Chapter 4:Forces and Energy

(Unit:4.01-4.03)
Grade:VI
 4.01:Work and Energy

Work: Work is done whenever a force makes

something move.
How to calculate work done :
Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of force
The SI unit of work is the joule (J).
1J=1N.m
How to define 1 joule of work :
1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 newton moves an object 1 metre
in the direction of the force.
Continue…
Work done can be Positive, Negative and Zero.
Positive work: When a force moves an object in direction of the force, work
done is said to be positive.
Negative work: When a force moves an object in the opposite direction of the
force, work done is said to be negative.
Zero work: When a force moves an object to the direction perpendicular to
the direction of the force, work done is said to be zero.
Or ,when a force can not move an object, work done is zero.
Mathematical problem :
Q1: How much work is done if a force of 12 N moves an object a distance of 5 m?
Solution : work done =force x distance moved in the direction of the force
=12N x5 m=60 N. m =60 J
Q2: which one defines 5 joules of work correctly?
A. a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m in the direction of the force
B. a force of 5 N moves an object 5 m in the direction of the force
C. a force of 1 N moves an object 5 m in the opposite direction of the force
D. a force of 1 N moves an object 5 m in the direction of the force
Solution : correct answer D
 ENERGY: The ability of doing work is called Energy.
Things have energy if they can be used to do work.
The SI unit for energy is also joule (J).Energy is a scalar quantity
because it has only magnitude ( size) but no direction.
You need to know the following:
• Moving objects have energy.
• Materials are made up of atoms ( or groups of atoms).These are
constantly in motion. In a solid such as iron,the atoms are
vibrating.If the solid is heated ,it's temperature rises,the atoms
move faster.So a material has more energy when hot than when
cold.
1 kilojoule= 1000 J ( 103 J)
1 megajoule (MJ)= 1000 000 J ( 106 J)
Continue..

Forms of energy: .
1)Kinetic energy, 2) Potential energy, 3) Gravitational potential
energy, 4) Elastic potential energy( strain energy), 5) Chemical
potential energy, 6) Electrical potential energy, 7) Nuclear potential
energy,
8)Thermal energy, 9)Radiated energy.

(N.B:See Text Book page 83 for more details )

 4.02-Energy transformation
Law of conservation of energy :Energy
can not be made or destroyed, but it can
change from one form to another.
Work done= energy transformed
 4.03: calculating PE and KE

What does PE stand for?

Ans:PE stands for potential energy. It is the energy which an object has because
of its changed position, shape, or state.
Gravitational potential energy :when an object is at a certain height from
ground, the object has gravitational potential energy.
For an object of mass m at a vertical height of h above the ground :
Gravitational potential energy =m × g × h=mgh. ( Here,g= gravitational field
strength of the Earth and it's value is 10 N/kg )
Mathematical problem:
1.An object has a mass of 6 Kg. What is its gravitational potential energy
a) 4m above the ground, b) 6 m above the ground? Assume that g is 10 N/kg and
other forces are negligible.
Solution :a) Gravitational potential energy = m x g x h
=6 Kg x 10N/kg x4 m=240 N. m
=240 J (ans)
b) Gravitational potential energy =mxg xh =6 Kg x10 N/kg x 6 m
= 360 N. m =360 J (Ans)
Calculating KE:

KE stands for kinetic energy. It is the energy due to

motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy.
KE=½ × mass × (velocity) 2
=½ m v2
Mathematical problems :
Q2. An object of mass 6 Kg has a speed of 5 m/s.

a) What is its kinetic energy? b) what is its kinetic energy if it's speed is doubled?

Solution : a) Kinetic energy =½ x mass x (speed) 2

= ½ x m x v2

=½ x 6 Kg x (5 m/s) 2

= ½ × 6 kg × 25 m2/s2

=75 joules (ans)

Continue….

b) If the speed is doubled,it speed= 2× 5 m/s = 10 m/s

Kinetic energy =½ x mass x (speed) 2
= ½ × m ×v2
=½ x 6 Kg x (10 m/s) 2
= ½ × 6 kg × 100 m2/s2
=300 joules (ans)
Continue…
Q3: A ball of mass 0.5 kg has 100 J of kinetic energy. What is the speed of the ball?
Solution :Kinetic energy =½ x mass x(speed) 2
So, ½ x mass x (speed) 2 = 100
Or, ½ x 0.5 x (speed) 2 =100
Or,(speed)2 =2x100/0.5
Or,(speed) 2 =400
Or,speed =20 m/s (ans)
Q4:The diagram shows a pendulum which was released
from position A.
What forms of energy did the
Pendulum have at A, B and C?
Solution :
At point A, the pendulum has only
Potential energy(PE)
At point B: PE +KE
At point C:PE +KE
Continue…

