Abhyaas News Board - 2024 - November 2024 (1 To 15 Days)

November -2024 (1 to 15 days)
Abhyaas Newsboard...
For the quintessential test prep student
CURRENT AFFAIRS BUCKETS

1. Polity & Governance
2. International Relations
3. Science and technology
4. Environmental And History Cultural
5. Economy
6. Miscellaneous
1. Polity & Governance

Abhyaas Newsboard ... www.lawprep.in Page 1
1. US ELECTIONS
Why in the news?
With Donald Trump winning the US presidential election, India closely watches developments, as strong US ties are
crucial for its trade, security, and geopolitical interests.
Donald Trump Wins US Elections 2024, Returns as 47th US President
 Mr. Donald Trump has won more than the required 270 Electoral College votes to become the U.S.’s 47th
President.
 The 2024 election marks his second successful presidential run after first securing the presidency in 2016 and
serving as 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
 Trump, at 78 years old, will make history as only the second US president to serve non-consecutive terms,
joining Grover Cleveland, who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States.
The US has had an elected president since its constitution went into effect in 1789. Unlike in many countries, the
Presidential election in the US is rather a year-long process starting from announcement of candidacy to the
Inauguration day.
U.S. Constitutional Requirements for Presidential Candidates
 The President must:
1. Be a natural-born citizen of the United States
2. Be at least 35 years old
3. Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years
 He/She must meet the age and residency requirements by Inauguration Day. Any person who meets these
requirements can declare his or her candidacy for President at any time. Vice-President must also meet all of
the qualifications of being a President.
 But in India, President can also be a naturalized citizen. Also, a candidate to be nominated for the office of
president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot.
 In the US, a person can be the president for only two terms. But there is no such bar in India.
A two-party system
Though there is a constitutional space for a multiparty system the modern politics is dominated by two major parties.
The two-party system consists of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Several third parties also operate in
the U.S., and from time to time elect someone to local office. The largest third party since the 1980s is the Libertarian
Party.
Nomination process – Primaries and Caucuses
 A number of candidates from each party announce their candidacy more than a year before the Election Day
 Among them one candidate is chosen from each party by the nominating process conducted by each party.
Unlike in India, where a Prime Minister candidate is chosen by the party leaders, this is rather a lengthy and
more democratic process.
 It currently consists of two major parts
1. A series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state &
2. The presidential nominating conventions held by each political party.
 To become a party’s presidential candidate, a nominee must win a simple majority of delegates on the
convention day.
 Each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory.
 A delegate is a person chosen by the people from each state to vote on their behalf to choose the nominee.
These delegates are chosen by Primaries and Caucuses.
 The primary elections are run by state and local governments where party members gather to vote through
secret ballot for the best candidates.
 Caucuses are private meetings run by political parties. Generally, participants divide themselves into groups
according to the candidate they support. Each group then gives speeches supporting its candidate and tries to
persuade others to join its group.
 At the end of the primaries and caucuses in each state, the numbers of delegates allocated to the state are
divided among the candidates according to their vote share. e.g Bernie Sanders defeated Hillary Clinton in
the New Hampshire primary by a margin of more than 22% in the popular vote. Therefore Sanders claimed
15 delegates to Clinton's 9.

 Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both.
These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election,
with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary,
respectively.
 Democratic Party - It has two sets of delegates – the delegates and superdelegates. Delegates are
representatives of people who vote according to the popular vote of their states on the convention day. Super
delegates are lawmakers, governors, past presidents and national party officials who have the freedom to
back any candidate, regardless of how their states voted.
 Republican Party – It has Pledged and unpledged delegates. Pledged delegates are normal delegates.
Unpledged delegates are similar to super delegates. They consist of the three top party officials from each
state and territory who vote independently on the party convention day.
 Remember that this entire process is to choose a presidential candidate for each party.
 Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions.
 These delegates choose the party’s Presidential Candidate on the convention day held typically in July. The
chosen presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same
ticket.
 This system was never included in the US Constitution and thus evolved over time by the political parties.
Election Process
 Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections,
including the Electoral College. This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who
wanted the Congress to choose the president, and those who preferred a national popular vote.
 Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. But this is
an indirect election. The voters do not directly elect the president. Instead, they elect representatives called
"electors", who usually pledge to vote for particular presidential and vice-presidential candidates. (Similar to
the delegates in the primary elections).
 The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of members of Congress to which the state is
entitled. Therefore, there are currently 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 Representatives and 100
Senators, plus the three additional electors from the District of Columbia. U.S. territories are not represented
in the Electoral College and therefore U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for
President.
 Also, most state laws establish a winner-take-all system. By this, a number of electors from each state are not
allocated to each candidate based on their vote share. Instead, the candidate with the most votes gets every
elector of the state.
 This sometimes leads to a situation where a candidate who failed to get popular vote wins, if he wins all the
big states with a large number of electors. E.gIn 2000 George W Bush won the election, in spite of losing the
popular vote to Democratic candidate Al Gore.
Election Day
 An election for President of the United States occurs every four years on Election Day, held the first Tuesday
after the first Monday in November.
 Unlike the Parliamentary form of government, in the Presidential system, there is a clear demarcation
between executive and legislature.
 In a presidential system, the executive is not responsible to the legislature and hence the government is not
dissolved if it fails to enjoy a majority.
 Also if the office of the president becomes vacant, it does not call for a re-election and the vice president
continues as the President for the rest of the term. Hence the election dates are fixed and it can be clubbed
with the other elections like elections for House of Representatives, Senate, Governors and State legislature.
 This is difficult to be replicated in countries like India, where there are talks about simultaneous elections to
the Parliament and State Assemblies because there is no guarantee that a government can finish its term.
Why Tuesday of November?
When voters used to travel to the polls by horse, Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on
Sunday, ride to their county seat on Monday, and vote on Tuesday–all before market day, Wednesday. November
also fits between harvest time and harsh winter weather.
Inauguration Day

