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    1.1, 1.2 What Is Calculus

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    1.1, 1.2 What Is Calculus

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    1.1, 1.2 What is Calculus

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    1 views6 pages

    1.1, 1.2 What Is Calculus

    Uploaded by

    sedrafrehat732
    Calcccc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

    Chapter 1 PRECALCULUS REVIEW

    1.1 What is Calculus?


    1.2 Review of Elementary Mathematics.
    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

    Sets:
    Notions and Notation

    1) The object 𝑥 is in the set 𝐴: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

    2) The object 𝑥 is not in the set 𝐴: 𝑥∉𝐴

    3) The set of all 𝑥 which satisfy property 𝑃: {𝑥 ∶ 𝑃};

    ({𝑥: 𝑥 2 = 9} = {−3, 3})

    4) 𝐴 is a subset of 𝐵, 𝐴 is contained in 𝐵: 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵

    5) 𝐵 contains 𝐴: 𝐵 ⊇ 𝐴

    6) The union of 𝐴 and 𝐵: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

    (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝑥 ∈ B})

    7) The intersection of 𝐴 and 𝐵: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

    (A ∩ B = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵})

    8) The empty set ∅

    Real Numbers:
    Classification:
    Positive integers: 1, 2, 3, . . .

    integers: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, . . .

    rational numbers: 𝑝/𝑞, with 𝑝, 𝑞 integers, 𝑞 ≠ 0

    for example, 5/2, −19/7, −4/1 = −4

    irrational numbers real numbers that are not rational


    3
    for example, √2, 𝜋, √7
    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

    Density:

    Between any two real numbers there are infinitely many rational numbers and infinitely many irrational
    numbers. In particular, there is no smallest positive real number.

    Absolute Value: Properties: (1) |𝑎| = 0 iff 𝑎 = 0


    𝑎, if 𝑎 ≥ 0
    |𝑎 | = { (2) |−𝑎| = |𝑎|
    −𝑎, if 𝑎 < 0

    |𝑎| = max{𝑎, −𝑎} ; |𝑎| = √𝑎2 (3) |𝑎𝑏| = |𝑎||𝑏|

    |𝑎| = distance between 𝑎 and 0 (4) |𝑎 + 𝑏| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏|

    |𝑎 − 𝑐 | = distance between 𝑎 and 𝑐 (5) |𝑎2 | = |𝑎|2 = 𝑎2

    Powers and Roots:

    𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 = 𝟖, and so on

    𝟏 𝟏
    𝟐𝟓+𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐 ∙ 𝟖 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔, 𝟐𝟓−𝟑 = 𝟐−𝟐 = 𝟐
    =
    𝟐 𝟒
    (𝟐𝟐 )𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒
    𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
    𝟖𝟏⁄𝟑 = √𝟖 = 𝟐, (−𝟖)𝟏⁄𝟑 = √−𝟖 = −𝟐, 𝟏𝟔𝟏⁄𝟒 = √𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐

    𝟓 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
    𝟖𝟓⁄𝟑 = (𝟖𝟏⁄𝟑 ) = 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝟐, 𝟖−𝟓⁄𝟑 = (𝟖𝟏⁄𝟑 ) = 𝟐−𝟓 = 𝟓
    =
    𝟐 𝟑𝟐
    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

    Basic Formulas
    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

    Factorials:

    Let n be a positive integer. By n factorial, denoted 𝑛!, we mean the product of the integers from n down to 1:

    𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) · · · 3 · 2 · 1.

    In particular: 1! = 1, 2! = 2 · 1 = 2, 3! = 3 · 2 · 1 = 6, 4! = 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 24, and so on.

    For convenience we define 0! = 1

    Geometry (Elementary Figures):


    Instructor: Eman AL-Saleh

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