C o m m u n . Fa c . S c i. U n iv . A n k . S é r. A 1 M a th . S ta t.

Vo lu m e 6 6 , N u m b e r 1 , P a g e s 1 8 7 –1 9 8 (2 0 1 7 )
D O I: 1 0 .1 5 0 1 / C o m m u a 1 _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 8
IS S N 1 3 0 3 –5 9 9 1

ON MEUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES

ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· GÖRGÜLÜ, AND CUMAL I· EK I·C I·

Abstract. In this paper, the geodesic curvature, the normal curvature, the
geodesic torsion and the curvature of the image curve on a parallel surface
of a given curve on a surface are obtained. Moreover, Meusnier theorem for
parallel surfaces are discussed.

1. Introduction
Parallel surfaces as a subject of di¤erential geometry have been intriguing for
mathematicians throughout history and so it has been a research …eld. In theory
of surfaces, there are some special surfaces such as ruled surfaces, minimal surfaces
and surfaces of constant curvature in which geometricians are interested. Among
these surfaces, parallel surfaces are also studied in many papers [4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13].
Craig had studied to …nd parallel surface of ellipsoid [3]. Eisenhart gave a chapter
for parallel surfaces in his famous a treatise of di¤erential geometry [5]. Nizamo¼glu
had stated parallel ruled surface as a curve depending on one-parameter and gave
some geometric properties of such a surface [11].
A surface M r whose points are at a constant distance along the normal from
another surface M is said to be parallel to M . So, there is in…nite number of parallel
surfaces because we choose the constant distance along the normal arbitrarily. A
parallel surface can be regarded as the locus of point which is on the normals to
M at a non-zero constant distance r from M [16].
In di¤erential geometry, Meusnier’s theorem states that all curves on a surface
passing through a given point P and having the same tangent line at P also have
the same normal curvature at P and their osculating circles form a sphere. The
theorem was …rst announced by Jean Baptiste Meusnier in 1776. He is best known
for Meusnier’s theorem on the curvature of surfaces, which he formulated while he
was at the Royal School of Engineering.
The centre of curvature of all curves on a surface M which pass through an
arbitrary point P and whose tangents at P have the same direction, di¤erent from

Received by the editors: May 05, 2016, Accepted: Sep. 29, 2016.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classi…cation. 53A05, 53B25 and 53B30.
Key words and phrases. Parallel surface, geodesic curvature, normal curvature, geodesic tor-
sion, Meusnier theorem.
c 2 0 1 7 A n ka ra U n ive rsity
C o m m u n ic a tio n s d e la Fa c u lté d e s S c ie n c e s d e l’U n ive rsité d ’A n ka ra . S é rie s A 1 . M a th e m a tic s a n d S ta tistic s.
187
188 ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· G ÖRG ÜLÜ, AND CUM AL I· EK I·C I·

an asymptotic direction, lie on a circle. The circle of curvature of all plane section
of M with common tangent at P whose direction is di¤erent from an asymptotic
direction lie therefore on a sphere [10].
In this study, the geodesic curvature, the normal curvature, the geodesic torsion
and the curvature of the image curve on a parallel surface of a given curve on a
surface are obtained. Also Meusnier theorem for parallel surface are discussed.

2. Preliminaries
De…nition 2.1. Let M be a surface in E3 and be a unit-speed curve on M . Let
! ! !
T(t) = !p (t); T is called unit tangent vector to the curve . Let ! n (t)= T p (t) k
!p ! !
T (t) k; !
n (t) is called principal normal vector. Finally let b (t) = T(t)^ !
n!n (t); then
! !o
b (t) is called binormal vector to the curve : Note that the vectors T; ! n; b
are perpendicular each other. They form an orthonormal basis for R3 . It is called
! ! !
the Frenet frame. Let N be unit normal to the surfacen M , and let N(t) o
= N (t)
! ! ! ! ! !
be the restriction of N to the curve : The triple T; N; B = N ^ T is a new
frame and called Darboux frame.
Theorem 2.2. Let be unit-speed curve and be real-valued function such
!p
that (t) = T (t) is called the curvature function. If > 0; then the Frenet
formulas are as follows:
!p !
T = n
! p ! !
n = T+ b (2.1)
!p !
b = n
Here is called the torsion of the curve [12].
De…nition 2.3. The functions kg (t); kn (t) are called the geodesic curvature,
the normal curvature and also g (t) is called geodesic torsion of at the point
P = (t). These functions can be obtained as follows:
! !
kg (t) =< T p (t); B(t) >
!p !
kn (t) =< T (t); N(t) >
!p !
g (t) =< B (t); N(t) >

