MATHEMATICS [21]

LECTURE - I
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Differential equations are of utmost importance GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
in Physics and engineering. Many physicalOLUTIONS
laws OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
when expressed mathematically take the form of Let y = f (x).
differential equations. In chemistry , biology y is called a solution of a given first order
and various other disciplines also we come across differential equation on some interval I if it is
situations where mathematical for mulation defined and differen tiable at every point of I and
gives rise to differential equations. is such that the equation reduces to an identity
DEFINITION dy
when y and are replaced by f (x) and f (x)
An equation in which at least one term contains dx
respectively. For example y = f (x) = e 2x is a
dy d 2 y
, etc. is called a differential equation. solution of the first order differential equation
dx dx2
dy
For example = 2y, for all x,because f (x)= 2e 2x , and by
dx
dy
+ 3y = 4x ... (1) dy
dx substituting y = e 2x and = 2e 2x, the equation
dx
3
 dy  reduceds to the identity.
  + 2 + y = sin x ... (2)
Note that a solution of a differential equation may
 dx 
be an implicit function, i.e. a function given as
d2 y F(x , y) = c instead of y = f (x).
– y = cos x ... (3)
dx 2 For example x2 – y2 = 1 (y  0) is a solution of the
2 dy x
d 2 y  dy  differential equation = .
–   + y = tan x ... (4) dx y
dx 2  dx 
A general solution of first order differential
3 equation contains an arbitrar y constant. A
 d2 y  dy
 2 + – 3y = cos x ... (5) particular solution is the solution obtained by
 dx  dx
applying conditions given in the problem and
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) represent differential evaluating the arbitrary constant.
equations. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
ORDER AND DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Given an equation containing arbitrary constants,
Definition: it is possible to find a differential equation
whose solution is the given equation. This is done
A differential equation is said to be of order n if
by differentiating the given equation as many
the nth order derivative is the highest derivative
number of times as the numbers of constants and
of y in that equation.
then eliminating the arbitrary constants from the
The degree of a differential equation is the power given equation with the help of these equations.
of the derivative of the highest order in the
Illustration-1
equation when the equation has been expressed
in a form so that it is free of radicals and fractions Find the order and the degree of the following
so far as the derivatives are concerned. differential equations
2 5
In the illustrations given in (1) to (5), (1) & (2) are  d 4 y   d3 y 
of first order and (3), (4), (5) are of second order. (i)  4  +  3  +– y = x 10
 dx   dx 
In the illustrations given in (1) to (5), (1)& (3) are
of first degree, (4) is of 2nd degree and (2), (5) are d2 y
(ii) + e dy / dx + y = x2
of third degree. dx 2
 [22] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Solution: Illustration-4
(i)  Highest order derivative present in the
1 dy 1
differential equation is of 4th order Solve = 2
x dx x + 3
 Given differential equation is 4 th order
differential equation. Solution:
Degree of the differential equation = 2 1 dy 1 x dx
= 2  = dy
(as it is the degree of the highest order derivative) x dx x + 3 x2 + 3
(ii) Order of the differential equation = 2. Degree of
Integrating we get
the differential equation is undefined.
Illustration-2 1
log |x2 + 3| = y + c (w hich ca n a lso be
Show that y = Ae x + Be –x – 4x is a solution of 2
y – y = 4x written as x 2 + 3 = ke 2y, k : a constant)
Solution: HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
y = Ae x + Be –x – 4x  y’ = Ae x – Be –x
A function f of two variables x and y, given by
& y’’= Ae x + Be –x f (x, y), is said to be homogeneous in x and y if
Eliminating A, B we get
y
y’’= y + 4x  y’’ – y = 4x f (x, y) can be expressed in the form x n g ( ) for
x
Illustration-3 some function g.
Find the differential equation of the family of all For example, f (x, y) = x 3 y + xy3 +3xy
2 2
x y
ellipses + = 1, where C is an arbitraryy
C+2 C  y  y 3 y 
2

constant. = x 4  x +  x  + 3  x    f is a homogeneous
     
Solution:
function of x and y of degree 4.
x2 y2 Note that f (x, y) can also be expressed as
+ =1 ...... (1)
C+2 C
x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, yn h   .
y
2x 2y dy dy –x C
+ =0 = .
C + 2 C dx dx C + 2 y x
For example, f (x, y) = sin   . f is a
y dy C 2 x dx y
 =– 1+ =– homogeneous function of x and y of degree zero.
x dx C+2 C y xy

2 –x 2 –(x + yy ) –2yy 
dy
= = Consider x (x – y) + y2 = 0
 – 1   C = dx
C yy  C yy  x + yy 
Substituting in (1) and simplifying we get dy M (x , y)
 =
(x + yy) (xy – y) = 2y dx N (x , y)
METHODS OF SOLVING FIRST ORDER, F where M (x, y) = – y 2 , N (x, y) = x(x – y)
, FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS M and N are homogeneous functions of x and y
Methods of separation of variables of degree 2.
Consider M dx + N dy = 0 ...... (1) A first order differential equation is said be
where M = f (x) and N = g(y) homogeneous if it can be expressed as
(1) is in variables separable form. By integrating dy
(1) we get M +N =0 ....... (1)
dx
 f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = C where M and N are homogeneous function
of x and y of same degree.
where C is the constant of integration.
MATHEMATICS [23]
Illustration-5
dy y
For example x = y – x tan  
dx x dy
Solve x(x – y) + y2 = 0 ...... (1)
dx
 dy y y
 = – tan  is a hom oge neo us Solution:
 dx x x
The given differential equation is homogeneous.
dy Put y = vx ...... (2)
equation but (2x 2 y + 3xy2 ) + x2 – y2 = 0
dx
dy dv
is not a homogeneous equation  =v+x ...... (3)
dx dx
(as M = 2x 2 y + 3xy 2 and N = x 2 – y 2 are
(1), (2), (3) give
homogeneous but not of same degree)
To solve homogeneous differential equation (1) dv
x (x – xv) (v + x ) + v2 x2 = 0
we put dx

y dy dv dv
=v  = v+x  (1 – v) (v + x ) = – v2
x dx dx dx
to get (1) reduced to a differential equation in x dv –v 2
and v in variables separable form.  x = –v
dx 1– v

–v 1– v dx
=  dv = –
1– v v x
Integrating we get
log |v| – v = – log |x| + c
 v = log |vx|+ k (k = – c)
 y = x log |y| + k
 |y| = C1 e y / x is the desired solution, where
C1 is an arbitrary solution.
[24] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ABHYAAS - I
NCERT Questions Q-15 Verify that the function y  a cos x  b sin x ,
Q-1 Find the order and degree, if defined, of each of where, a, b  R is a solution of the differential
the following differential equations:
d 2y
equation y0
dy dx 2
(i)  cos x  0
dx In each of the Exercises 16 to 25 verify that the given
2 functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the
d 2y  dy  dy
(ii) xy 2
 x   y 0 corresponding differential equation:
dx  dx  dx
Q-16 y  ex  1 : y " y '  0
(iii) y "' y 2  ey'  0
Determine order and degree (if defined) of
Q-17 y  x 2  2x  C : y ' 2x  2  0
differential equations given in Exercises 2 to 11. Q-18 y  cos x  C : y ' sin x  0
4
d y xy
Q-2  sin  y "'   0 Q-19 y  1  x2 : y' 
dx 4 1  x2
Q-3 y ' 5y  0 Q-20 y  Ax : xy '  y  x  0 
4
 ds  d2s Q-21 y  x sin x : xy ' y  x x 2  y 2  x  0 and x  y or
Q-4    3s 2  0
 dt  dt
y  x sin x : xy ' y  x x 2  y 2  x  0 and x  y or x   y 
2
 d 2y   dy 
Q-5  2   cos    0 y2
 dx   dx  Q-22 xy  log y  C : y'   xy  1
1  xy
d2y
Q-6  cos 3x  sin 3x Q-23 y  cos y  x :  y sin y  cos y  x  y '  y
dx 2
2 3 4 5
Q-24 x  y  tan1 y : y 2 y ' y 2  1  0
Q-7  y "'    y "   y '   y  0
dy
Q-8 y "' 2y " y '  0 Q-25 y  a 2  x 2 x   a,a  : xy  0 y  0
dx
Q-9 y ' y  e x Q-26 The number of arbitrary constants in the general
solution of a differential equation of fourth order
2
Q-10 y "  y '   2y  0 are:
Q-11 y " 2y ' sin y  0 (A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Q-12 The degree of the differential equation
Q-27 The number of arbitrary constants in the
2 2
 d y   dy   dy  particular solution of a differential equation of
 2      sin    1  0 is third order are:
 dx   dx   dx 
(A) 3 (B) 2
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0
(C) 1 (D) not defined
Q-13 The order of the differential equation Q-28 Form the differential equation representing the
family of curves y = mx, where, m is arbitrary
d 2y dy constant.
2x 2 2
3  y  0 is
dx dx Q-29 Form the differential equation representing the
(A) 2 (B) 1 family of curves y  a sin  x  b  , where a, b aree
(C) 0 (D) not defined
arbitrary constants.
Q-14 Verify that the function y = e– 3x is a solution of
Q-30 Form the differential equation representing the
2
the differential equation d y  dy  6y  0 . family of ellipses having foci on x-axis and centre
dx 2 dx at the origin.
MATHEMATICS [25]
Q-31 Form the differential equation of the family of Q-45 Find the general solution of the differential
circles touching the x-axis at origin.
dy x  1
Q-32 Form the differential equation representing the equation  ,  y  2
dx 2  y
family of parabolas having vertex at origin and
axis along positive direction of x-axis. Q-46 Find the general solution of the differential