Q5. A ball has a mass of 0.5 kg. Dropped from a cliff top, the
ball hits the sea below at a speed of 10 m/s.
a) What is the kinetic energy of the ball as it is about to hit the
sea?
b) What was the ball's gravitational potential energy before it
was dropped?
c) From what height was the ball dropped?
Solution :
a) Here, mass(m) =0.5 kg, speed (v) =10m/s

Kinetic energy =½ x mass x (speed) 2

=½ x m x v2

=½ x 0.5 kg x(10 m/s) 2

= ½ × 0.5 kg × 100 m2 /s2

=25 joules (Ans)

b) Here, gravitational potential energy converts into kinetic energy

Gravitational potential energy = kinetic energy

=25 joules (Ans)

Continue..
C) let height =h
Gravitational potential energy =mgh
Or, 25J =0.5 kg x10N/kg x h
Or, 25 N. m=5N xh
Or h=25N. m/5N
Or, h=5 m
So, height is 5 m. (ans)
Continue…
Q6. An object of mass 10 kg moving at a velocity of 5 m/s changes its velocity to 8
m/s . Calculate the work done . (Assume that air resistance and other frictional forces
are negligible.)

Solution: Final kinetic energy= ½ × m× v2 =½ × 10 kg × ( 8 m/s) 2

= ½ × 10 kg × 64 m2/s2 = 320 J

Initial kinetic energy= ½ × m× u2 =½ × 10 kg × ( 5 m/s) 2 =½ × 10 kg × 25m2/s2 =

125J

Work done= change in kinetic energy= 320 J - 125J = 195 J

Continue….
Q7. An object of mass 5 kg is lifting to A from B following three different paths shown
below. Assume that g= 10 N/kg and air resistance and other frictional forces are negligible.
A. A. A

Path 1 Path 2. Path 3

B. B. B
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a) Which path requires less force to lift the object at point A ?
b) If 750 J of work is done to lift the object at point A from B , calculate the vertical height.
Solution: a) Path -1 requires less force to lift the object from B to A.
b) when the object is at point A, the object gains gravitational potential energy.
Work done= gained in gravitational potential energy= m×g× h
750= 5×10×h
Or,750 = 50× h
Or,h= 750/50
Or,h= 15 m
Continue
See physics Text Book page 87: Mathematical
problems (examples)
Solution to the question ( Physics text Book Page 83)
Q1.How much work is done if a force of 12 N moves an object a distance of 5 m?

Solution : work done =force x distance moved in the direction of the force

=12N x5 m=60 N. m =60 J

Q2.If you use a 40 N force to lift a bag ,and do 20 J of work ,how far do you lift it?

Solution: work done= Force × distance moved

Therefore, distance= work done/ Force= 20 J/ 40 N = 0.5 m

Solution to the question ( Physics text Book Page 83)
Q3: Express the following amounts energy in joules:

a) 10 kJ b) 35 MJ c) 0.5 MJ d) 0.2 kJ

Solution: a) 10 kJ = 10 × 1000 J = 10,000 J

b) 35 MJ= 35 × 1000000 J= 35000000 J = 3.5× 107 J

c) 0.5 MJ= 0.5× 1000000 J=500000 J =5×105 J
d) 0.2 kJ = 0.2× 1000 J = 200 J
Solution to the question ( Physics text Book Page 85)
Q1. 50J of work must be done to lift a vase from the ground up on to a shelf.
a) When the vase is on the shelf, what is its gravitational potential energy?
b) If the vase falls from the shelf,how much kinetic energy does it have just before it
hits the ground? ( Assume that air resistance is negligible)
c) What happens to this energy after the vase has hit the ground?
Solution:a) since work done= transformed energy, gravitational potential energy= 50 J
b) If air resistance is negligible, gravitational potential energy converts into kinetic
energy just before it hits the ground.
Kinetic energy= gravitational potential energy= 50 J
Solution to the question ( Physics text Book Page 85)
C) After hitting the ground, kinetic energy converts into thermal energy and Sound
energy.

Q2. What is the law of conservation of energy?

Ans:Law of conservation of energy :Energy can not be made or destroyed, but

it can change from one form to another.