[15].
Theorem 2.4. Let be a unit-speed curve on surface M . Geodesic and normal
curvatures of curve on surface M are, respectively, denoted by kg ; kn and geodesic
torsion denoted by g . Derivative formulas of Darboux frame in terms of kg ; kn
and g are as follows;
!p ! !
T = kg B + kn N
!p ! !
B = kg T + g N (2.3)
!p ! !
N = kn T g B
[15].
 ON M EUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES 189

De…nition 2.5. Curves on a surface along which kg ; kn ; or g vanish are called

as follows:
kg = 0 : geodesic lines or geodesics
kn = 0 : asymptotic lines (2.4)
g =0: lines of curvature
[2].
Theorem 2.6. Let be a regular curve in E3 . Then
! !p
T = !p
k k
! !p ^ !pp k!p ^ !pp k
b = !p !pp ; = (2.5)
k!p k
k ^ k 3

! ! ! < !p ^ !pp ; !ppp >

n = b ^T ; =
k!p ^ !pp k
2

[12].
Theorem 2.7. If be a regular curve in E3 and k!p k = v with > 0; then
!p
T = v ! n
! p ! !
n = v( T + b ) (2.6)
!p
b = v !n
[11].
3
Theorem 2.8. Let be non-unit speed n!curve on
o M surface in E : The Darboux
! !
frame of curve which is k!p k = v; is T ; B; N : Geodesic, normal curvatures,
and geodesic torsion of this curve-surface pair which is, respectively, denoted by
kg ; kn and g are de…ned as follows:
1 !
kg = < !pp ; B >
v2
1 !
kn = < !pp ; N > (2.7)
v2
1 !p !
g = <N;B >
v
[15].
De…nition 2.9. Let be a curve be given by allowable parametric representa-
tion (t) of class r > 2 with arc length t as parameter. Di¤erentiating the relation
T T = 1 we obtain T Tp = 0: Hence, if the vector
Tp = pp

it is orthogonal to the unit tangent vector T and consequently lies in the normal
plane to at the point under consideration; Tp also lies in the osculating plane.
190 ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· G ÖRG ÜLÜ, AND CUM AL I· EK I·C I·

The unit vector

Tp (t)
N(t) =
kTp (t)k
which has direction and sense of Tp the called the unit principal normal vector to
the curve at the point (t): The absolute value of the Tp ;
p
(t) = Tp (t) = < pp (t); pp (t) > , ( > 0);
is called the curvature of the curve at the point (t): The reciprocal of the
curvature,
1
R(t) = , ( > 0);
(t)
is called the radius of curvature of the curve at he point (t):
We now mention the following fact: while the sense of the unit tangent vector to
a curve depends on the orientation of the curve resulting from the choice of a certain
parametric representation, the unit principal normal vector is independent of the
orientation of the curve; its sense does not change if the parameter t is replaced by
the parameter t = t or any other allowable parameter.
The point C on the positive ray of the principal normal at distance R(t) from
the corresponding point P of the curve is called the centre of the curvature. The
circle in the osculating plane whose radius is R and whose centre is C is called
osculating circle or circle of curvature of the at P [10].
Theorem 2.10. (Meusnier Theorem)
If a set of planes be drawn through a tangent to a surface in a nonasymptotic
direction, then the osculating circles of the intersections with the surface lie upon
a sphere [15].
From the equations 2.1. and 2.3, we obtain the following equation known as
Meusnier formula
kn = cos
! !
Where ( 2 2 ) is angle between n and N. This equation can be cast
!
into another form for a direction T for which kn 6= 0; hence also 6= 0: Such a
direction are called nonasymptotic directions. For curves in such directions we can
write R = 1 ; Rn = kn 1 : The quantities R and Rn are here positive, Rn represents
!
the radius of curvature of a curve with tangent T and = 0: One such curve is the
!
intersection of the surface with the plane at P through T and the surface normal;
this curve is called the normal section of the surface at P in the direction of :
Equation 2.8 now takes the form
Rn cos = R:
The center of curvature C1 of a curve in a nonasymptotic direction at P is
the projection on the principal normal of the center of curvature C0 of the normal
section which is tangent to at P:
 ON M EUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES 191