In each of the Exercises 33 to 37, form a differential dy 1  y 2

equation 
equation representing the given family of curves dx 1  x 2
by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b. Q-47 Find the particular solution of the differential
x y dy
Q-33  1 equation given  4xy 2 given that y = 1,
a b dx
when x = 0.
Q-34 
y 2  a b2  x 2 
Q-48 Find the equation of the curve passing through
3x 2x
Q-35 y  ae  be the point (1, 1) whose differential equation is
Q-36 y  e 2x  a  bx  x dy   2x 2  1 dx  x  0 

Q-37 y  e x  a cos x  b sin x  Q-49 Find the equation of a curve passing through
the point (–2, 3), given that the slope of the
Q-38 Form the differential equation of the family of
circles touching the y-axis at origin. 2x
tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is
Q-39 Form the differential equation of the family of y2
parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along Q-50 In a bank, principal increases continuously at the
positive y-axis. rate of 5% per year. In how many years Rs 1000
Q-40 Form the differential equation of the family of double itself?
ellipses having foci on y-axis and centre at origin.
For each of the differential equations in Exercises
Q-41 Form the differential equation of the family of 51 to 60, find the general solution:
hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and centre at
origin. dy 1  cos x
Q-51 
dx 1  cos x
Q-42 Form the differential equation of the family of
circles having centre on y-axis and radius 3 units. dy
Q-52  4  y 2  2  y  2 
Q-43 Which of the following differential equations has dx
y  c 1ex  c 2e x as the general solution? dy
Q-53  y  1  y  1
d2y d2y
dx
(A) y0 (B) y0
dx 2 dx 2 Q-54 sec 2 x tan y dx  sec 2 y tan xd y  0
d2y d2y
(C)
dx 2
1 0 (D)
dx 2
1 0 Q-55 e x
 
 e  x dy  e x  e  x dx  0
Q-44 Which of the following differential equations has dy
y = x as one of its particular solution? Q-56
dx

1  x 2 1  y2  
d 2y dy
(A) 2
 x2  xy  x Q-57 y log y dx  x dy  0
dx dx
d2y dy dy
(B) x  xy  x Q-58 x5  y5
dx 2
dx dx

d 2y dy dy
(C) 2
 x2  xy  0 Q-59  sin 1 x
dx dx dx
d2y dy
(D) 2
x  xy  0 Q-60  
e x tan y dx  1  e x sec 2 y dy  0
dx dx
[26] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
For each of the differential equations in Exercises Q-74 The general solution of the differential equation
61 to 64, find a particular solution satisfying the dy
given condition:  ex  y is
dx
dy (A) ex  e y  C (B) ex  ey  C
Q-61 x 3
 x2  x  1  dx  2x 2
 x; y  1
x y
(C) e  e  C (D) e x  e y  C
when x  0
Q-75 Show that the differential equation

Q-62 
x x2  1  dy
dx
 1; y  0 when x  2
dy
 x  y   x  2y is homogeneous and solve
dx
it.
 dy 
Q-63 cos    a  a  R  ; y  1 when x  0 Q-76 Show that the differential equation is
 dx 
 y  dy y
dy x cos    y cos    x homogeneous
Q-64  y tan x; y  1 when x  0  x  dx x
dx and solve it.
Q-65 Find the equation of a curve passing through Q-77 Show that the differential equation
the point (0, 0) and whose differential equation
x  x
is y '  ex sin x . 2 y e dx   y  2x e  dy  0 is homogeneous
y  y
Q-16 For the differential equation and find its particular solution, given that, x = 0
dy when y = 1.
xy   x  2 y  2 , find the solution curve
dx Q-78 Show that the family of curves for which the slope
passing through the point 1,  1 . x 2  y2
of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it is
Q-67 Find the equation of a curve passing through 2xy
the point (0, –2) given that at any point (x, y) on is given by x 2  y 2  cx .
the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent In each of the Exercises 79 to 87, show that the given
and y coordinate of the point is equal to the x differential equation is homogeneous and solve
coordinate of the point. each of them.
Q-68 At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the
tangent is twice the slope of the line segment
Q-79 x 2
  
 xy dx  x 2  y 2 dx

joining the point of contact to the point xy

(– 4, –3). Find the equation of the curve given Q-80 y' 
x
that it passes through (–2, 1).
Q-81  x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0
Q-69 The volume of spherical balloon being inflated
changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is Q-82 x 2

 y 2 dx  2xy dy  0
3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the
dy
radius of balloon after t seconds. Q-83 x2  x 2  2y 2  xy
dx
Q-70 In a bank, principal increases continuously at the
rate of r% per year. Find the value of r if Rs 100 Q-84 x dy  y dx  x 2  y 2 dx
double itself in 10 years (loge2 = 0.6931).
 y  y   y  y 
Q-71 In a bank, principal increases continuously at the Q-85  x cos    y sin    y dx   y sin    x cos    x
 x  x   x  x 
rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs 1000 is
deposited with this bank, how much  will itworth
y  y   y  y 
0.5  x cos    y sin    y dx   y sin    x cos    x dy
after 10 years (e = 1.648).  x  x   x  x 
Q-72 In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The
dy y
number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how Q-86 x  y  x sin    0
dx x
many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the
rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the y
Q-87 y dx  x log   dy  2x dy  0
number present? x
MATHEMATICS [27]

 x
 x Miscellaneous Exercise :
 x
Q-88  1  e y  dx  e y  1   dy  0 Q-100 For each of the differential equations given below,
   y
indicate its order and degree (if defined).
For each of the differential equations in Exercises
2
from 89 to 93, find the particular solution d 2y  dy 
(i) 2
 5x    6y  log x
satisfying the given condition: dx  dx 
Q-89  x  y  dy   x  y  dx  0; y  1 when x 1 3 
 dy   dy 
Q-90  
x 2dy  xy  y 2 dx  0; y  1 when x  1 (ii)    4   7y  sin x
 dx   dx 

 2y   2
Q-91  x sin  x   y  dx  x dy  0; y  4 d4y  d3 y 
    (iii)  sin  3  0
dx 4  dx 
when x  1
dy Q-101 For each of the exercises given below, verify that
Q-92 2xy  y 2  2x 2  0; y  2 when x  1 the given function (implicit or explicit) is a
dx
solution of the corresponding differential
dy y y equation.
Q-93   cosec    0; y  0 when x  1
dx x x
(i) xy  a ex  b e x  x 2 :
Q-94 A homogeneous differential equation of the from
dy x d 2y dy
 h   can be solved by making the x 2
2  xy  x 2  2  0
dx dx dx
y
substitution. d 2y dy
(A) y  vx (B) v  yx (ii) y  e x  a cos x  b sin x  : 2
2  2y  0
dx dx
(C) x  vy (D) x  v
Q-95 Which of the following is a homogeneous d 2y
(iii) y  x sin 3x :  9y  6 cos 3 x  0
differential equation? dx 2

(A)  4x  6y  5  dy   3y  2x  4  dx  0
(iv) x 2  2y 2 log y : x 2
 y2  dy
dx
 xy  0
(B) (xy) dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
(C) (x3 + 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 Q-102 Form the differential equation representing the
family of curves given by (x – a)2 + 2y2 = a2,
(D) y2 dx + (x2 – xy – y2) dy = 0
where a is an arbitrary constant.
Q-96 Verify that the function
2
y  c 1eax cos bx  c 2eax sin bx , where c 1 , c 2 Q-103 Prove that x 2  y 2  c x 2  y 2   is the general
are arbitrary constants is a solution solution of differential equation
of the differential equation
2
x 3
  
 3x y 2 dx  y 3  3x 2 y dy , where c is a
d y dy
dx 2
 2a
dx
 
 a 2  b2 y  0 parameter.
Q-97 Form the differential equation of the family of Q-104 Form the differential equation of the family of
circles in the second quadrant and touching the circles in the first quadrant which touch the
coordinate axes. coordinate axes.
Q-98 Find the particular solution of the differential Q-105 Find the general solution of the differential
dy
equation log    3x  4y given that y = 0 dy 1  y2
 dx  equation  0
when x = 0. dx 1  x2
Q-99 Solve the differential equation
y y
 x dy  y dx  y sin     y dx  xdy  x cos  
x x
[28] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
State Board Questions 1 1
 d 3 y  6  dy  3
Q-1 Find the order and degree of the differential (viii)  3  .   5
2  dx   dx 
d y  dy 
equation 2
 x    y  2 sin x dy
dx  dx  dy
(ix) e dx  x
Q-2 Determine the order and degree of the differential dx
2
 d2 y   dy 
equation  2   3 1   
 dx   dx  x3 y3 3
dy 2 sin x  3 2 dy
Q-3 For the differential equation  , (x) 2x 3y 0 0
dx  dy  dx
 dx   d 2 y  dy  2 
 
5x 2 y 2     0
determine its order and degree.  dx  dx  
Q-4 Find the order and degree of the differential
Q-8 In each of the following examples verify that the
d 2 y dy d3y
equation   x  1  given function is a solution of the corresponding
dx 2 dx dx 3 differential equation.
Q-5 Verify that the function y  aex  be2x wheree
d 2y
a, b  R is a solution of the differential equation (i) y  c1 sin x  c 2 cos x; y0
dx 2
d 2 y dy
  2y dy
dx 2 dx (ii) y sec x  tan x  c;  y tan x  sec x
dx
Q-6 Verify that y  e x  Ax  B is a solution of the
 d 2y  y2
differential equation. e  2   1 x
(iii) xy  log y  c;y '  , xy  1
 dx  1  xy
Q-7 Determine the order and degree of each of the
following differential equations.
2 d 2y dy
1
(iv) y  sin x  
 c; 1  x 2  dx 2
x
dx
2
2 3
 d 2 y   dy  x
(i)  2      e d 2y dy
 dx   dx  m
(v) y  x ; x
2
2
 mx  my  0
dx dx
2
d 2 y  dy  Q-9 Form the differential equation whose general
(ii)   7 0
dt 2  dt 
solution is x 3  y 3  4 ax .
2 3
d 4 y   dy   Q-10 Obtain the differential equation from the relation
(iii) dx 4   1    
  dx   Ax 2  By 2  1 , where A and B are constants.
2 2
(iv)  y "'   2  y "   3  y '   4y  0 Q-11 Form the differential equation of family of lines
having x-intercept a and y-intercept b.
2
 d 2y   dy  Q-12 Find the differential equation of the family of
(v)  2   cos    0 circles touching y-axis at the origin.
 dx   dx 
Q-13 Form the differential equation of all parabolas
3
1  d 2y  2 which have 4a as latus rectum and whose axes
1 2
  2 is parallel to X-axis.
(vi)  dy   dx 
 dx  Q-14 Form the differential equation of an ellipse whose
 
major axis is twice its minor axis.
7
Q-15 The rate of decay of the mass of a radio active
  dy  3  3 d2 y
(vii) 1 
     7. substance at any time is k times its mass at that
  dx   dx 2 time. Form the differential equation satisfied by
the mass of the substance.
MATHEMATICS [29]
Q-16 Obtain the differential equation by eliminating Q-28 Solve :  2x  2y  3  dx   x  y  1 dy  0 .
the arbitrary constants from the following
equations. Given that y  1 when x  0 .