 Each state's winning set of electors then meets at their respective state's capital in December to cast their
electoral votes on separate ballots for President.
 Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 24 states
have laws to punish faithless electors,[19] those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom
they have pledged to elect.
 In early January, votes are counted by the joint session of the incoming Congress.
 If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (currently at least 270), then the President would be
decided by a ballot of the House of Representative.
 The President-elect then assumes office on the Inauguration Day – January 20th.
Some related terms
Super PACs
Super PACs are independent political committees that support a candidate with unlimited, often anonymous,
donations from companies, unions, or individuals. The groups can't contribute directly to a candidate, but they can
run favorable ads about a candidate—or negative ones about their favored candidate's opponent. Most of the ads
sponsored by super PACs are negative and take considerable liberties.
Super Tuesday
A day when more than a dozen US states hold their primaries and caucuses, putting more delegates at stake in the
Democratic and Republican Party than any other day of the year is called super tuesday
Tea Party
The Tea Party movement is an American political movement known for its conservative positions and its role in the
Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget
deficit by reducing government spending, and for lower taxes. E.gThe movement opposes government-sponsored
universal healthcare and has been described as a mixture of libertarian, populist, and conservative activism.
2. Not all private property can be taken over by state for ‘common good': SC upsc
2024
Why in the news?
Recently, the Supreme Court of India, in a nine-judge bench decision, ruled that the State cannot take over private
property merely by claiming it is for the “common good.”
Background of the Case
 The case was initiated by the Property Owners Association in Mumbai, challenging a part of the Maharashtra
Housing and Area Development Act, 1976.
 This law allowed the State to acquire private property and pay compensation as low as 100 times the monthly
rent.
 Filed in 1992, the case was referred to a nine-judge bench in 2002 and finally resolved in 2024.
What Is Private Property?
 Private property refers to land, buildings, or resources owned by individuals or groups.
 In India, the right to property was originally a fundamental right under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 of the
Constitution.
 However, the 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978) made it a legal right under Article 300A, ensuring the
State can only acquire private property with due process and fair compensation.
Supreme Court’s Key Decisions
1. Community Resources vs. Private Property
o The court ruled that not all private property could be considered community resources under Article
39(b) of the Constitution.
o Assessing whether a private property is a community resource should be done case-by-case, not as a
blanket rule.
o The ruling overturned Justice Krishna Iyer’s 1978 judgement, which had broadly interpreted Article
39(b) to include private property.
2. Article 39(b):
o This article directs the State to distribute “material resources of the community” in a way that serves
the common good.
3. Article 31C:

o Introduced in 1971, this allows the State to make laws under Articles 39(b) and 39(c) for community
welfare and protects such laws from being challenged in court.
4. Balanced Approach
o Justice Nagarathna’s dissent suggested that some private resources like forests, wetlands, and mines
could qualify as community resources if they are vital for public welfare.
o However, she clarified that personal belongings (like clothes or personal items) cannot be treated as
material resources of the community.
Criteria for Community Resources
To classify a private resource as a community resource, it must be evaluated on factors such as:
1. Nature and characteristics of the resource.
2. Its impact on public welfare.
3. Whether it is State-controlled or privately owned.
4. Scarcity and availability of the resource.
5. Effects of private concentration of ownership.
Implications of the Ruling

1. Protection Against Arbitrary Acquisition:
o The judgement protects private property from being arbitrarily taken by the State and emphasizes the
need for adequate compensation and due process.
2. Economic Impact:
o Reflects a shift towards market-driven policies, moving away from the socialist approach of earlier
rulings.
o The court acknowledged that India’s dynamic economic policies in the past 30 years have made it
one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.
3. Future Cases:
o This ruling will significantly influence future cases involving property rights and State powers.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s decision is a milestone in protecting individual property rights while ensuring that resource
redistribution is fair and justified. By balancing individual rights with the common good, this ruling provides clarity
on property laws as India continues its economic progress.
3. J&K Assembly passes resolution for restoration of special status, seeks ‘dialogue’ -
Why in the news?
J&K assembly passed a resolution to restore its special status amid protests from BJP, highlighting ongoing tensions
over the 2019 revocation of Article 370.
 The resolution avoided mentioning Articles 370 or 35A, which were the basis of J&K's earlier special status.
 Valley-based political parties praised the resolution, while the BJP strongly protested, demanding its
withdrawal.
 The ruling National Conference (NC) said it fulfilled one of its key manifesto promises. Chief Minister Omar
Abdullah stated that the Assembly had done its part.
What Was the Special Status of J&K?
On August 5, 2019, the Central Government made significant changes to J&K’s status:
 The President of India used powers under Article 370(1) to issue the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Order, 2019.
 Instead of completely removing Article 370, it was amended to bring J&K fully under the Indian
Constitution.
Key Points About Article 370
1. Introduction:
o Added to the Constitution in 1949, Article 370 gave J&K autonomy over internal matters except
defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communication.
o J&K had its own Constitution and the power to decide which Indian laws applied to it.
2. Amendment Powers:

o Clause 3 allowed the President of India to amend Article 370 with the J&K Constituent Assembly’s
consent.
3. Article 35A:
o Introduced in 1954, Article 35A allowed J&K to define permanent residents and grant them special
rights, such as land ownership and government jobs.
Changes Made in 2019

1. Removal of Special Status:
o J&K lost its separate Constitution, flag, and anthem.
o Residents now have single Indian citizenship with the same Fundamental Rights as the rest of the
country.
2. Reorganisation:
o The J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019, split the state into two Union Territories:
 Jammu & Kashmir (with a Legislative Assembly).
 Ladakh (without a Legislative Assembly).
o J&K became the first Indian state to be converted into Union Territories.
3. Governance Changes:
o A Lieutenant Governor (LG) replaced the Governor.
o The J&K Legislative Assembly’s term was reduced from 6 years to 5 years.
o The J & K Assembly can legislate on most subjects, but public order and police remain under the
Central Government.
4. Impact on Laws:
o All Indian laws now apply to J&K, including the Right to Information Act and Right to Education
Act.
o Article 360 (Financial Emergency) is now applicable to J&K.
o Article 35A, which granted special privileges to J&K residents, was nullified.
5. Changes in Representation:
o J&K’s six Lok Sabha seats were divided:
 Five seats for the Union Territory of J&K.
 One seat for Ladakh.
Unique Constitutional Guarantees in Other States
India’s Constitution allows special provisions for some states:
 Articles 371 to 371I provide special guarantees to states like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and
several in the Northeast.
 These provisions address unique local needs while maintaining national unity.
Key Takeaway
The 2019 changes fundamentally reshaped J&K’s relationship with India, removing its special autonomy and
integrating it fully under the Indian Constitution. The recent Assembly resolution reflects ongoing demands for
restoring the region’s unique status within India.
4. Aligarh Muslim University status verdict in SC