If a set of curve planes be drawn through a tangent to a surface in a nonasymp-

totic direction, then the osculating circles of the intersections with the surface lie
!
upon a sphere whose radius and center are, respectively, Rn and C = P + Rn N P .
1
Here, Rn = .
kn
Theorem 2.11 At a given point of a surface, the normal curvature and geodesic
torsion are the same for all surface curves having a common tangent there [2].
!
Let be be a curve in M that has initial velocity !p (t) = ! v . Let N be the
! !
restriction of N to , that is, the vector …eld t ! N( (t)) on . Then
! ! p
D!
v N = ( N ) (0) (2.9)
!
above the equation is the derivative of N in the direction ! v:
De…nition 2.12. If P is a point of M , then for each tangent vector ! v to M
at P , let
!
SP (!
v)= D!
v N (2.10)
!
where N is unit normal vector …eld on a neighborhood of P in M . SP is called the
!
shape operator of M at P (derived from N) [12].
De…nition 2.13. Let M and M r be two surfaces in Euclidean space. The
function
f : M ! Mr
! (2.11)
P ! f (P ) = P + r N P
is called the parallelization function between M and M r and furthermore M r is
!
called parallel surface to M where N is the unit normal vector …eld on M and r is
a given real number [8].
Theorem 2.14. Let M and M r be two parallel surfaces in Euclidean space and
f: M ! Mr (2.12)
be the parallelization function. Then for X 2 (M )
1: f (X) = X rS(X)
2: S r (f (X)) = S(X)
3. f preserves principal directions of curvature, that is
k
S r (f (X)) = f (X) (2.13)
1 rk
where S r is the shape operator on M r ; and k is a principal curvature of
M at P in direction X [15].

3. Darboux frame of an image of a curve on a parallel surface

De…nition 3.1. Let M and M r be two parallel surfaces. Let be a unit-speed
curve on M and image of stands on M r which (f ) = : For is non-unit
192 ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· G ÖRG ÜLÜ, AND CUM AL I· EK I·C I·

!p !
speed curve than = f ( T ) = v 6= 1. Darboux frame of curve on M r is
( ! )
!r f (T) !r !r !r !r !
T = ; B = T ^N ;N = N (3.1)
v
!
where N r is unit normal vector of M r :
r
n!Theorem
! ! o3.2. Let Darboux frame of curve at f ( (t0 )) = f (P ) on M be
T r ; B r ; N r , then
!r 1h ! !i
T = (1 rkn ) T r g B
v
!r 1h ! !i (3.2)
B = (1 rkn ) B + r g T
v
!r !
N = N
Proof. From the theorems 2.4, 2.14 and the equation 2.10 tangent vector of
(f ) = curve at f ( (t0 ))
!p ! ! !
= f ( T) = T rS( T)
! ! (3.3)
= (1 rkn ) T r g B
!
and the norm of p is
!p q
= (1 rkn )2 + r2 2g = v (3.4)
! ! !
For T r = f ( T )= f ( T) ; tangent vector of curve (f ) = is
!r 1h ! !i
T = (1 rkn ) T r g B : Surface M r is parallel to surface M . And also
v ! !
there is the equation N r = N between normal vectors of surfaces M and M r .
Finally
!r 1h ! !i
B = (1 rkn ) B + r g T :
q v
! 2
Here f ( T ) = (1 rkn )2 + (r g ) = v:
Theorem 3.3. Let be a regular curve on the surface M . Then the geodesic
curvature, the normal curvature and the geodesic torsion of the curve (f )=
are respectively;
kg r
kgr = ( pg + r( g knp p
g kn ))
v v3
1 (3.5)
knr = kn r(kn2 + 2g )
v2
r g
g =
v2
at the point f ( (t0 )) on the parallel surface M r :
 ON M EUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES 193

Proof. Because of non-unit speed curve ; we use the theorem 2.8 and the
equation (3.3), so the following equation are obtained:
!pp ! ! ! !
= rknp T + (1 rkn ) T p r pg B r g B p
! ! ! (3.6)
= (r g kg -rknp ) T+(kg (1-rkn )-r pg ) B+ (1-rkn )kn -r 2g N:
Using the equations (2.7), (3.2) and (3.6), the geodesic curvature of curve on
surface M r is
kg r
kgr = ( pg + r( g knp p
g kn )) (3.7)
v v3
its normal curvature is
1
knr = kn r(kn2 + 2g ) (3.8)
v2
and its geodesic torsion is
r g
g = : (3.9)
v2
Corollary 3.4. The image of a geodesic curve of M on the parallel surface M r is
also geodesic under the following conditions;
i) The geodesic on M is a line of curvature
ii) The normal curvature and the geodesic torsion of the geodesic curve on M
are both constants.
On the other hand, the image of a non-geodesic curve on M is a geodesic on M r
if
r
kg = 2 ( pg + r( g knp p
g kn )) :
v
Proof. By the de…nition 2.5, kg = 0 for a geodesic curve on M . Similarly, kgr is
also zero for a geodesic on the parallel surface M r .
i) From the equation (3,7), for a geodesic on M (i.e. kg = 0) if g = 0 then kgr = 0:
Therefore being a curvature line of a geodesic on M implies being a geodesic on
M r.
ii) If the normal curvature, kn , and the geodesic torsion, g are constants then
from equation (3.7) kgr = 0, that is the image curve is a geodesic.
It is clear from the equation (3.7) that, a non zero
r p p p r
kg = 2 ( g + r( g kn g kn )) implies kg = 0.
v
Corollary 3.5. If an asymptotic curve on M is a line of curvature then the
image curve on M r is also asymptotic curve.
On the other hand,the image of a non-asymptotic curve with the condition
kn = r(kn2 + 2
g)