(i) y  A e3x  B.e3x Q-29 Solve :  x  y  dx  2xy dy  0 .

2 2

2 c
(ii) y  c  y  y 
x Q-30 Solve : x sin   dy   y sin  x  dx
x  x 
(iii) y  A cos  log x   B sin  log x  Q-31 Solve the following differential equations”
(iv) y   c1  c 2 x  e x dy
(i) y  x 0
dx
(v) y  c 1 e3x  c 2 e2x
dy
(vi) y 2   x  c 
3
(ii)  x2y  y
dx
Q-17 A particle is moving along the X-axis. Its
(iii) sec 2 x. tan y dx  sec 2 y. tan x dy  0
acceleration at time t is proportional to its velocity
at that time. Find the differential equation of the (iv) cos x.cos y dy  sin x . sin y dx  0
motion of the particle.
Q-18 Find the differential equation of the family of d
(v)   k    0  , k
circles having their centres on the line y = 10 dt
and touching the X-axis.
(vi)  x  yx  dy   y  xy  dx  0
2 2 2 2

Q-19 Form the differential equation of the family of

circles touching the X-axis at the origin.
3 dy dy
Q-20 Form the differential equation of all lines parallel (vii) y   x2
dx dx
to the line 3x + 2y + 5 = 0.
Q-21 Form the differential equation of all parabolas dy
(viii)  x 25  x 2
having the vertex at origin and axis along the dx
positive Y-axis.
(ix) 2 ex  2y dx  3 dy  0
Q-22 Form the differential equation of all parabolas
whose axis is Y-axis.
dx x log x
Q-23 Find the differential equation of the family of lines (x) 
dt t
where length of the normal from origin is p and
the inclination of the normal is  . Q-32 For each of the following differential
equations find the particular solution
Q-24 The equation of the ellipse is given as
satisfying the given condition:
x2 y2

36 16
 k . Form the differential equation of (i)  x  y x  dx   y  x y  dy  0;
2 2

the ellipse whose length of major and minor axes when x  2, y  0 .

are half the lengths of the given ellipse dy 
respectively. (ii)  e 2y cos x; when x , y  0
dx 6
dy 1  y 2
Q-25 Solve :  dy
dx 1  x 2 (iii)  x  1  1  2e y ; y  0 when x  1
dx
Solve : 3e tan y dx  1  e  sec y dy  0 .
x x 2
Q-26
(iv) y 1  log x 
dy
 x log x  0; y  e2
Also find the particular solution when x  0 and dx
y  . when x  e

dy  dy 
Q-27 Solve :  cos  x  y  (v) cos    a, a  R, y  0   2
dx  dx 
[30] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Q-33 Reduce each of the following differential
equations to the variables separable form dy y  x 2  y 2
(v) 
and hence solve: dx x

dy dy y
(i) 1   cos ec  x  y  (vi) x  y  x sin    0
dx dx x

2 dy
(ii) x  y  a2 x y  x
(vii) 1  e  dx  e  1   dy  0
x y
dx
 y
dy
(iii) x  y
dx

 sec x 2  y 2  (viii)  x  y  dx  dxy dy  0
2 2

dy 2 dy
(iv)   4x  y  1 (ix) xy  x 2  2y 2 ; y 1  0
dx dx

y (x) x dy  2y dx  0 when x  2, y  1
 dy 
(v)  x  y  e x  x 2 cos x
 dx  2 dy
(xi) x  x 2  xy  y 2
Q-34 Solve the following differential equations : dx

(i) y dx   xy  x  dy  0  9x  5y  dy  15x  11y)dx  0 

2 2
(xii)

(xiii)  x  3xy  y  dx  x dy  0
2 2 2
(ii) x y dx   x  y  dy  0
2 3 3

dy dy dy
y y 2
(xiv) y  x
2
 xy
(iii)  tan    dx dx
dx x x

dy x  2y
(iv)  0
dx 2x  y
MATHEMATICS [31]
LEVEL - I
Q-1 The order of the differential equation of a family Q-8 The degree of the differential equation
of curves represented by an equation containing
( 1  x 2  1  y 2 )  A(x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 ) is
four arbitrary constants, will be
(A) 2 (B) 4
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) None of these
(C) 4 (D) None of these
Q-2 The order and degree of the differential
Q-9 The degree and order of the differential equation
2
d y
2 of the family of all parabolas whose axis is
 dy 
equation 2
 1   is x-axis are respectively
dx  dx 
(A) 2, 1 (B) 1, 2
(A) 4, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 3, 2 (D) 2, 3
1 Q-10 The order of the differential equation whose
(C) 2, 2 (D) 2, x
2 solution is y  a cos x  b sin x  ce is
Q-3 The order and degree of the differential equation (A) 3 (B) 2
2 3
(C) 1 (D) None of these
 d 2s   ds 
 2   3    4  0 aree Q-11 The differential equation of all circles in the first
 dt   dt  quadrant which touch the coordinate axes is of
order
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3, 2 (D) None of these
(C) 3 (D) None of these
Q-4 The order and the degree of the differential
Q-12 If m and n are the order and degree of the
dy dy differential equation
equation 4  7x  0 aree
dx dx 3
 d2 y 
(A) 1 and 1/2 (B) 2 and 1 5  2
 d 2y  d3y
 dx 
 2 4   x 2  1 , then
(C) 1 and 1 (D) 1 and 2  dx 
3
 d y  dx 3

Q-5 The order of the differential equation whose  3

 dx 
general solution is given by (A) m = 3 and n = 5
y  c1 e 2x  c 2  c 3e x  c 4 sin(x  c 5 ) is (B) m = 3 and n = 1
(C) m = 3 and n = 3
(A) 5 (B) 4
(D) m = 3 and n = 2
(C) 3 (D) 2
Q-13 Let a and b be respectively the degree and order
Q-6 The order and the degree of the differential of the differential equation of the family of circles
equation representing the family of curves
touching the lines y 2  x 2  0 and lying in the first
2
y  2k(x  k ) (where k is a positive and second quadrant then
parameter) are respectively (A) a = 1, b = 2
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 4 (B) a = 1, b = 1
(C) 1 and 4 (D) 1 and 3 (C) a = 2, b = 1
Q-7 Order and degree of differential equation (D) a = 2, b = 2
2 1/ 4 Q-14 The order and degree of differential equation of
d 2 y   dy  
  y   dx   aree all tangent lines to the parabola x 2  4y is
dx 2    
(A) 4 and 2 (B) 1 and 2 (A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 2
(C) 1 and 4 (D) 2 and 4 (C) 3, 1 (D) 4, 1
[32] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Q-15 Family y  Ax  A 3 of curve represented by the Q-20 The differential equation obtained on eliminating
A and B from the equation
differential equation of degree
y  A cos t  B sin t is
(A) Three (B) Two
(C) One (D) None of these 2
(A) y   y (B) y   y  0
Q-16 Which of the following differential equations has
(C) y   y   0 (D) y  2 y  0
the same order and degree
Q-21 The differential equation of all straight lines
6
d 2y  dy 
(A) 4
 8    5y  e x passing through the point (1, –1) is
dx  dx 
4 2 dy dy
 d3 y   dy  8 (A) y  (x  1) 1 (B) y  (x  1) 1
(B ) 5  3   8  1    5y  x dx dx
 dx   dx 
dy dy
(C) y  (x  1) 1 (D) y  (x  1) 1
 3 2/ 3 dx dx
dy  d3y
(C) 1     4
dx 3 Q-22 The differential equation of the famlily of
  dx  
parabolas with focus at the origin and the x-axis
as axis is
2
dy
2  dy 
(D) y  x  1   2
dx  dx   dy  dy
(A) y    4x  4y
 dx  dx
Q-17 The order of the differential equation whose
general solution is given by  dy 
2
dy
(B)  y    2x y
y  (C1  C 2 )cos(x  C 3 )  C 4 e x  C 5 wheree  dx  dx