Why in the News?
The Supreme Court, in a 4:3 majority decision, overturned its 1967 ruling in the Azeez Basha case, which had denied
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) minority status. The Court directed a reassessment of AMU’s status based on
principles outlined in its latest judgment.
AMU’s Background and Legal History
1. Foundation:
o Established in 1875, AMU was officially incorporated by a law in 1920.
o Article 30 of the Indian Constitution gives religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish
and manage their own educational institutions.
2. Change in AMU’s Status:

o A 1951 amendment to the AMU Act removed compulsory religious instruction for Muslim students.
o Article 28 of the Constitution prohibits compulsory religious teaching in state-funded institutions.
3. Azeez Basha Case (1967):

o The Supreme Court ruled AMU was not a minority institution, as it was established by a central law,
making it a central university.
o This meant AMU could not claim minority rights under Article 30.
4. 1981 Amendment to AMU Act:

o The amendment sought to restore AMU’s minority character.
o However, the Allahabad High Court (2006) struck down the amendment, maintaining that AMU was
not a minority institution.
How Will AMU’s Minority Status Be Assessed?
The Supreme Court set a clear framework to determine an institution’s minority status:
1. Key Criteria for Minority Status:

o The institution must be established by a minority community.
o The purpose of the institution should be to serve that community.
2. Two-Part Test:
o First Step: Identify the founders and their intentions through documents and correspondence.
o Second Step: Evaluate if the institution’s administration protects the interests of the minority
community.
3. Broad Definition of “Established”:

o Even if an institution is governed by a statutory body or has undergone legal changes, it can still
qualify as a minority institution if it meets the criteria above.
How Does This Decision Overturn the 1967 Azeez Basha Ruling?
1. Overruling:
o The 1967 decision stated that AMU was not a minority institution because it was created by a law.
o The new judgment considers historical and community intent, not just formal legal definitions.
2. New Framework for Minority Institutions:

o The decision broadens the criteria for recognizing minority institutions.
o Legislative recognition (like AMU’s establishment by law) no longer automatically disqualifies an
institution from being considered a minority institution.
Implications for Education and Reservations
1. Reservation for Muslims:

o If AMU regains minority status, it could reserve seats for Muslim students without following general
reservation policies for SCs, STs, and OBCs under Article 15(5).
2. Administrative Autonomy:
o AMU will have more control over admissions, hiring, and internal policies, allowing it to align with
the needs of the Muslim community.
3. Strengthening Minority Rights:
o The ruling reinforces Article 30(1), ensuring minorities can establish and manage educational
institutions without undue interference.
Way Forward

1. Clear Framework for Minority Status:
o Parliament should create consistent laws to define and recognize minority institutions based on the
Supreme Court’s criteria.
2. Balancing Autonomy and Standards:
o Policies must ensure minority institutions maintain autonomy while being accountable for providing
quality education.
This ruling has significant implications for minority education in India, offering institutions like AMU the chance to
reclaim their identity while promoting inclusivity and diversity.
5. New Rules under the Water Act 2024

Why in the News?
The Central Government has introduced new rules under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
called the Water (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024. These rules aim to streamline
the process of investigating and penalizing water pollution offenses.
The rules follow amendments made to the Water Act earlier this year, simplifying penalties and improving
enforcement to ensure better water pollution control.
What is the Water Act of 1974?

 The Water Act, 1974, was created to prevent and control water pollution.
 It included strict penalties, such as imprisonment, for non-compliance.
Why were amendments needed?

 The 1974 Act had harsh penalties, like imprisonment, even for minor violations. For instance, failing to
inform the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) about water use could result in three months in jail.
 These provisions caused harassment to businesses and citizens, which went against the idea of Ease of Living
and Ease of Doing Business.
 To fix this, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024, introduced monetary
penalties instead of jail time for minor violations.
Key Features of the Water Act 2024

1. Where it Applies
 Initially applicable in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Union Territories.
 Other states can adopt it through state resolutions.
2. Decriminalization and New Penalties

 Imprisonment for minor violations has been removed.
 Violators now face fines between ₹10,000 and ₹15 lakh.
 However, if penalties are not paid, violators could face up to three years in jail or a fine twice the original
penalty amount.
3. Easier Rules for Businesses
 Earlier, industries needed permission from SPCBs to operate if they discharged sewage.
 Now, the central government can exempt some industries from this requirement in consultation with the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
4. Strict Action for Serious Violations

 Tampering with monitoring devices can result in fines ranging from ₹10,000 to ₹15 lakh.
 SPCBs can order the immediate stoppage of activities that discharge pollutants.
5. New Penalties for General Offenses
 Offenses not specifically covered under the 1974 Act are no longer punishable with jail but with fines of
₹10,000 to ₹15 lakh.
6. Appointment of Adjudicating Officers

 The central government will appoint adjudicating officers (at least of Joint Secretary rank) to assess penalties
for violations.
 Appeals against their decisions can be made to the National Green Tribunal (NGT), with a condition to
deposit 10% of the penalty amount.
 Collected penalties will go to the Environment Protection Fund.
7. Accountability for Government Departments

 Government departments violating the Act will face penalties equal to one month’s basic salary of the
department head unless they prove they took steps to prevent the violation.
Key Features of the New Rules (2024)

1. Introduction of Penalty Rules
 The Water (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024 lay down a clear process for
investigating violations and imposing penalties.
 These rules replace criminal penalties with civil penalties.
2. Empowered Authorities
 Officials from CPCB, SPCBs, Pollution Control Committees, and Integrated Regional Offices can file
complaints about violations.
 Violations include illegal discharge of industrial effluents and pollutants under sections 41, 41A, 42, 43, 44,
45A, and 48 of the Act.
3. Role of the Adjudicating Officer
 An adjudicating officer (at least at the rank of Joint Secretary) will:
o Oversee complaints.
o Issue notices to violators.
o Conduct inquiries.
 Alleged violators can respond through legal representatives.
 The inquiry must be completed within six months of the notice being issued.
Conclusion
The new amendments and rules under the Water Act 2024 aim to make water pollution control more effective while
reducing unnecessary harassment of businesses and individuals. With a focus on fines instead of jail time, the Act
ensures stricter enforcement of pollution norms while promoting Ease of Living and Ease of Doing Business.
6.Re-imposition of AFSPA in Manipur
What is the Current Situation in Manipur?

Manipur has experienced 19 months of ethnic conflict, resulting in deaths and displacements. 2. The recent violence
prompted the reimposition of the Disturbed Area status under AFSPA in six police stations, which has historically
faced opposition in Manipur and other Northeast areas.
What Are the Root Causes of the Conflict?