on M is an asymptotic curve on M r :
Proof. By the de…nition 2.5, a curve is asymptotic if its normal curvature is
zero. By the equation (3.8) the image of an asymptotic curve (i.e. kn = 0) which
is also a line of curvature (i.e. g = 0) is an asymptotic curve on M r (i.e. knr = 0).
194 ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· G ÖRG ÜLÜ, AND CUM AL I· EK I·C I·

If the curve is non-asymptotic on M (i.e. kn 6= 0) but we have the equation

kn = r(kn2 + 2g ) then image curve is an asymptotic on M r by the equation (3.8)
(i.e. knr = 0).
Corollary 3.6. The image curve is line of curvature on M r if and only if it is
a line of curvature on M .
Proof. From the equation (3,7) it is clear that rg = 0 if and only if g = 0.

4. Frenet frame of image of a curve on a parallel surface

Theorem 4.1. Let Frenet frame n! of theo curve (f ) = at
r r !r !r
f ( (t0 )) = f (P ) on the surface M be T ; n ; b , then Frenet frame of parallel
surface is as follows:
!r 1h ! !i
T = (1 rkn ) T r g B (4.1)
v
1 h ! ! !i
!
nr = q r g kgr T+(1-rkn )kgr B+vknr N
2 2
v (knr ) + kgr
!r 1 h ! ! !i
b = q r g v 2 knr T -(1-rkn )v 2 knr B+v 3 kgr N
2 2
v 3 (knr ) + kgr
Proof. We use the theorem 2.6. because of non-unit speed curve . If the
equations (3.3) and (3.6) are used, the following equation is obtained;
!p !pp ! ! !
^ = r g v 2 knr T (1 rkn )v 2 knr B + v 3 kgr N: (4.2)
If the equation (4.2) is normalized the following equation
q
!p !pp 2 2
^ = v 3 (knr ) + kgr (4.3)

is obtained. By using the equations (4.2) and (4.3), binormal vector of this curve
is obtained as
!r 1 h ! ! !i
b = q -r g knr T -(1 rkn )knr B + vkgr N : (4.4)
2 2
v (knr ) + kgr
! !
The normal vector ! n r is found by cross product of b r and T r ;
1 h ! ! !i
!
nr = q r g kgr T + (1 rkn )kgr B + vknr N :
2 2 (4.5)
v (knr ) + kgr
n! ! o
As a result, T r ; b r ; !
n r is Frenet frame of curve at f (P ) on surface M r .
n! ! o
Theorem 4.2. Let T r ; b r ; ! n r be Frenet frame of curve at f (P ) on surface
!
M r . And let !
n r be principal normal vector of curve , N r be unit normal of surface
 ON M EUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES 195