C1, C 2 ,C 3 , C 4 ,C 5 are arbitrary constants, is  dy 

2
dy
(C) y    y  2xy
(A) 5 (B) 4  dx  dx
(C) 3 (D) 2 2
 dy  dy
Q-18 y  4 sin 3x is a solution of the differential (D) y    2xy y0
 dx  dx
equation
Q-23 The differential equation of all circles which
dy dy passes through the origin and whose centre lies
(A)  8y  0 (B)  8y  0
dx dx on y-axis, is

d 2y d2y (A) (x 2  y 2 )
dy
(C)  9y  0 (D)  9y  0  2xy  0
dx 2 dx 2 dx
Q-19 The differential equation of all straight lines dy
(B) (x 2  y 2 )  2xy  0
passing through the origin is dx

dy dy dy
(A) y  x (B) yx (C) (x 2  y 2 )  xy  0
dx dx dx
dy y dy
(C)  (D) None of these (D) (x 2  y 2 )  2xy  0
dx x dx
MATHEMATICS [33]
LEVEL - II
dy dy
Q-1 The solution of  ex (sin x  cos x) is Q-6 The solution of the equation  ex  y  x 2e y is
dx dx
x
(A) y  e (sin x  cos x)  c x3
(A) e y  e x  c (B) ey  ex  2x  c
x
(B) y  e (cos x  sin x)  c 3
x
(C) y  e sin x  c (C) ey  ex  x 3  c (D) y  ex  c
(D) y  ex cos x  c Q-7 The solution of the differential equation
Q-2 The solution of the differential equation x cos y dy  (xex log x  ex )dx is
dy
 (1  x)(1  y 2 ) is 1 x
dx (A) sin y  e c
x
2
(A) y  tan(x  x  c)
(B) sin y  ex log x  c  0
2
(B) y  tan(x  x  c) (C) sin y  ex log x  c
(C) y  tan(x 2  x  c) (D) None of these
Q-8 The solution of the differential equation
 x2 
(D) y  tan   x  c dy 1  y 2
 2   is
dx 1  x 2
Q-3 The solution of the differential equation
(A) 1  xy  c(y  x)  0
dy
(1  x 2 )  x is (B) x  y  c(1  xy)
dx
(C) y  x  c(1  xy)
(A) y  tan1 x  c
(D) 1  xy  c(x  y)
(B) y   tan1 x  c
dy x log x 2  x
1 Q-9 Solution of  is
2
(C) y  log e (1  x )  c dx sin y  y cos y
2
(A) y sin y  x 2 log x  c
1 2
(D) y   log e (1  x )  c (B) y sin y  x 2  c
2
Q-4 The solution of the differential equation (C) y sin y  x 2  log x  c
dy 1  x 2 (D) y sin y  x log x  c
  0 is
dx x
Q-10 The solution of the differential equation
1 1
(A) y   tan x  c 3ex tan y dx  (1  ex )sec 2 y dy  0 is
2
x2 (A) tan y  c(1  ex )3 (B) (1  ex )3 tan y  c
(B) y  log x  c 0
2 (C) tan y  c(1  ex ) (D) (1  ex )tan y  c
1 Q-11 The solution of the differential equation
(C) y  tan 1 x  c
2 dy
 1  x  y  xy is
x2 dx
(D) y  log x c
2 x2
Q-5 The solution of differential equation (A) log(1  y)  x  c
2
dy x2
x  y  y 2 is (B) (1  y)2  x  c
dx 2
(A) y  1  cxy (B) y  log{cxy} (C) log(1  y)  log(1  x)  c
(C) y  1  cxy (D) y  c  xy (D) None of these
[34] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy xy  y dy
Q-12 If  , then the solution of the (ii) x2 = x2 + xy + y 2
dx xy  x dx
differential equation is dy y2
x x (iii) x + =y
(A) y  xe  c (B) y  e  c dx x

(C) y  Axe
x y
(D) y  x  A dy
(iv) 2xy = x2 + 3y2
Q-13 The solution of the differential equation dx
x(e 2y  1)dy  (x 2  1)ey dx  0 is dy y(x + y)
(v) x2 =
dx 2
y y x2
(A) e  e  log x  c
2 Q-17 Solve
y y x2
(B) e  e  log x  c (i) (6x + 3y +4) dy = (2x + y – 1) dx
2
dy x + 2y + 1
y y x2 (ii) =
(C) e  e  log x  c dx 2x + 4y + 3
2
(D) None of these Q-18 Solution of differential equation
dy
Q-14 Solution of the equation 2xy  x 2  3y 2 is (where p is constant)
dx
(1  x 2 )dy  xy dx  xy 2dx
x 2 y3
(A) x 3  y 2  px 2 (B)   y2  p
(A) (y  1)2 (1  x 2 )  0 2 x
(B) (y  1)2 (1  x 2 )  c 2 y 2
2 3
(C) x  y  px 2
(D) x  y 2  px 3
2

(C) (y  1)2 (1  x 2 )  c 2 y 2 dy x  y
Q-19 The solution of the equation  is
dx x  y
(D) None of these
1
Q-15 Solve the following differential equations: (A) c(x 2  y 2 )1/ 2  e tan (y / x)
0
(i) (1 – x2 ) dy + xy dx = xy 2 dx 2 2 1/ 2 tan 1
(y / x)
(B) c(x  y )  e 0
dy
(ii) = e x+y (C) c(x 2  y 2 )  e tan
1
(y / x )
dx
dy (D) None of these
(iii) 1 + x2 + y2 + x2y2 + xy =0
dx Q-20 The solution of the differential equation
dy
(iv) 1 – x 6 dy = x2 dx x2  x 2  xy  y 2 is
dx
dy 1 y
(v) – x sin2 x = (A) tan1    log x  c
dx x log x x
(vi) y dx – x dy = xy dx y
(B) tan1    log x  c
x
dy y
(vii) (ex + e –x
) = e x – e– x (C) tan1    log x  c
dx x
dy x
(viii) = sin3 x cos 2 x + x e x (D) tan1    log x  c
dx
y
dy Q-21 The solution of the equation
(ix) = (4x + y +1)2
dx dy y
dy x  y  x tan   is
(x) = sin (x + y) dx x
dx
Q-16 Solve x
(A) x sin    c  0 (B) x sin y  c  0
y
dy
(i) x – y = x2 + y2 y
dx (C) x sin    c 7 (D) None of these
x
MATHEMATICS [35]

ANSWERS
LEVEL - I

Q-1 (B) Q-2 (C) Q-3 (A) Q-4 (D) Q-5 (B) Q-6 (D) Q-7 (D)

Q-8 (D) Q-9 (B) Q-10 (A) Q-11 (A) Q-12 (D) Q-13 (C) Q-14 (A)

Q-15 (A) Q-16 (C) Q-17 (C) Q-18 (C) Q-19 (C) Q-20 (A) Q-21 (D)

Q-22 (B) Q-23 (A)

LEVEL - II

Q-1 (C) Q-2 (D) Q-3 (C) Q-4 (B) Q-5 (A) Q-6 (A) Q-7 (C)

Q-8 (AC) Q-9 (A) Q-10 (A) Q-11 (A) Q-12 (C) Q-13 (A) Q-14 (B)

Q-15 (i) y 2 c = ( y – 1)2 |1– x2 | (ii) e x + e –y + c + = 0

1 1  x2  1 1 1 3
(iii) 1  x2 
2
log
1 x 1 2
 1  y2  c (iv) y 
3
 
sin x  c

x 2 x sin 2x cos 2x
(v) y     log log x  c (vi) log |x| – log |y| = x + c
4 4 8

cos 5 x cos 3 x
x
(vii) y = log (e + e ) + c –x
(viii) y    e x  x  1  c
5 3

1  4x  y  1 
(ix) tan1  xc (x) tan (x +y ) – sec (x + y) = x +c
2  2 

1  y 
Q-16 (i) y  x 2  y 2  c x 2 (ii) tan    log x  c
x

x
(iii) log x  c (iv) x2 + y2 = cx3
y

(v) xy2 = c(y – x)2

Q-17 (i) 3y – x log |2x + y+1| = c (ii) 4(2y – x) + log |4x + 8y + 5| = C

Q-18 (D) Q-19 (B) Q-20 (A) Q-21 (C)

[36] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

LECTURE - II
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Illustrations-6
(of the first order first degree) dy
Solve + y cot x = cos x
dx
dy
Consider + Py = Q ...... (1) Solution:
dx
dy
where P and Q are functions of x (the + y cot x = cos x
independent variable) or constants. dx
Integrating factor dy
Comparing it with + Py =Q ,
We multiply (1) by some expression of x, called dx
the integrating factor, so that L.H.S. of (1) We get
reduces to the differential of the product of the P = cot x , Q = cos x.
integrating factor and y.Let R be the integrating I.F. = e  P dx
factor. Multiply both sides of (1) by R to get
= e  cot x dx = e log sin x
dy
R + PRy = QR ...... (2) = sin x
dx
General solution is given by
d dR dy
Now
dx
(R  y) = y
dx
+ R
dx
...... (3) y  I.F. =  Q  I.F. dx + c
Comparing L.H.S. of (2) & R.H.S. of (3) we get  y sin x =  sin x cos x dx + c

dR dR sin 2 x
= PR   = P dx  y sin x = + c
dx R 2
Integrating we get Illustration-7

P dx dy
log R =   R = e  P dx Solve cos x
dx
+ y sin x = sec 2 x

i.e. I. F. = e  P dx Solution:

Substituting in (2) and using (3) we get dy

cos x + y sin x = sec 2 x
dx
d   P dx  = Q e  P dx Divide by cos x
y .e 
dx  
dy
Integrating we get + y tan x = sec3 x (linear)
dx
  P dx  dx + c Comparing with
y .e 
P dx
=  Q  e  ...... (4)
 dy
+ Py = Q
(4) gives the general solution of (1). dx
Remarks : P = tan x , Q = sec3 x
1. We have not added any constant of integration in I.F. = e  P dx

the expression of the integrating factor as it does tan x dx

= e = e log sec x
not bring any change to the final solution.
= sec x
2. If given different ial equat ion is of t he for m
dx
+ Px = Q where P and Q are the expressions
General solution is y  I.F. =  Q  I. F. dx + c
dy 4
 y sec x =  sec x dx + c
of y and constants, then I. F. = e  P dy and thee
2
general solution is given by =  (1 + tan x) sec 2 x dx + c

tan 3 x
x e =  Q  e  
P dy P dy
 dy + c  y sec x = tan x + + c
  3
MATHEMATICS [37]
Illustration-8 1
Solve dx + x dy = e – y 2
sec y dy =
1+ x
Solution: General solution is given by
dx + x dy = e– y sec2 y dy
1
t  I.F. =  (1 + x) e x . dx + c
dx 1+ x
 + x = e– y sec2 y (linear)
dy t
 =  e x dx + c
dx 1+ x
Comparing with + Px = Q , we get
dy sin y
 = ex + c
P = 1, Q = e – y sec2 y 1+ x

