
delay was caused partly by exceptionally bad weather and partly by lack
of workmen caused by labour strikes and also their having taken up
construction works under the Government and I find and award that the
said (contractor) is not liable for any damage on that account.

2. I find that a part of the work executed by the said (contractor) was found
to be defective in the following respects…………..(defects set out) and I
award that the said (owner) is entitled to Rs………….as damages on that
account.

3. I find and award that after deducting the said sum of Rs……on account of
the damages there is still due and owing to the said (contractor) in respect

80
 of the matters in dispute between the said parties to reference the sum
of…………..

4. I direct the said (owner) shall pay the said sum of Rs………..to the said
(contractor) on or before the ………..day of……..

5. I award and direct that the cost of the said (contractor) relating to and
incidental to this arbitration reference including the costs of the arbitrators
and of this award which is Rs………..shall be borne and paid by the said
(owner) or whatever may be the award as to costs.
…(Sd.)

21. Notice for Arbitration – Form 106

Form: 106

NOTICE FOR ARBITRATION

Name of Initiating party
(Individual or organization) ____________________________________
Address of Initiating Party ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Telephone / Fax of Initiating Party ____________________________________
Email address of Initiating Party ____________________________________
Name of Responding Party,
(Individual or organization) ____________________________________
Address of Responding Party ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Telephone / Fax of Responding Party ____________________________________
Email address of Responding Party ____________________________________

81
The parties above named entered into a contract dated _____________. The said contract
has
a valid and binding arbitration clause for the resolution of disputes by the Indian Institute
of
Arbitration & Mediation (IIAM). A fair and accurate copy of which is attached hereto as
Exhibit
―A‖.
Presently, the parties are in dispute as to:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
As the parties cannot agree as to the resolution of these issues, the Initiating Party, hereby
demands that the Responding Party submit to arbitration pursuant to the IIAM Arbitration
rulesand procedures.
The Initiating Party further states said party is claiming damages as follows:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL DAMAGES CLAIMED ______________
In filing this Notice for Arbitration, the Initiating Party certifies that he/she has issued
this
demand to the Responding Party.
So demanded and certified, this ____ day of ________________ , 200___ .
__________________________________________
Initiating Party
• To institute proceedings, please send three copies of this demand and the arbitration
agreement, with the filing fee as provided in the IIAM Rules.
• Use additional sheets, if required

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 1. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Rajkumar S. Adukia
B.Com. (Hons.), FCA, ACS, ACMA, LL.B, Dip.IFR (UK),
MBA, DLL&LP, DIPR, Dip in Criminology
Email id: [email protected]
Mob: 09820061049 / 09323061049

Mr. Rajkumar S. Adukia is a highly acclaimed academician, an eminent and experienced

Chartered Accountant. An active member of various professional bodies, he is a member
of the Central Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India for more than 10
years. He also a member of numerous committees of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India and is actively involved in their working.
In addition to being a Chartered Accountant, Company Secretary and a Cost Accountant,
MBA, Dip IFR (UK), Mr. Adukia also holds a degree in law and Diploma in Labour
Laws. He has been involved in the activities of the Institute since 1984 as a convenor of
Kalbadevi CPE study circle. He was the Chairman of the Western Region of Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India in 1997 and has been actively involved in various
committees of ICAI. He became a member of the Central Council in 1998 and ever since
he has worked tirelessly towards knowledge sharing, professional development and
enhancing professional opportunities for members.

He has been coordinating with various professional institutions, associations‘

universities, University Grants Commission and other educational institutions. Besides he
has actively participated with accountability and standards-setting organizations in India
and at the international level. He was a member of J.J. Irani committee which drafted
Companies Bill 2008. He is also member of Secretarial Standards Board of ICSI.
Currently he represents ASSOCHAM as member of Cost Accounting Standards Board of

83
ICWAI. He is a member of working group of Competition Commission Of India,
National Housing Bank, NABARD, RBI, CBI etc.
He has served on the Board of Directors in the capacity of independent director at BOI
Asset management Co. Ltd, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and SBI Mutual Funds
Management Pvt Ltd. He is also a member of the London Fraud Investigation Team
Mr. Rajkumar Adukia specializes in IFRS, Enterprise Risk Management, Internal Audit,
Business Advisory and Planning, Commercial Law Compliance, Labour Laws, Project
Work, Carbon Credit, Taxation and Trusts. His clientele include large corporations,
owner-managed companies, small manufacturers, service businesses, property
management and construction, exporters and importers, and professionals. He has
undertaken specific assignments on fraud investigation and reporting in the corporate
sector and has developed background material on the same.

Based on his rich experience, he has written numerous articles on most aspects of
finance-accounting, auditing, taxation, valuation, public finance. His authoritative articles
appear regularly in financial papers like Business India, Financial Express, Economic
Times and other professional / business magazines. He has authored several accounting
and auditing manuals. He has authored more than 100 books on vast range of topics
including Internal Audit, Bank Audit, SEZ, CARO, PMLA, Anti-dumping, Income Tax
Search, Survey and Seizure, etc.

Mr. Rajkumar is a frequent speaker on trade and finance at seminars and conferences
organized by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, various Chambers of
Commerce, Income Tax Offices and other Professional Associations. He also develops
and delivers short courses, seminars and workshops on changes and opportunities in trade
and finance. He has extensive experience as a speaker, moderator and panelist at
workshops and conferences held for both students and professionals across the country
and abroad. Mr. Adukia has delivered lectures abroad at forums of International
Federation of Accountants and traveled very extensively abroad for professional work.

84