!
M r , r be the angle between the vectors !
n r and N r and r
be curvature of curve
at f (P ) on M r , then
r 2 2 2 knr
( ) = (knr ) + kgr ; cos r
=q : (4.6)
2 2
(knr ) + kgr
!p !pp !p
Proof. From the equations 3.4 and 4.3 the values of ^ and are
substituted in the equation (2.5). Curvature of curve becomes as follows
q
r 2 2
= (knr ) + kgr :
! !
From the equation 4.5 by using the vectors ! n r and N r = N, the following equation
is found;
! knr
cos r =< ! n r ; N r >= q
2 2
(knr ) + kgr
or
kr
cos r = nr :
Theorem 4.3. Images of all curves which have the same tangent vector at the
!
point P = (t0 ) on a surface M have the same f ( T) tangent vector at the point
r
f (P ) = (s0 ) on the surface M .
! ! !
Proof. Let the equation f ( T) = (1 rkn ) T r g B be taken into consideration
in (3.3). All curves which have the same tangent vector at the point P = (t0 ) on a
surface M have the same tangent vector and the same normal vector at the point,
! ! !
hence the vector B = N ^ T is the same for all these curves. From the theorem
!
2.11, all components of the vector f ( T) are the same at this point because normal
curvature and geodesic torsion of all these curves are the same at that point.
The equation in the following corollary is Meusnier formula for parallel surfaces.
Corollary 4.4. By the equation (4.6), the following formula is obtained:
knr = r
i cos r
i
!
The curvature circles of all the curves, which have the same f ( T ) tangent (not
asymptotic direction) at the point f (P ) 2 M r ;lie upon a sphere whose radius and
! 1
center are, respectively, Rr and C r = f (P ) + Rr N rf (P ) . Here, Rr = r :
kn
Example 4.1. Let sphere surface M be given with the following parameteriza-
tion p
'(u; v) = u; v; r2 u2 v 2 :
i) Let us show that for I = (0; ); : I ! R3 ; the curve
(t) = (r cos t; 0; r sin t) is on surface M . Points on surface M are like
q
2 2
(p1 ; p2 ; r2 (p1 ) (p2 ) )
196 ÜM I·T Z I·YA SAVCI, AL I· G ÖRG ÜLÜ, AND CUM AL I· EK I·C I·

If cos t for p1 and 0 for p2 are taken, then the point (r cos t; 0; r sin t) is obtained.
Finally, it is shown that every point (t) is on surface M .
ii) Let’s obtain Darboux triple of the pair (M; ) at the point (t). Normal
vector of surface M is found as
! 1 p
N = (u; v; r2 u2 v 2 ):
r
p
Also, because of (t) = ( r sin t; 0; r cos t) and v = k p (t)k = r,
!
T = ( sin t; 0; cos t)
and
! 1
N( (t)) = (t) = (cos t; 0; sin t):
r
Binormal vector of Darboux triple is found as follows
! ! !
B = N ^ T = (0; r; 0):
n! ! !o
Thus the Darboux triple T ; N; B is found.
iii) Let’s calculate curvatures of the pair (M; ) and curvature radius of the curve
!
at the point (t). By using the expression (2.7) and the equations N p ( (t)) =
( sin t; 0; cos t) and pp (t) = ( r cos t; 0; r sin t),
1
g (t) = 0; kn (t) = and kg (t) = 0
r
are obtained. Curvature of a curve (t) on surface M is found as follows
q 1
(t) = kn2 (t) + kg2 (t) = :
r
1
From the de…nition 2.10, R = r is found because of R = :
r
iv) Let surface M ; parallel to surface M , be a sphere with radius 2r. Let’s
calculate curvatures of the pair (M r ; f ) and curvature of the curve f at
the point f ( (t)). Let f = be a curve. The tangent vector of curve is
!p ! ! 1
= (1 rkn ) T r g B: The expressions g = 0; kn = and kg = 0 of original
r !
surface are used in the equation (3.3). The norm of the tangent vector p is
!p q
! ! ! !
= < (1 rkn ) T r g B; (1 rkn ) T r g B > = 2:

Geodesic curvature kgr ; normal curvature knr and geodesic torsion rg of on parallel
surface M r are, respectively, as follows:
1
kgr = kg v 2 r(r g knp + (1 rkn ) pg ) = 0;
v3
1 1
knr = (kn r(kn2 + 2
g )) =
v2 2r
 ON M EUSNIER THEOREM FOR PARALLEL SURFACES 197

and
r g
g = = 0:
v2
Curvature of the curve f = is found, by using the equation (3.3), as follows:
q
r 2 2 1
= (knr ) + kgr = :
2r
If curvature radius of the curve is denoted by Rr , Rr = 2r is found.

5. Conclusion
There are many studies related to Meusnier theorem. In this study, the elements
of the Darboux and Frenet frames of the curve which is the image of a curve at
the original surface upon the parallel surface were obtained in terms of the frame
elements belonging to the original surface. Then normal and geodesic curvatures
and geodesic torsion of parallel surface were found in respect of those of the original
surface. Thereafter, the condition was given for a curve on the original surface
which is also an asymptotic curve to be again its image on the parallel surface an
asymptotic curve. It is also shown that the condition is preserved for an image
curve to be a line of curvature. A relation was given among curvature, normal and
geodesic curvatures of parallel surface. Finally, it was shown that Meusnier theorem
has been provided for parallel surfaces therefore some results and an example were
given.

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