P dy BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
I. F. = e 
1. dy dy
I. F. = e  Consider + P y = Q yn , ...... (1)
dx
= ey General solution is given by
where P and Q are expressed in terms of x
and constants.
x  I. F. =  Q  I.F. dy + c
(1) is known as Bernoulli’s equation.
–y
 x ey = e sec 2 y . e y dy + c Divide (1) by yn , to get

 x e y = tan y + c 1 dy
+ P y 1– n = Q ...... (2)
Equations reducible to linear form y n dx
(i) By substitution Put y 1– n = t to get
It can be understood well in the following 1 dy dt
illustration. (1 – n) . =
y n dx dx
Illustration-9
1 dt
dy tan y (2) reduces to + Pt = Q
Solve – = (1 + x) ex sec y 1 – n dx
dx 1 + x
dt
Solution:  + P(1– n) t = Q (1– n) ...... (3)
dx
dy tan y  P(1– n) and Q(1– n) are also expressions of x.
– = (1 + x) e x sec y
dx 1 + x (3) is a linear differential equation, which can be
Divide by sec y (  multiply by cos y) to get solved by the method given before.
Remark :
dy sin y
cos y – = ( 1+ x) ex ...... (1) If t he given equat ion is of t he for m
dx 1+ x
dx
Put sin y = t + Px = Qxn , (P, Q are expressed in terms of
dy
dy dt y and constants) then we divide by x n.
 cos y =
dx dx The substitution x 1– n = t reduces the equation to
(1) reduces to 1 dt
+ Pt = Q
dt t 1 – n dy
– = (1+ x)e x (linear)
dx 1 + x dt
 + P(1– n) t = Q(1– n) ...... (4)
1 dy
  dx
I. F. = e 1 x
 P(1 – n) & Q(1– n) are expressions of y.
= e – log (1+x)  (4) is a linear differential equation, which can
 1 
log 
be solved by the method given before.
= 
 1+x 
e
[38] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Illustration-10 2
I.F. = e  x dx
dy
Solve – 2y tan x = y 2 tan 2 x = e 2 log x
dx
= x2
Solution:
General solution is
dy 2

dx
– 2y tan x = y 2 tan 2 x (Bernoulli’s equation) t  I.F. =  6x dx + c1

Divide by y 2 to get  x3 
dy 6
 x 2
=  3  + c1
1 dy 2 tan x dx  
– = tan 2 x ...... (1)
y 2 dx y
dy
 x2 = 2x3 + c1
1 dx
Put – = t
y
 2x 3 + c1 
1 dy dt  dy =  x 2  dx (variables-separable)
 =  
y 2 dx dx
Integrating,
(1) reduces to
c1
dt y = x2 – + c2 ...... (2)
+ 2t. tan x = tan 2 x (linear) x
dx (2) is the required solution of (1).
I.F. = e  2 tan x dx
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
= e 2 log sec x
An exact differential equation is one which can
= sec 2 x be obtained from it’s solution of the type f(x, y) = c
General solution is given by directly by differentition.
2
x sec 2 x dx + c To get condition of exactness (i.e. to check if given
t sec2 x =  tan differential equation is exact) we first must
tan 3 x understand the basics of partial differentiation.
= + c
3 Partial differentiation
Let f be a function of two (or more) independent
sec 2 x tan 3 x
 – = + c variables x, y. Then
y 3
is the required solution. f
(i) denotes the partial derivative of f with respect
Illustration-11 x
to x, treating y constant.
d2 y dy
Solve x 2
+2 = 6x.
dx dx f
Solution: (ii) denotes the partial derivative of f with respect
y
d2 y dy to y, treating x constant.
x 2
+2 = 6x. ...... (1)
dx dx e.g. (1) f (x, y) = x3 + y3 + 3xy

dy f
Put =t  = 3x 2 + 0 + 3y = 3x 2 + 3y
dx x
d 2 y dt f
 = & = 0 + 3y2 + 3x = 3y2 + 3x
dx 2 dx y
(1) reduces to
(2) f (x, y) = e xy
dt
x + 2t = 6x f f
dx  = y e xy , = x e xy
x y
dt 2
 + t = 6. (linear)
dx x
MATHEMATICS [39]
Condition of exactness
M N
Consider M dx + N dy = 0 ...... (1)  = – a & = – a
y x
where M and N are expressed in terms of x and
y. M N
 
(1) is exact if y x

M N  Given differential equation is exact.

= ...... (2)
y x General solution is given by

(Proof of (2) is beyond the scope of the syllabus) N dy

General solution of (1) is given by
 M dx 
only those
y constant
+ terms of =c
N which
do not
 M dx  N dy contain x
y constant only those
+ terms of = c
N which y 2 dy = c
do not   (x 2 – ay) dx + 
contain x y constant

If M and N do not satisfy (2), then (1) is not exact

x3 y3
different ial equat ion. To make (1) a n exact  – axy + = c
differential equation, we need to multiply (1) by a 3 3
factor, know n as i ntegrat i ng factor, so t hat is the solution of the given differential equation.
resulting equation be comes exact. We may find
Illustration-13
the integrating factor by inspection too.
Solve (1+ xy) y dx + (1– xy) x dy = 0
There are, otherwise, rules for finding the
integrating factor. Solution:
Rule 1: If M dx + N dy = 0 is homogeneous Comparing with M dx + N dy = 0 we get
and Mx + Ny  0 then the M = y + xy2 , N = x – x2 y
1 M N
I.F. =  = 1+ 2xy & = 1 – 2xy
Mx+Ny y x
Rule 2: If M dx + N dy = 0 can be expressed
as y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and Mx – Ny  0 M N
 
then the y x
1  Given differential equation is not exact.
I.F. =
Mx – Ny Given differential equation can be written as
M N y dx + x dy + yx (x dx – y dy) = 0 ...... (1)
–
Rule 3: If y x = f (y) then the Divide by xy
N
y dx + x dy
I.F. = e  f(y) dy + x dx – y dy = 0
xy
N M
– d (xy) 1
Rule 4: If  x  y = g(x) then the  + (2x dx – 2y dy) = 0.
xy 2
M
(exact differential equation)
I.F. = e  g(x) dx
Integrating
Illustration-12
Solve (x2 – ay) dx – (ax – y 2) dy = 0 1 2
log (xy) + (x – y2 ) = c
2
Solution:
Comparing with M dx + N dy = 0, we get 2
2 2 (Observe that is the integrating factor.)
M = x – ay & N = y – ax xy
[40] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ABHYAAS - II
NCERT QUESTIONS dy
Q-15 x  y 1
Q-1 Find the general solution of the differential dx

dy Q-16 
y dx  x  y 2 dy  0 
equation  y  cos x
dx dy
Q-2 Find the general solution of the differential Q-17  x  3y  dx 2
 y  y  0

dy Q-18 For each of the differential equations given in

equation x  2y  x 2  x  0  Exercises 13 to 15, find a particular solution
dx
satisfying the given condition:
Q-3 Find the general solution of the differential
dy 

2
equation y dx  x  2y dy  0  Q-19
dx
 2y tan x  sin x; y  0 when x 
3
Q-4 Find the particular solution of the differential dy 1
dy
Q-20 1  x  dx
2
 2xy 
1 x 2
; y  0 when x  1
equation  y cot x  2x  x 2 cot x  x  0 
dx dy
Q-21  3y cot x  sin 2 x; y  2 when x  
 dx 2
given that y = 0 when x  .
2 Q-22 Find the equation of a curve passing through
Q-5 Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the slope of the tangent to
the point (0, 1). If the slope of the tangent to the the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum
curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of of the coordinates of the point.
the x coordinate (abscissa) and the product of Q-23 Find the equation of a curve passing through
the x coordinate and y coordinate (ordinate) of the point (0, 2) given that the sum of the
that point. coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds
the magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the
For each of the differential equations given in Exercises curve at that point by 5.
6 to 17, find the general solution:
Q-24 The Integrating Factor of the differential equation
dy dy
Q-6  2y  sin x x  y  2x 2 is
dx dx
dy (A) e x (B) e y
Q-7  3y  e2x
dx
(C) 1 (D) x
dy y x
Q-8   x2
dx x Q-25 The Integrating Factor of the differential equation

Q-9
dy  
  sec x  y  tan x  0  x   1  y 2  dx
dy
 yx  ay  1  y  1 is
dx  2
1 1
dy   (A) 2 (B)
Q-10 cos 2 x  y  tan x  0  x   y 1 y2  1
dx  2
1 1
(C) (D)
dy 1  y2 1  y2
Q-11 x  2y  x 2 log x
dx Q-26 Solve the differential equation

Q-12 x log x
dy 2
 y  log x
 tan 1
 
y  x dy  1  y 2 dx 
dx x Q-27 Show that the general solution of the differential
Q-13 1  x  dy  2xy dx  cot x dx  x  0 
2
equation
dy y 2  y  1
  0 is given by
dx x 2  x  1
dy  x  y  1  A 1  x  y  2xy  , where A is
Q-14 x  y  x  xy cot x  0  x  0 
dx parameter.
MATHEMATICS [41]
Q-28 Find the equation of the curve passing through
STATE BOARD QUESTIONS
  Q-1 Find the general solution of the differential
the point  0,  whose differential equation is
 4
sin x cos y dx + cos x sin y dy = 0. dy 1
equation  .y  x 3  3
Q-29 Solve the differential equation dx x
x
 xy  dy
y e dx   x e  y 2  dy  y  0 
y Q-2 Solve : cos 2 x  y  tan x
  dx
 