1. 1.The conflict originated from the Meitei community’s demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status and
opposition by the Kuki-Zomi community.
2. 2.Ethnic identities have long influenced socioeconomic and political dynamics in Manipur, leading to
entrenched divisions and conflict.
What is the major concern regarding the conflicts in Manipur?
1. 1.Ineffective Governance: The state government focuses on blaming outsiders and imposing internet bans,
with no effective solutions.
2. 2.Uncontrolled Weapons: Over 5,000 looted weapons remain unaccounted for, worsening security concerns.
3. 3.Administrative Failures: The issue is viewed only through law and order, ignoring underlying political
problems.
What is the History of AFSPA in Manipur?

1. Initial Imposition (1958): AFSPA was first imposed in the Naga-dominated districts of Senapati,
Tamenglong, and Ukhrul.
2. Extension to New Areas (1960s): The Act was extended to Kuki-Zomi-dominated Churachandpur
district.
3. Statewide Implementation (1979): The entire state came under AFSPA due to armed insurgency in
Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley.
4. Major Protests: Activist Irom Sharmila protested against AFSPA for 16 years, starting in 2000.
5. Review and Recommendations: The Jeevan Reddy Committee in 2005 and the Second Administrative
Reforms Commission recommended repealing AFSPA, calling it “highly undesirable.”
6. Recent Rollbacks Elsewhere: AFSPA has been reduced in other parts of the Northeast due to declining
militancy, but Manipur remains an exception.
2. International Relations
1. US puts 19 Indian firms on sanctions list, says helped Russia with materials, tech
Why in the News?
The U.S. recently imposed sanctions on about 400 entities and individuals, including 19 Indian companies and two
Indian nationals, for allegedly supporting Russia’s war efforts in Ukraine.
Sanctions are measures to restrict trade, financial transactions, or investments with the targeted entities, aiming to cut
off their access to U.S. markets and resources. These restrictions can severely impact business operations globally,
causing firms to lose partners and face financial setbacks.
What are Economic Sanctions?
Understanding Sanctions:
Sanctions are actions taken to stop or limit economic interactions with a target. They can include:
 Import/export bans
 Asset freezes
 Exclusion from banking systems
Sanctions are categorized as:
 Comprehensive: Affect entire countries (e.g., the U.S. embargo on Cuba).
 Targeted: Focus on specific individuals, companies, or groups (e.g., sanctions on Russian firms).
Global Mechanisms for Sanctions:
 Imposed by individual nations: The U.S. sanctions countries like Iran, North Korea, and Russia, which is
currently the world’s most sanctioned country due to the Ukraine war.
 International bodies: Organizations like the UN and the EU also impose sanctions.
Effectiveness and Criticisms:
 Sanctions aim to exert economic pressure, but their effectiveness is debated.
 Targets often find ways to bypass restrictions, and enforcing sanctions can impact the sanctioning country’s
industries.
 For instance, despite Western sanctions, Russia’s economy is resilient due to trade with nations like India and
China.
Sanctioned Indian Firms and Individuals
Indian Companies Involved:
The U.S. accused 19 Indian companies of supplying critical components to Russian firms linked to the defense
sector. These sanctions block these companies from trade or financial dealings with the U.S.
Some examples:
1. Ascend Aviation India Private Limited:
o Sent over 700 items worth $200,000, including U.S.-origin aircraft parts, to Russian companies from
March 2023 to March 2024.
o These items are part of the Common High Priority List (CHPL), which includes 50 critical items
Russia seeks for its weapons programs.
2. Mask Trans:
o Supplied CHPL-listed aviation components worth $300,000 to a Russian company, S7
ENGINEERING LLC, between June 2023 and April 2024.
3. TSMD Global Private Limited:
o Exported CHPL items worth $430,000, like integrated circuits and CPUs, to Russian firms from July
2023 to March 2024.
4. Futrevo:
o Provided $1.4 million worth of electronic components to SMT-ILOGIC, a manufacturer of drones,
between January 2023 and February 2024.
Indian Nationals Sanctioned:

The directors of Ascend Aviation India, Vivek Kumar Mishra and Sudhir Kumar, were also sanctioned.
Possible Impact on India
Minimal Impact on India’s Defense Sector:
 The sanctions are unlikely to disrupt India’s defense industry significantly.

 Most of the sanctioned companies do not have major roles in defense projects, except RRG Engineering,
which has limited ties to the DRDO and Indian armed forces.
Trading Activities of Sanctioned Firms:
Many of these firms import Western electronics and resell them to sanctioned Russian companies:
 Denvas Services: Supplies digital kiosks and has Russian nationals as directors and shareholders. It allegedly
procured U.S. microelectronics for Russian weapons.
 RRG Engineering: Provided microelectronics to Arteks Limited in Russia and supported non-critical DRDO
projects, like NBC detectors and satcom stations.
Availability of Equipment in India:
Experts believe the sanctioned equipment, like microelectronics and NBC detectors, is widely available in India.
Therefore, these sanctions are unlikely to cause significant disruption to India’s projects or industries.
These sanctions underline the global impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and how trade and defense sectors are
affected by international policies.
3. Science And Technology

1.Global TB Report 2024
Why in the news?
According to the WHO Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report 2024, India achieved a 17.7% decline in TB cases from
2015 to 2023, which is more than double the global average of 8.3%. This success highlights India’s strong efforts to
eliminate TB by 2025 under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP).
Key Global Findings

 Rising Cases: In 2023, 8.2 million new TB cases were reported worldwide, up from 7.5 million in 2022—the
highest since 1995.
 Deaths: TB deaths slightly decreased from 1.32 million in 2022 to 1.25 million in 2023.
 Countries Most Affected: 87% of TB cases come from 30 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
o Five countries contribute the most:
 India (26%),
 Indonesia (10%),
 China (6.8%),
 The Philippines (6.8%), and
 Pakistan (6.3%).
 Demographics:
o 55% of cases occur in men, 33% in women, and 12% in children and adolescents.
Challenges to Elimination Goals
India aims to eliminate TB by 2025, five years ahead of the global target of 2030, under the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG 3.3). However, the WHO End TB Strategy goals, which require:
 75% reduction in TB deaths and
 50% reduction in TB cases from 2015 levels,
may not be fully achieved by 2025.
For instance, India’s current progress shows TB deaths are unlikely to reduce to 7 per lakh, nor cases to 118.5 per
lakh by 2025.
What is Tuberculosis (TB)?