Q-30 Find a particular solution of the differential dy
equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that Q-3 
Solve : x  2y
3
 dx y
y = –1, when x = 0.
Q-31 Solve the differential equation Q-4 Find the equation of a curve passing through
the origin, given that the slope of the tangent to
 e2 x y  dx the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum
    1 x  0
 x x  dy of the co-ordinates of the point.
Q-32 Find a particular solution of the differential Q-5 Solve the following differential equations
dy dy
equation  y cot x  4x cos ec x  x  0  ,  y  e x
dx (i)
dx

given that y = 0 when x
2 dy
(ii)  y. sec x  tan x
Q-33 Find a particular solution of the differential dx
dy dy
equation  x  1  2e y  1 , given that y = 0 x  2y  x 2 .log x
dx (iii)
dx
when x = 0.
Q-34 The population of a village increases dy
continuously at the rate proportional to the (iv) x sin x   x cos x  sin x  y  sin x
dx
number of its inhabitants present at any time. If
the population of the village was 20, 000 in 1999 dy
and 25000 in the year 2004, what will be the (v) x  y 1
dx
population of the village in 2009?
Q-35 The general solution of the differential equation dy 5
(vi) x  a  3y   x  a 
y dx  x dy dx
 0 is
y (vii) dr   2r cot   sin 2  d  0
(A) xy  C (B) x  Cy 2
(C) y  Cx (D) y  Cx 2
(viii) 
y dx  x  y 2 dy  0
Q-36 The general solution of a differential equation of dy 12

dx (ix) 1  x  dx
2
 2xy  x 1  x  2

the type  P1 x  Q1 is
dy 2
(x) 1  y   
dx  tan 1 y  x dy
   Q1e   dy  C
 P1 dy P1 dy
(A) y e 
  Q-6 Find the equation of a curve passing through
the point (0, 2), given that the sum of the
   Q1e 
 P1 dx P1 dx 
(B) y .e  dx  C coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds
 
the magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the
 P1 dy
   Q1e 
P1 dy  curve at that point by 5.
(C) x e  dy  C
  Q-7 Find the equation of the curve passing through
 P1 dx   Q e  P1 dx  dx  C the point (0, 1), if te slope of the tangent to the
(D) x .e   1  curve at each of its point is equal to the sum of

the abscissa and the product of the abscissa and
Q-37 The general solution of the differential equation
ex dy + (y ex + 2x) dx = 0 is ordinate of the point.
Q-8 The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point
(A) x e y  x 2  C (B) x e y  y 2  C
is equal to y + 2x. Find the equation of the curve
(C) y ex  x 2  C (D) y e y  x 2  C passing through the origin.
[42] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Q-9 Find the equation of the curve which passes 2
dy x  y  1 1
through the origin and has the slope x + 3y – 1 Q-14 Solve :  when y  at x 
at any point (x, y) on it. dx x  y  1 3 3
Miscellaneous Exercies : Q-15 Solve : y dx  x dy  log x dx  0
Q-10 Find the order and degree of the following
differential equations.  dy  y
Q-16 Solve :  x  y  sin    x 2ex
5 2
 dx  x
 d3y  d2y Q-17 Find the differential equation of all circles whose
(i)  3  4 
 dx  dx 2 radius is 5 and centre is any point (h, k).
dx
dy  dy 
2 Q-18 Solve : y log y  x  log y  0
(ii) x  1   dy
dx  dx 
Q-19 Find the particular solution of the differential
Q-11 Verify that y  log x  c is a solution of the dy
equation log    3x  4y , given that y = 0
d 2 y dy  dx 
differential equation x  0
dx 2 dx when x = 0.
Q-12 Solve the differential equations. Q-20 Solve : x 1 cos 2 y dy  y 1 cos 2 x dx  0
dy Q-21 Find the equation of the curve that passes
(i)  1  x  y  xy
dx through the point (1, 2) and has at every point

(ii) dy 2xy
edy dx  x  2 .
dx x 1
(iii) dr  a  r sin  d  cos  dr 
Q-22 Solve : (i)  x  y  dy  a 2dx
 dy 
(iv) sin 1    x  y dy
 dx  (ii) 1  x   xy  1  x
dx
dy  dy 
(v) yx  a  y2  dy
dx  dx  Q-23 Solve :  2y tan x  sin x given that y = 0,
dx
Q-13 Find the differential equation of family of curves
 1
y = ex(A cos x + B sin x) where A and B are when x  . Show that maximum value of y is .
arbitrary constants. 3 8
MATHEMATICS [43]
LEVEL - I

Q-1 Solution of y dx  x dy  x 2 y dx is Q-5 The solution of the differential equation

x2 2
x dy  y dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dx is
x2
(A) ye  cx 2
(B) ye  cx
2 2 2
2
(C) ye x  cx 2
2
(D) y 2 e  x  cx 2 (A) y  x  y  cx

Q-2 Solve the following differential equation: 2 2 2

(B) y  x  y  cx
dy
(i) x cos x + y (x sin x + cos x) = 1 2 2
(C) y  x  y  cx
2
dx
(D) None of these
dy y Q-6 The solution of the differential equation
(ii) + =1– x
dx (1 – x) x
y
 
dy y x
dx     is
–1
2
(iii) (1 + y ) + x = e -tan y
dy dx x y
  
x
dy y x + 1 – x2
(iv) + = y y
dx (1 – x 2 )3/2 (1 – x 2 )2 (A)     kx (B) x    k
x x
dy 3x 2 sin 2 x y y
(v) + y = (C)     ky (D) y    k
dx 1 + x 3 1 + x3 x x
Q-3 Solve the following differential equations: Q-7
3
The solution of y dx  xdy  3x 2 y 2 e x dx  0 is
dy x x
(i) x + y = y 2 log x 3
 ex  C
3
 ex  0
dx (A) (B)
y y
2 dy x 3
(ii) sec y + x tan y = x 3 (C)  ex  0 (D) None of these
dx y

dy Q-8 The solution of (1  xy)y dx  (1  xy)x dy  0 is

(iii) = e x-y (e x – e y )
dx
x 1 x 1
2 dy (A)  k (B) log    k
(iv) (1 + x ) = x 3 y 3 – xy y xy
dx  y  xy

dy 2 3 x 1 x
(C)  k (D) log    xy  k
(v) (x y + xy) = 1 y xy y
dx
Q-9 The solution of the differential equation
Q-4 Solve
(sin x  cos x)dy  (cos x  sin x)dx  0 is
dy
(i) x (x – 1) – (x – 2) y = x3 (2x – 1) (A) e x (sin x  cos x)  c  0
dx
y
(B) e (sin x  cos x)  c
dy
(ii) x (x2 +1) = y (1– x2 ) + x3 log x y
dx (C) e (cos x  sin x)  c
x
dy (D) e (sin x  cos x)  c  0
3
(iii) (x + 2y ) =y Q-10 Solution of the equation
dx
y dx  x dy  log x dx  0 is
(iv) (y log x – 1) y dx = x dy (A) y  cx  (1  log x)
(B) y  cx  (1  log x)
x3
(v) y dx – x dy + 3x 2 y 2 e dx = 0. (C) y  cx  (1  log x)  0
(D) None of these
[44] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Q-11 Solution of the equation Q-16 Solution of the differential equation,
(x  log y)dy  y dx  0 is y dx  x dy  xy 2dx  0 can be
(A) xy  y log y  c (A) 2x  x 2 y  y
2
(b) 2y  y x  y
(B) xy  y log y  y  c (C) 2y  y 2 x  y (D) None of these
(C) xy  log y  x  c Q-17 The solution of the differential equation
(D) None of these dy 3x 2 sin 2 x
 y  is
Q-12 Solution of dx 1  x 3 1  x3
(xy cos xy  sin xy)dx  x 2 cos xy dy  0 is 3 1
(A) y(1  x )  x  sin 2x  c
(A) x sin(xy)  k 2

(B) xy sin(xy)  k 3 1
(B) y(1  x )  cx  sin 2x
2
x
(C) sin(xy)  k 1
y (C) y(1  x 3 )  cx  sin 2x
2
(D) x sin  xy   xy cos xy  k
3 x 1
Q-13 The solution of (x  y 3 )dx  3xy 2dy  0 is (D) y(1  x )   sin 2x  c
2 4
Q-18 The solution of the differential equation
x y3 dy
(A) log x  k (B) log x  k  y tan x  sec x  0 is
y3 x dx

x (A) y tan x  sec x  c

(C) log x  k (D) log xy  y 3  k
y3 (B) y sec x  tan x  c

Q-14 The solution of ye x / y dx  (xe x / y  y 3 )dy  0 (C) y sec x  cot x  c

is (D) None of these

y2 x2
(A)  e x / y  k (B)  e x / y  k
2 2
x2 2
(C) (D) y  e x / y  k
 ex / y  k
2 2
Q-15 The solution of the differential equation
x dy  y dx  1  x 2 y 2 dx  0 is

(A) sin1 xy  C  x

(B) xy  sin(x  C)

(C) log(1  x 2 y 2 )  x  C

(D) y  x sin x  C
MATHEMATICS [45]
LEVEL - II

Q-1 Solutions of the differential equation Solve the Following Differential Equations
2
 dy   dy 
x2    xy    6y 2  0 - Q-7 (x + tan y) dy = sin 2y dx
 dx   dx 
(A) y = cx2 (B) x3 y = c
dy x 1
(C) xy3 = c (D) y = cx Q-8  2
y
dx 1  x 2 x (1  x 2 )
Q-2 A solution of the differential equation,
2 dy
 dy  dy Q-9 (1 – x²) + 2xy = x (1 – x²)1/2
 dx   x dx  y  0 is - dx
 
(A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x dy
Q-10 x(x  1)  (x  2) y = x3(2x  1)
(C) y = 2x – 4 (D) y = 2x2 – 4 dx
Q-3 The solution of the differential equation,
Q-11 (1 + y + x²y)dx + (x + x3)dy = 0
dy 1 1
x2 .cos  y sin  1 ,
dx x x
where y  –1 as x  is -
Q-12 y  x Dy = b(1 + x²Dy)
1 1 x 1
(A) y = sin  cos (B) y =
x x 1 dy y y
x sin Q-13 + ny = 2 (n y)2
x dx x x

1 1 x 1 dy
(C) y = cos  sin (D) y = Q-14 + xy = y²ex²/2 . sin x
x x 1 dx
x cos
x
dy
Q-4 The differential equation Q-15 2  y sec x = y3 tan x
dx
2xy dy = (x2 + y2 + 1) dx determines
(A) A family of circles with centre on x-axis dy
Q-16 x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
(B) A family of circles with centre on y-axis dx
(C) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre
on x-axis Q-17 y (2xy + ex) dx  ex dy = 0
(D) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre
on y-axis dy
Q-18 sin x + 3y = cos x
Q-5 The solution of x2dy – y2dx + xy2(x – y)dy = 0 is dx
x  y y2 dy
(A) n  c Q-19 x(x + 1) = y (1  x) + x3. nx
xy 2 dx
xy x2 dy
(B) n  c Q-20 x  y = 2x² cosec 2x
xy 2 dx
x  y x2
(C) n  c Q-21 (1 + y) dx = (tan1 y  x)dy
xy 2

xy Solve the Following Differential Equations:

(D) n xc
xy
Q-22 (x  y) dx + 2xy dy = 0
2 2
x dx  y dy 1x y
Q-6 Solve : 
x dy  y dx x2  y2
Q-23 (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0
[46] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy dy y2  x
Q-24 x + y ny = xyex Q-28 
dx dx 2 y (x  1)

dy tan y
Q-25  = (1 + x) ex sec y Q-29 (1  xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
dx 1 x

dy ey 1 dy
Q-26 = 2  Q-30 = exy (ex  ey)
dx x x dx
2
dy dy Q-31 y y' sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)
Q-27    (x  y)  xy  0
dx dx

ANSWERS
LEVEL - I

Q-1 (C) Q-2 (i) to (v) are linear differential equations.

Q-3 (i) to (iii) are equations reducible to linear form by substitution. (iv) & (v) are Bernoulli’s
equations.

Q-4 (i) y  x 
c x2
3
(ii)

y x2  1 x 2
log x 
x2
c (iii) x = y3 + cy
x 1 x 2 4
x 3

(iv) 1 = y (log x + 1 – cx ) (v)   6x  c

y
Q-5 (B) Q-6 (A) Q-7 (A) Q-8 (B) Q-9 (B) Q-10 (A) Q-11 (B)
Q-12 (A) Q-13 (B) Q-14 (A) Q-15 (B) Q-16 (A) Q-17 (D) Q-18 (B)

LEVEL - II

Q-1 (AB) Q-2 (C) Q-3 (A) Q-4 (C) Q-5 (A)

c (x  y)
Q-6 x2  y2  1  x2  y2 
x2  y2

Solve the Following Differential Equations:

Q-7 x cot y  c  tan y

1  1  1 1  x2  1
Q-8 y 1  x 2 =c + n  tan arc tan x  other form is y 1  x 2 = c + n
2  2  2 x

Q-9 y = c (1  x²) + 1  x 2 Q-10 y (x  1) = x2 (x2  x + c)

Q-11 xy = c  arc tan x Q-12 y(1 + bx) = b + cx

 2 1
Q-13 x = ny  cx   Q-14 ex²/2 = y (c + cosx)
 2

1 x 
Q-15 2 =  1 + (c + x) cot 
  Q-16 x3 y3 = 3sinx + c
y 2 4
MATHEMATICS [47]

1  x x
Q-17 y1 ex = c  x² Q-18  3  y  tan3 = c + 2 tan  x
  2 2

Q-19 4 (x² + 1) y + x3 (1  2 nx) = cx Q-20 y = cx + x n tan x

Q-21 x = cearctany + arc tan y  1

Solve the Following Differential Equations:

Q-22 y² + x n ax=0 Q-23 y² = 3x²  6x  x3 + cex + 4

Q-24 xny = ex(x – 1) + c Q-25 sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x)

x2
Q-26 cx² + 2xey = 1 Q-27 y = cex ; y = c +
2

c c
Q-28 y2 = 1 + (x + 1)  n or x + (x + 1)  n
x 1 x 1

1
Q-29 y= tan   n c x  Q-30 ey = c. exp (ex) + ex  1
x
2 c
Q-31 y2 = 3 sin x  sin 2 x
[48] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

LECTURE - III
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Integrating
tan v = log |x| + c
We shall now consider applications of differential
equations in physical problems.  
At x = 1, y =  v=
Illustration-14 4 4
Find the curve through the point (3, 2) having 
 c = tan
–x 4
the slope at each of it’s points.
4y i.e. c = 1

Solution: y
 tan   = log |x| + 1
The slope of the tangent to a curve at any point x
dy –x Illustration-16
is , which is given to be .
dx 4y The marginal cost of manufacturing a certain item is
Therefore the differential equation of the given by c  (x) = = 2 + 0.15 x
family of curves satisfying the condition is Find the total cost c (x), given that c (0) = 100.
Solution:
dy x
=–
dx 4y dc
= 2 + 0.15 x
 4y dy = – x dx (variables separable) dx
Integrating  dc = (2 + 0.15 x ) dx
Integrating
x2
2y 2 = – + c(c : a constant of integration) 0.15x 2
2 c (x) = 2x + +k
2
 The curve passes through (3, 2) Put x = 0, c = 100 to get
9 k = 100
 8 = – + c
2
0.15x 2
 c (x) = 2x + + 100
25 2
 c =
2 i.e. c (x) = 2x + 0.75x 2 + 100
 Equation of the curve is x 2 + 4y 2 = 25 Illustration-17
Illustration-15 The temperature T of a cooling object drops at a rate
which is proportional to the difference T - S where S
 is the constant temperature of the surrounding
A curve passes through the point (1, ) and it’s
4 medium. Find the expression for T in terms of t, given
dy y y that T(0) = 150.
slope at any point (x, y) on it, is = + cos2 Solution:
dx x x
Find the equation of the curve. dT
Given that = – k (T - S)
Solution: dt
dT
dy y y  = – k dt
= + cos2   (homogeneous equation) T–S
dx x x
Integrating
Put y = vx log (T - S) = – kt + c ....... (1)
dy dv Put t = 0, T = 150 to get
 = v + x c = log (150 - S)
dx dx
dv  T–S 
 v + x = v + cos2 v Substitute c in (1) to get log   = – kt
dx  150 – S 
dx T–S
 sec2 v dv =  = e– kt
x 150 – S
MATHEMATICS [49]
Illustration-18 dx
A population grows at a rate of 5% per year. How x2 + y2 – 2x2 + 2 xy + c = 0 ....... (3)
dy
long does it take for population to double?
(3) repre sent s the different ial equat ion of the
Solution:
orthogonal trajectory.
Let x (t) represent the population after t years.
Solving (3),
Given that
dx x2 c
dx 5 2x – =–y–
= x dy y y
dt 100
Put x 2 = v to get
dx 1
 = dt
x 20 dv v c
– =–y– (linear) ....... (1)
Integrating dy y y
1
t I.F. =  – dy
log x = + c e y
20
= e – log y
Let x = x0 at t = 0. Then
c = log x0 1
=
y
 x  t
 log  = General solution is
 x0  20
v  c 1
Let the population get doubled after t 1 years. =  –y –  . dy + c1
y   y y
 2x  t1
 log  0  = c
 x0  20 = – y + + c1
y
 t1 = 20 log 2
 The population doubles in 20 log 2 years. x2 c
 = – y + + c1
y y
Illustration-19
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of co is the required equation of orthogonal trajectory.
axial circles x 2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 where g is the (Trajectory: A family of curves, every member
parameter. of which cuts every member of a given family of
Solution: curves according to a given law, is a called a
trajectory of the given family.
Differentiating x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 ....... (1)
We consider that the angle between every member
w.r.t. x, we get
of trajectory and every member of the given family
dy is constant. If the angle be a right angle, then the
2x + 2y + 2g = 0 trajectory is called orthogonal.)
dx

dy
 g=–x–y
dx
Substituting g in (1) we get
dy
x2 + y2 – 2x2 – 2xy +c=0 ....... (2)
dx
(2) represents the differential equation of the family
of circles given by (1).

dy –dx
Replacing by in (2) we get
dx dy
[50] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ABHYAAS - III
STATE BOARD QUESTIONS Q-9 The rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to
Q-1 The population of a town increases at a rate the number present. If initially, there were 1000
proportional to the population at that time. If bacteria and the number doubles in 1 hour, find
the population increases from 40 thousands to 1
the number of bacteria after 2 hours.
60 thousands in 40 years, what will be the 2
population in another 20 years ?
[Take 2 = 1.414]
 3  Q-10 The rate of disintegration of a radio active
 Given   1.2247 