 Cause: TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that primarily affect the lungs.
 Spread: It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits.
 Symptoms: Include coughing (sometimes with blood), chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night
sweats.
 Treatment: TB is curable with a 6-month course of 4 medicines, supervised by health workers.
 Drug-Resistant TB:
o MDR-TB: Resistant to two key drugs, but treatable with second-line drugs. India has 27% of global
MDR-TB cases.
o XDR-TB: Resistant to the best second-line drugs, making treatment harder.
India has launched several programs and campaigns to eliminate TB:
1. National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP): Ensures timely diagnosis and treatment.
2. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: Promotes community involvement.
3. National Strategic Plan (NSP) (2017-2025): Lays out the roadmap for TB elimination.
4. TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign: Encourages awareness and participation.
5. Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Provides financial support for TB patients.
Challenges in Fighting TB
1. Funding Shortage: In 2023, LMICs had only $5.7 billion for TB, far below the target of $22 billion by 2027.
2. High Health Costs: About 20% of Indian households with TB face severe financial burdens.
3. Underfunded Research: Only one-fifth of the $5 billion target for research was met in 2022, slowing progress
on new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines.
4. Risk Factors: TB is linked to undernutrition, HIV, alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes.
Way Forward
1. Preventive Therapy: Expand preventive treatment with shorter regimens to reduce TB transmission.
2. Innovative Diagnostics: Increase access to advanced testing for faster and better TB diagnosis.

3. Decentralized Services: Establish local health centers (e.g., Ayushman Arogya Mandirs) for easier access to
treatment.
4. Community Support: Strengthen initiatives like Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan to improve care
and reduce stigma.
5. BCG Vaccine Research: Conduct studies on using BCG vaccines for adults to prevent TB.
India’s commitment to eliminating TB is strong, but more efforts are needed to address challenges and meet the 2025
target.
2. LignoSat
Why in the news?
The world's first wooden satellite LignoSat built by Japanese researchers was launched into space in an early test of
using timber in lunar and Mars exploration.
About LignoSat:
LignoSat is a unique satellite made using wood, combining the words “ligno” (Latin for wood) and “satellite.” It is
the result of joint research by Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry Co.
Key Features of LignoSat:
1. Purpose:
o To test the use of wood as an eco-friendly and cost-effective material for space exploration.
o The goal is to demonstrate how renewable materials like wood could support future human activities
in space.
2. Material Used:
o Made from magnolia wood, selected for its strength and adaptability to harsh conditions in space.
3. Journey to Space:
o It will be sent to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a SpaceX rocket from the Kennedy
Space Center.
o Once at the ISS, it will be released from the Japanese experiment module to test its durability.
4. Data Collection:
o Researchers will track the satellite’s performance, focusing on its ability to handle extreme
temperature changes and any signs of damage or strain.
Why Use Wood in Satellites?
 Eco-Friendly:
o When wooden satellites re-enter Earth’s atmosphere, they burn up completely without releasing
harmful metal particles, unlike traditional satellites.
o This helps reduce air pollution caused by satellite debris.
 Sustainable:
o Wood is a renewable material, making it a more environmentally conscious choice for space
missions.
LignoSat is a step toward using sustainable materials in space technology, proving that even traditional materials like
wood can have futuristic applications.
4. Environmental And History Cultural

1. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
Why in the News?
India launched its updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) at the COP16 to the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Highlights of NBSAP:
 Alignment with Global Goals: The updated NBSAP aligns with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework (KM-GBF) and sets 23 National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs).
 Focus Areas: These targets aim to:
1. Reduce threats to biodiversity.
2. Ensure sustainable use of resources.
3. Improve tools for implementation, like ecosystem resilience, species recovery, and sustainable
management.
 Implementation: The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) will coordinate
efforts for biodiversity conservation across the country.
About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
 The CBD was established in 1993 under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
 Main Objectives:
1. Conserve biological diversity.
2. Use biodiversity sustainably.
3. Share benefits from biodiversity fairly and equitably.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
 Adopted in 2022: At COP15 to the CBD.
 Known as the "Paris Agreement for Nature," it includes:
o 4 Global Goals and 23 Targets to be achieved by 2030.
o Examples include:
 Reducing invasive species by 50%.
 Cutting harmful subsidies by $500 billion/year.
Target 3 (30x30 Target):
 Protect 30% of land and 30% of coastal and marine areas by 2030.
 Restore 30% of degraded lands and waters, up from the earlier goal of 20%.
 Reduce destruction of biodiverse areas to nearly zero by 2030.
Major Outcomes of COP16
1. Cali Fund for Genetic Resources:
 A voluntary global fund to share benefits from Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on genetic resources.
 Contributions are expected as:
o 1% of profit or
o 0.1% of revenue from participating firms.
2. Indigenous Communities’ Role:
 A new program ensures the involvement of indigenous peoples and local communities in achieving CBD’s
objectives.
3. Synthetic Biology:
 An expert group will assess the benefits and risks of synthetic biology (new technological developments in
biology).
4. Invasive Alien Species:
 Guidelines for managing invasive species, including concerns like e-commerce and analysis methods, were
proposed.
5. Biodiversity and Health:
 A Global Action Plan on Biodiversity and Health was adopted:
o Focus on preventing zoonotic diseases and non-communicable diseases.
o Uses a holistic One Health approach, which connects human, animal, and environmental health.
6. Risk Assessment (Cartagena Protocol):
 Countries welcomed voluntary guidelines to assess the risks of living modified organisms (LMOs) with
engineered gene drives.
 These guidelines can be adapted by nations based on their unique ecological conditions.

India’s updated NBSAP and the outcomes of COP16 represent a major step forward in conserving biodiversity while
addressing global and local challenges.
2.COP 29
Why in the news?
The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP 29) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) will take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22, 2024. This global event aims to address
critical issues like climate change mitigation, adaptation, and financing.
What is COP?
 COP is the main decision-making body of the UNFCCC, a treaty signed in 1992 by 197 countries and the
European Union to combat climate change.
 Every year, COP meetings focus on tracking climate goals, discussing emissions reductions, and formulating
policies to fight climate change.
Key Highlights of COP 29
 Theme: “Investing in a Livable Planet for All”
Main Goals
1. Climate Finance: Raise funds to support countries, especially developing ones, in their fight against climate
change.
2. Technology: Promote renewable energy and innovative technologies to reduce carbon emissions.
3. Adaptation: Develop strategies to deal with climate impacts like floods and droughts.
Why is COP 29 Important?
COP has achieved several milestones in global climate action over the years:
1. Kyoto Protocol (1997):
o Legally required developed nations to reduce emissions by 4.2% by 2012 compared to 1990 levels.
2. Copenhagen Accord (2009):
o Introduced the idea of limiting global warming to 2°C.
o Promised financial aid for vulnerable countries.
3. Paris Agreement (2015):
o Aimed to limit global warming to 1.5°C–2°C.
o Countries set their own emission reduction goals, called Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs).
4. Glasgow Pact (2021):
o First agreement to address coal use and phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.
5. Loss and Damage Fund (2023):
o Established to help countries suffering from climate-related disasters.
Main Objectives of COP 29
1. Climate Finance:
o Finalize the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) to mobilize funds for developing countries.
2. Mitigation and Adaptation:
o Strengthen efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the impacts of climate change.
3. Technology Transfer:
o Encourage the sharing of clean technologies to support global efforts.
4. Global Stocktake:
o Review global progress toward the Paris Agreement goals.
India’s Role in COP 29

As a major developing nation, India plays a vital role in climate discussions. India has been pushing for equity,
climate justice, and increased support for developing countries.
India’s Contributions
1. Net-Zero Goal:
o India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, balancing economic growth with sustainability.
2. Renewable Energy:

o Target of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030.
o India leads the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
3. NDCs:
o India has committed to reducing the carbon intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030.
o Plans to meet 50% of energy needs from renewable sources.
4. LiFE Initiative:
o Promotes sustainable lifestyles and eco-friendly consumption habits worldwide.
Challenges at COP 29
1. Climate Finance:
o Developed countries have failed to deliver the promised $100 billion per year to help developing
nations.
o Agreement on the NCQG remains unresolved.
2. Gaps in Action:
o Many countries are behind on their net-zero and emission reduction targets.
o Disparities between the efforts of developed and developing nations continue.
3. Youth Activism:
o Young people globally are demanding stronger climate action and transparency.
o They have criticized the influence of fossil fuel industries on the negotiations.
Conclusion
COP 29 in Baku is a critical platform for countries to collaborate on climate solutions. It emphasizes the urgency of
climate finance, innovation, and inclusive partnerships to achieve global goals. India, with its proactive efforts, will
play a key role in advocating for fair and effective climate policies.
2. Kodo Millets and Death of elephants

Why in the News?
Recently, several elephants in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, died due to suspected kodo millet
poisoning. Kodo millet, a type of grain, can become toxic under specific environmental conditions.
What is Kodo Millet?
1. Origin and Cultivation:
o Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is also called Kodra or Varagu. It likely originated in India
and is grown in India, Pakistan, and West Africa.
o In India, Madhya Pradesh is a major producer, along with Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, and
Tamil Nadu. It grows well in arid and semi-arid regions on poor soils.
o It is a staple food for tribal communities due to its drought resistance, high yield, and nutrient
content.
2. Nutritional Value and Uses:
o Rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber, kodo millet is gluten-free, easy to digest, and may
reduce cancer risk.
o It is used to prepare traditional dishes like idli, dosa, porridge, and rotis.
What Makes Kodo Millet Poisonous?
1. Toxicity in Kodo Millet:
o Under certain conditions, fungal infections can grow in the grain, producing a toxin called
cyclopiazonic acid (CPA).
o Rain during maturation or harvest increases the chance of fungal contamination.
o These mycotoxins remain in the grain even after processing, making it harmful.
2. Environmental Triggers:
o Kodo millet grown in dry and semi-arid regions becomes more prone to fungal infections in the
spring and summer.
o One common fungus is ergot, which grows on the millet’s ear heads and produces CPA, causing
"kodo poisoning."
Effects of Kodo Millet Poisoning
1. Impact on Animals:
o Poisoning affects the nervous, heart, and digestive systems.

o Symptoms include:
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Tremors in limbs
 Rapid heartbeat and cold limbs
 Severe cases can damage the heart and liver.
o CPA interferes with calcium signaling in the heart, leading to lesions and poor heart function. It also
causes intestinal inflammation.
2. Historical Cases:
o The first documented case of kodo millet poisoning in humans was in 1922.
o In 1983, elephant deaths due to kodo millet poisoning were recorded for the first time.
Detecting Kodo Millet Poisoning
 Kodo millet may appear fresh but still contain harmful mycotoxins.
 Detection requires advanced methods like:
o Chromatographic techniques: TLC, GC, HPLC, or LC/MS.
o Faster methods like ELISA, lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are increasingly used.
How to Prevent Kodo Millet Poisoning?
1. Biological Control:
o Using non-toxic fungal strains to prevent the growth of harmful fungi in millet fields.
2. Better Farming Practices:
o Store grains in airtight containers to prevent fungal contamination.
o Keep harvested grains dry and away from rain.
o Avoid old methods like moistening plants before threshing.
o Remove any infected grains to stop the spread.
These measures can help reduce the risk of kodo millet poisoning and protect both humans and animals.
3. Global Energy Transition 2024 Index

Why in the news?
Recently, the World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked India at the 63rd place globally on its Energy Transition Index
2024. However, in 2023, India was at 67th place.
About Energy Transition Index:
 It is published by the World Economic Forum.
 It was developed with the ambitious aim to comprehensively monitor the global energy transition.
 The heart of the Index is an analytic framework that measures transition as a shift towards an energy system
that supports sustainability, security and access, and towards institutions that enable this performance.
Key points about Energy Transition Index 2024 (ETI-2024)
 European countries lead the World Economic Forum Energy Transition Index 2024 rankings; Sweden came
top, followed by Denmark, Finland, Switzerland and France.
 Emerging economies such as Brazil and China made notable progress, although 83% of countries moved
backwards from last year in at least one of the three energy system performance dimensions – security,
equity and sustainability.
 India has been ranked 63rd in ETI -2024.
 The gap in energy transition performance between advanced and developing economies continues to narrow,
although disparities in investments and regulation remain.
 While 107 of the 120 countries benchmarked in the report demonstrated progress on their energy transition
journeys in the past decade, the overall pace of the transition has slowed and balancing its different facets
remains a key challenge.
 The WEF also lauded the strides made by India in its clean energy infrastructure, with renewable energy and
biomass comprising 42 per cent of its power generation capacity, making it the fourth-largest renewables
market globally.
5.Economy
1. Reclassification of FPIs as FDIs
Why in the News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently issued guidelines for Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) who want to
change their investments in Indian companies to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) when their holdings cross certain
limits.
To do this, FPIs need approval from the government and consent from the Indian companies they’ve invested in,
ensuring their investments follow FDI rules.
What is Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)?
1. Definition and Features:
o FPI refers to short-term investments by foreign investors in a country’s financial markets or assets.
o FPIs don’t provide investors direct control over the companies they invest in.
2. Examples of FPI:
o Investments in stocks of companies based in another country.
o Bonds or debt issued by companies or foreign governments.
o Mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in foreign assets.
3. Key Characteristics:
o FPIs are liquid investments, meaning they can be quickly bought or sold depending on market
conditions.
o FPIs are recorded in a country’s capital account as part of its balance of payments (BOP), which
tracks money flowing in and out of the country.
o In India, FPIs are a crucial source of investment capital, helping financial markets grow.
What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
1. Definition and Features:
o FDI involves long-term investments where a foreign entity gains ownership and control of a business
in another country.
o FDIs are typically made in countries with skilled workers and growth potential.
2. What FDI Brings:
o Money, technology, management skills, and expertise.
o Examples include mergers, acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits, or loans within
the company.
3. FDI Stock:
o The net difference between outward FDI (investments made abroad) and inward FDI (investments
received).
How is FPI Different from FDI?
 The main difference is control:
o FDI gives direct ownership and control in a business.
o FPI does not; it only involves financial investments.
 Threshold for Control:
o If an investor owns 10% or more of a company’s shares, it is classified as FDI.
o If it’s less than 10%, it’s considered FPI.
This distinction was clarified in 2014 by the Arvind Mayaram Committee, which merged investor categories like
Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) and Qualified Foreign Investors (QFIs) under FPI.
RBI Guidelines for FPIs Crossing Investment Limits
1. Investment Cap for FPIs:
o Under the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-Debt Instruments) Rules, 2019, an FPI can hold up
to 10% of a company’s paid-up equity capital (fully diluted).
o If this limit is exceeded, the FPI must:
 Sell the extra shares or
 Reclassify the excess holdings as FDI within five trading days of the settlement.
2. Steps for Reclassification:
o FPIs need government approval to reclassify their holdings as FDI.
o This includes special clearance for investments from countries sharing land borders with India.
3. Role of the Indian Company (Investee Company):
o The company must confirm that the reclassification follows FDI sectoral rules and investment caps.
o This ensures compliance with FDI restrictions in specific sectors.

4. Sectoral Restrictions:
o In sectors where FDI is not allowed, FPIs cannot reclassify their investments.
o FPIs must clearly state their intent and get the required approvals before reclassification.
Why Are These Guidelines Important?
The RBI’s guidelines aim to:
 Streamline FPI investments that exceed the allowed limits.
 Ensure foreign investments follow FDI rules and sector-specific caps.
 Maintain regulatory consistency to protect India’s financial and economic interests.
These measures help safeguard India’s economy while encouraging foreign investment in a structured way.
6. Miscellaneous
1. Radhakrishnan Report on Entrance exams

Why in the news?
After the recent leak of the NEET-UG exam paper, the government set up a seven-member committee to suggest
ways to improve the security of exams and the way they are conducted. The committee, headed by Dr. K
Radhakrishnan (former ISRO head), has made several recommendations to strengthen the process and improve how
the National Testing Agency (NTA) functions.
Some of the main recommendations are:

1. Digital and Hybrid Exam Formats: The committee suggests that as many entrance exams as possible should
be held online. For cases where online exams aren't possible, they recommend using a hybrid model. In this
model, the exam question paper is sent digitally to the exam center, but students will still answer the
questions on paper using an OMR sheet. This method is expected to reduce the chances of the question paper
being leaked or tampered with.
2. Multiple-Stage Exams for NEET-UG: To manage the large number of NEET-UG candidates (about 20 lakh
students this year), the committee recommends conducting the exam in two stages, similar to the Joint
Entrance Exam (JEE) system with JEE Main and JEE Advanced. This would help in reducing the pressure on
a single exam and better manage security.
3. Limiting Attempts for NEET-UG: The committee also suggests putting a cap on the number of attempts a
student can make for the NEET-UG exam. Currently, students can attempt the exam as many times as they
want, but the committee believes limiting this will improve fairness.
4. Government Control and More Permanent Staff at NTA: The committee advises the government to have
more control over the management of exams. This includes increasing the number of government-run exam
centers and employing more permanent staff for the NTA, which currently relies on temporary staff.
5. Reducing the Number of Subjects in CUET: The committee believes that students shouldn’t have to take
multiple entrance exams for subjects they've already studied in school, such as science students who have
already taken board exams in related subjects. They suggest that exams like the Central University Entrance
Test (CUET) should focus more on general aptitude and basic subject knowledge, rather than testing every
subject separately.
6. Improving Exam Security: After the NEET-UG paper leak, the committee emphasized the need to make the
process more secure. Digital transmission of question papers would reduce the chances of the paper being
leaked at any point in the process.
The committee’s report was recently submitted to the Education Ministry. It includes long-term measures to improve
the way all entrance exams are conducted in India, not just NEET-UG.
The panel also recommends that more government centers be used for conducting exams instead of private centers,
which have been linked to some security issues in the past.
Overall, the goal of these changes is to make the examination process more secure, fair, and efficient for all students.
2. PM-Vidya Laxmi scheme
Financial Support for Higher Education

Why in the news?

The Union Cabinet has approved the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme, aimed at helping talented students financially as they
pursue higher education.
About the Scheme
 Type: A Central Sector Scheme.
 Objective: To provide collateral-free and guarantor-free education loans for students admitted to quality
higher education institutions (QHEIs).
 Administration: Fully digital, transparent, and user-friendly system.
Key Features
1. Loan Coverage:
o Covers the full tuition fees and other course-related expenses.
o Loans are available from banks and financial institutions.
2. Eligible Institutions:
o Includes top-ranking institutions based on NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework)
rankings:
 Top 100 institutions (overall, category-specific, and domain-specific).
 State government institutions ranked 101-200 in NIRF.
 All central government institutions.
o The list will be updated yearly based on the latest NIRF rankings.
3. Loan Benefits:
o For loans up to ₹7.5 lakhs:
 75% credit guarantee on outstanding defaults, encouraging banks to lend easily.
o For loans up to ₹10 lakhs:
 3% interest subvention during the moratorium period (time when repayment is not required).
 Available to students with family income up to ₹8 lakhs/year who are not availing other
scholarships or interest subvention schemes.
o Preference is given to:
 Students in technical/professional courses.
 Students from government institutions.
4. Implementation:
o Annual Target: Interest subvention for 1 lakh students every year.
o Budget Allocation: ₹3,600 crore for the period 2024-25 to 2030-31.
5. Application Process:
o A dedicated portal, “PM-Vidyalaxmi”, will allow students to:
 Apply for education loans.
 Avail interest subvention.
o The process is designed to be simple and uniform across all banks.
6. Payment Method:
o Interest subvention will be paid through e-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)
wallets.
Conclusion
The PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme is a significant step to support students, especially those from financially weaker
backgrounds, in accessing higher education. It ensures affordable education loans, promotes merit-based
opportunities, and makes the process seamless and transparent.
3.Anil Pradhan wins Rohini Nayyar Prize for Rural STEM

Why in the news?
Anil Pradhan, a 28-year-old engineer from Odisha, has been awarded the prestigious Rohini Nayyar Prize for his
significant contributions to rural development through STEM education. He is the co-founder of the Young Tinker
Foundation, known for its innovative project, ‘Tinker-on-Wheels’, which has positively impacted over 2.5 lakh
students in rural India.
Highlights of the Rohini Nayyar Prize
 Recognizes individuals under 40 years for exceptional contributions to rural development.
 Includes a ₹10 lakh cash prize, a citation, and a trophy.

 Established in memory of Rohini Nayyar, a renowned economist and rural development advocate.
Anil Pradhan’s Background
 Pradhan is from Baral village, Odisha.
 Despite not securing admission to IIT, he was determined to improve education in rural areas.
Young Tinker Foundation & ‘Tinker-on-Wheels’
 The foundation focuses on STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) for rural
students.
 ‘Tinker-on-Wheels’ is a mobile lab bringing robotics, 3D printing, and practical technology lessons to
schools.
 It encourages problem-solving, creativity, and equips students with essential future-ready skills.
The Importance of STEM Education in Rural India
 STEM education fosters innovation and prepares students for modern careers.
 Rural areas often lack access to quality educational resources.
 Initiatives like Pradhan’s address these challenges, empowering students with hands-on learning.
Rohini Nayyar’s Legacy
 Rohini Nayyar was a respected economist and educator, with significant contributions to rural development.
 She taught at Delhi University and served in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
 The award in her name inspires young leaders to make a difference in rural development.
Pradhan’s work exemplifies how passion and creativity can drive meaningful change in underserved communities.
4. Debroy Committee report on Railways

Why in the news?
The Bibek Debroy Committee was formed in 2014 to suggest reforms for improving Indian Railways. Chaired by
economist Bibek Debroy, the committee released a report in 2015 with ideas to make Indian Railways more efficient,
financially stable, and competitive. The report focused on improving decision-making, finances, human resources,
and introducing more competition in rail services.
Key Recommendations of the Bibek Debroy Committee
1. Empowering Railway Officers:
The committee suggested giving more decision-making power to railway officers like General Managers
(GMs) and Divisional Railway Managers (DRMs). Since then, the government has allowed these officers to
take independent decisions, manage tenders, and run divisions as business units.
2. Independent Regulator:
A big recommendation was to create an independent body to regulate railway services and pricing. In 2017,
the government set up the Rail Development Authority (RDA) to give advice on pricing and boost
competition.
3. Liberalizing Indian Railways:
The committee suggested allowing private companies to run some railway services. This would make
services better and more competitive, though it wouldn't mean privatizing the entire rail system. However,
this idea has faced opposition from unions and political groups, so the government has only allowed limited
private participation, mostly in freight services.
4. Redesignating the Railway Board Chairman as CEO:
To make decision-making faster, the committee recommended making the Chairman of the Railway Board a
Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In 2020, the government implemented this and appointed the first Chairman
and CEO, allowing the board to function like a corporate entity.
5. Outsourcing Non-Core Services:
The committee recommended that Indian Railways focus only on its main task of running trains, while
outsourcing services like security, healthcare, and education for railway employees. The government is
considering this idea to reduce its workload and focus on essential services.
6. Reforming the Accounting System:
A major recommendation was to change the way railways manage their finances. The committee suggested
moving from cash-based accounting to accrual-based accounting for better financial transparency. This has
been implemented, and Indian Railways now uses both cash and accrual accounting.
7. Safety Improvements and Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK):
The committee recommended improving safety by setting up a fund for upgrading critical safety assets. In

2017, the government created the Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK) with ₹1 lakh crore to improve
safety. In 2022-23, an additional ₹45,000 crore was added to this fund.
8. Using Advanced Technology:
The committee pushed for using new technology to improve railway services, such as high-speed trains like
Vande Bharat and safety systems like KAVACH. The government has also set up the Gati Shakti
Vishwavidyalaya to train workers in modern railway technology.
Implementation Status
Out of the 40 recommendations made by the Bibek Debroy Committee:
 19 recommendations were fully accepted, including the appointment of the Railway Board Chairman as
CEO, accounting reforms, and setting up the RRSK.
 7 recommendations were partially accepted, like giving more decision-making power to DRMs and
decentralizing operations at the division level.
 14 recommendations were rejected, mainly due to opposition from unions or political reasons. This includes
the proposal to allow private companies to run passenger trains.
Conclusion
The Bibek Debroy Committee's report laid the foundation for making Indian Railways more modern and efficient.
Many of its recommendations, such as changes in the Railway Board, safety measures, and financial reforms, have
been implemented. However, some ideas, especially regarding privatization and private participation in passenger
services, have not been fully accepted. While significant progress has been made, Indian Railways still has a long
way to go to become fully modernized.

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CURRENT AFFAIRS BUCKETS

1. Polity & Governance

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Implications of the Ruling

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Changes Made in 2019

4. Aligarh Muslim University status verdict in SC

2. Change in AMU’s Status:

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3. Azeez Basha Case (1967):

4. 1981 Amendment to AMU Act:

1. Key Criteria for Minority Status:

3. Broad Definition of “Established”:

2. New Framework for Minority Institutions:

Implications for Education and Reservations

1. Reservation for Muslims:

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5. New Rules under the Water Act 2024

What is the Water Act of 1974?

Why were amendments needed?

Key Features of the Water Act 2024

2. Decriminalization and New Penalties

4. Strict Action for Serious Violations

6. Appointment of Adjudicating Officers

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7. Accountability for Government Departments

Key Features of the New Rules (2024)

6.Re-imposition of AFSPA in Manipur

What is the Current Situation in Manipur?

What Are the Root Causes of the Conflict?

What is the History of AFSPA in Manipur?

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Indian Nationals Sanctioned:

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3. Science And Technology

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Key Global Findings

What is Tuberculosis (TB)?

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4. Environmental And History Cultural

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India’s Role in COP 29

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2. Kodo Millets and Death of elephants

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3. Global Energy Transition 2024 Index

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Some of the main recommendations are:

2. PM-Vidya Laxmi scheme

Financial Support for Higher Education

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3.Anil Pradhan wins Rohini Nayyar Prize for Rural STEM

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