 2  element at any time t is proportional to its mass
at that time. Find the time during which the
Q-2 Bacteria increases at the rate proportional to the
number of bacteria present. If the original number original mass of 1.5 gm. will disintegrate into its
N doubles in 3 hours, find in how many hours
mass of 0.5 gm.
the number of bacteria will be 4N ? Q-11 The rate of decay of certain substance is directly
Q-3 Bismath has half life of 5 days. A sample proportional to the amount present at that
originally has a mass of 800 mg. Find the mass instant. Initially, there are 27 gms of certain
substance and three hours later it is found that 8
remaining after 30 days. gms are left. Find the amount left after one more
Q-4 Water at 100oc cools in 10 minutes to 80oc in a
hour.
o
room temperature of 25 c.
Q-12 Find the population of a city at any time t, given
Find the temperature of water after 20 minutes. that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the population at that instant and
Q-5 Water is being poured into a vessel in the form
that in a period of 40 years the population
of an inverted right circular cone of semi vertical
angle 45o in such a way that the rate of change increased from 30,000 to 40,000.
of volume at any moment is proportional to the
area of the curved surface which is wet at that Q-13 A body cools according to Newton's law from
moment. Initially; the vessel is full to a height of 100°c to 60°c in 20 minutes. The temperature of
2 cms. And after 2 seconds the height becomes the surrounding being 20°C how long will it take
10 cms. Show that after 3.5 seconds from the
to cool down to 30°C ?
start, the height of water will be 16 cms.
Q-6 In a certain culture of bacteria the rate of increase Q-14 A right circular cone has height 9 cms and radius
is proportional to the number present. If it is of the base 5 cms. It is inverted and water is
found that the number doubles in 4 hours, find poured into it. If at any instant the water level
the number of times the bacteria are increased
rises at the rate of   A  cms/sec., where A is
in 12 hours.
Q-7 If the population of a country doubles in 60 years, the area of water surface at that instant, show
in how many years will it be triple (treble) under
that the vessel will be full in 75 seconds.
the assumption that the rate of increase is
proportional to the number of inhabitants ?
Given : log 2 = 0.6912, log 3 = 1.0986 Q-15 Assume that a spherical raindrop evaporates at
a rate proportional to its surface area. If its radius
originally is 3 mm and 1 hour later has been
Q-8 If a body cools from 80°c to 50°c at room reduced to 2 mm, find an expression for the
temperature of 25°c in 30 minutes, find the
temperature of the body after 1 hour. radius of the raindrop at any time t.
MATHEMATICS [51]
Q-16 The rate of growth of the population of a city at Q-23 The doctor took the temperature of a dead body
any time t is proportional to the size of the at 11.30 p.m. which was 94.6°F. After one hour
population. For a certain city it is found that the the temperature of the body was 93.4°F. If the
constant of proportionality is 0.04. Find the temperature of the room was 70°F, estimate the
population of the city after 25 years if the initial time of death taking the normal temperature of

population is 10,000. [Take e = 2.7182] human body as 98.6°F.

Q-17 Radium decomposes at the rate proportional to Q-24 Solve : x2y dy +(x3 + x2y – 2xy2 –y3) dx = 0
the amount present at any time. If p percent of
amount disappears in one year, what percent of
amount of radium will be left after 2 years?
Q-25 Find the general solution of the equation .

 y y y 2  y  

 2x sin  x   2x tan  x   y cos  x   y sec  x   dx   x cos
Miscellaneous Exercies :          
Q-18 An equation relating to stability of an aeroplane
 y y y 2  y   y 2  y 
dv  2x sin  x   2x tan  x   y cos  x   y sec  x   dx   x cos  x   x sec  x   dy  0
is  8 cos   kv , where v is the velocity g,   
dt
 , k being constants. Find an expression for the 6x 2  5xy  2y 2
Q-26 Solve : y ' 
6x 2  8xy  y 2
velocity if v = 0 when t = 0.
Q-27 A body is heated to 110°C and placed in air at
Q-19 The surface area of a balloon being inflated, 10°C. After 1 hour its temperature is 60°C. How
changes at a rate proportional to time t. If initially much additional time is required for it to cool to
its radius is 1 unit and after 3 seconds it is 2 units,
30°C ?
find the radius after time t.
Q-28 Find the half life of uranium, which disintegrates
Q-20 The rate of growth of population is proportional at a rate proportional to the amount present at
to the number present. If the population doubled any instant. Given that m 1 and m 2 gms of
in the last 25 years and the present population is uranium are present at time t1 and t2 respectively.
1 lac, when will the city have population
Q-29 In a culture of yeast the active ferment doubles
4,00,000 ?
itself in 3 hours. Assuming that the quantity
Q-21 The bacteria culture grows at a rate proportional increases at a rate proportional to itself,
to its size. After 2 hours, there are 600 bacteria determine the number of times it multiplies itself
and after 8 hours the count is 75,000. Find the
initial population and when will the population in 15 hours.

reach 2,00,000 ? Q-30 The population grows at the rate of 8% per year.
Find the time taken for the population to become
Q-22 The rate of decay of the mass of a radio active double. Given. : log 2 = 0.6912.
substance at any time is  times its mass at that
instant. If  = 10–4, show that the mass of the
substance after 10,000 years will be less than
half its value today. Q-
[52] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
LEVEL - I

Q-1 A curve passes through (2, 0) and slope at point

dy 1  y2
Q-7 The differential equation 
(x  1)2  (y  3) dx y
P (x, y) is . Find equation of
(x  1)
determines family of circles with
curve and area between curve and x-axis in 4th
(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
quadrant.
(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, –1)
Q-2 The solution of primitive integral equation (C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the
2 2 x-axis.
(x + y ) dy = xy dx, is y = y (x). If y (1) = 1
(D) fixed radius 1 and varialble centres along
and y (x0) = e, then x0 is - the y-axis.
Q-8 Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation
(A) 2 (e 2  1) (B) 2 (e 2  1)
x x 2  1 dy – y y 2  1 dx = 0 satisfy
(C) 3e (D) none of these
2
Q-3 For the primitive integral equation y(2) = .
3
ydx + y2dy = x dy ; x  R, y > 0, y = y (x), y
(1) = 1, then y (–3) is -  
Statement – 1 : y(x) = sec  sec 1 x  
(A) 3 (B) 2  6
(C) 1 (D) 5
and
Q-4 If length of tangent at any point on the curve
y = f(x) intercepted between the point and Statement – 2 : y(x) is given by
the x-axis is of length 1. Find the equation of the
1 2 3 1
  1 2
curve. y x x
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Q-5 A tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) at P(x, y) Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively Statement-1.
such that BP: AP = 3 : 1, given that f(1) = 1, (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
then - Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
dy Statement-1.
(A) equation of the curve is x  3y  0
dx (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(B) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8)
Q-9 Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on
dy
(D) equation of the curve is x  3y  0 R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1.
dx
If the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x,y)
Q-6 Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the
t 2 f(x)  x 2 f(t) abscissa of P, then the value of f(–3) is equal to
such that f(1) = 1, and lim =1, for
t x tx
each x > 0. Then f(x) is -
Q-10 Let ƒ : [1,)  [2,) be a differentiable function
1 2x 2 1 4x 2 x
(A)  (B) 
3x 3 3x 3 such that f(1) = 2. If 6  ƒ(t)dt  3x ƒ(x)  x 3 for
1
1 2 1
(C)  (D)
x x2 x all x > 1, then the value of ƒ(2) is
MATHEMATICS [53]
Q-11 If y(x) satisfies the differential equation Q-18 A moth ball evaporates at a rate directly
y' – ytanx = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then proportional to the instantaneous surface area.
Its radius reduces to half in value in 1 day.
2
 2   How much time is required for the ball to
(A) y    (B) y '   
4 8 2  4  18 disappear completely?
2 2
     4  2
(C) y    (D) y '     Q-19 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family
4 9 3 3 3 3
  of rectangular hyperbolae xy = c 2.
Q-12 A curve passes through the point  1,  . Let
 6 Q-20 Show that the parabolae y 2 = 4c (x + c) are
the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be
y y self-orthogonal.
 sec   , x  0 . Then the equation of the
x x
curve is Q-21 A curve rises from the origin in the xy-plane
into the 1st quadrant.
y 1 y
(A) sin    log x 
x 2 (x,y)
y
(B) cosec    log x  2
x
x
 2y  O
(C) sec    log x  2
 x  The shaded area (see the alongside diagram)
 2y  1 1
(D) cos    log x  is rd the area of the corresponding rectangle,
 x  2 3
Q-13 In a culture of yeast, the rate of change of for all (x,y). Find the curve.
active ferment y(t) at any instant of time t is
proportional to the amount present at that Comprehension:
instant. If y(t) doubles in 3 hrs, how much Let ƒ : [0,1]  IR (the set of all real numbers)
should we expect at the end of 9 hrs at the be a function. Suppose the function ƒ is twice
differentiable, ƒ(0) = ƒ(1) = 0 and satisfies
same rate of growth ? ƒ"(x) – 2ƒ'(x) + ƒ(x) > ex, x  [0,1].
Q-22 If the function e–xƒ(x) assumes its minimum in
Q-14 Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates
1
at a rate proportional ot its surface area. If its the interval [0,1] at x  , which of the following
radius is 3mm. originally and reduces to 2mm. 4
is true?
after 1 minute, find an expression for the
1 3
(A) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x), x
radius of the rain drop at any time t. 4 4
Q-15 The intercept , on the tangent at any point (x, 1
(B) ƒ'(x) > ƒ(x), 0  x 
y) of a curve, made by the co-ordinate axes, 4
is bisected at (x,y). If the curve passes through
(C) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x), 0  x  1
4
(1,1), find its equation.
3
Q-16 The tangent at any point P(x, y)on a curve (D) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x),  x  1
4
intersects the x-axis at A. Area ( OAP)= 4, Q-23 Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1 ?
where O is the origin. If the curve passes (A) 0 < ƒ(x) < 
through (2,1), find its equation. 1 1
(B)   ƒ(x) 
2 2
Q-17 The normal at a point (x,y)on a curve meets
1 1 1
the co-ordinate axes at A,B. If + =1 , (C)   ƒ(x)  1
OA OB 4
where O is the origin and (5,4)lies on the (D)   ƒ(x)  0
curve, find its equation.
[54] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ANSWERS
LEVEL - I
4
Q-1 (x – 3) (x + 1) = y – 3 ; units Q-2 (C)
3

1  1  y2
Q-3 (A) Q-4 1  y 2  ln =±x+c
y

Q-5 (ABCD) Q-6 (A)

Q-7 (C) Q-8 (C)

Q-9 9 Q-10 Bonus;

Q-11 (AD) Q-12 (A)

Q-13 8 times Q-14 r = –t + 3

Q-15 xy = 1 Q-16 xy = 4 – 2y2 or xy = – 4 + 6y2

Q-17 (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 25 Q-18 1 more day

Q-21 y = cx2 Q-22 (C)

Q-23 (D)
MATHEMATICS [55]
[56] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION